人工智能知识点全景图：迈向“智能+”时代蓝皮书.pdf

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1、 1 导读 INTRODUCTION!#$%&$($)*!#$%&$($)*+,-+,-./0./0 !#$%&()*+,-.!#$%&()*+,-.!#$%&()*+,-./0123#456(789:;1?AB-/C4567DEFGHIJHK(LM1N%O!PQRS“cognition”TUCVWX“cognitio”-+YIJ17O H$Z&_N%abcd-efgh_ij(kl1m-noH$Z&(LMDpfOqr-s*tgh7:;uvwxyT-P#z|7:;N%(456O 13-8,BI8Ramon LlullB“”H7456(“78Tree of KnowledgeBI8Tree of

2、ScienceB”-P#(7456-(“$%+8alphabet of human thoughtB”h“O H$Z&(7-DE-|-ef$Z&(7O ()*/012+3456()*/012+3456$Z&8AI WinterB-.C$H$Z&H(-$Z&L1()”$Z&(O II1I 8Sir James LighthillBQwC 1973+”q$Z&d-!qC“w8combinatorial explosionB”!-b($Z&M#“$%!8toy problemB”-&$Z&()*O$I+l%u)*-,#20-(Ii1,./01I(23O 4“56“789(:;?tABCD1EF(kl

3、GLHyTIJ”KL-|LM(N(“O-8Poincare-Lighthill-Kuo method-P PLK-QRNSM-.Kuo TB”-q$%UV“WX”J“”)*YZO$Z&)(_$abcu?O1943-dIef8Warren McCullochB1ghIei8Walter PittsBJ“”,2 j(“MCP d7”_BOkl(mnoC 1954 p4IqIr+(s!qt“FuvI(wxyz1|-“Iv)-”#o(”O.V8Frank RosenblattB 20 50.“”“b8perceptronB”_B-$Hd”O1969-e/8Marvin MinskyB1E8Seymou

4、r A.PapertB“”bI-e”(G1“GG(b.u-“”G8XORBP/gh!OP(“&d(O20 80.2-$Z&(”10()QO 4 01Z8IEEEBq”;V-C 2004”IEEE Frank Rosenblatt OIJK1$Z&FG)-“”P:;Td(8Paul WerbosBj“IJ”S(8Geoffrey HintonBNC 2022 1 2014 IEEE Frank Rosenblatt O H(l(?b-i-.78()*9:;?A78()*9:;?A 2017 7-4”.$Z&4-“”2030 4.$Z&(T D)-1XO.$Z&4H$Z&$1”?-)-XQ“,18

5、“”-e“”“$Z&”1“u/v3$Z&_-FG$Z&+X_”A*O 2022 7-d4u 440”$Z&248”&I+O4I)14 QI%8IB-GIZ4dIII+&I+4IQIO 101BC7()*,-.BC7()*,-.ACM-IEEE 1968 2b-TIO 1968)Q-$Z&“AI,heuristic programming8$Z&4B”7“,-!q“$Z&b#$”1“&”O2021-2&“$Z&8Artificial IntelligenceB”JqbQ7(-$Z&P+XLM&(%&(O 2021-)1*(bI+,-ZJ8P 101 BO33 bI%/I-.I/0 15(40 1

6、”$Z&20O“3/4 3 56”qL;-78“3/fL97:Z%;1 62 Q7-8?9 Q7-B-+AKLBCD60_IJfLdAEF_O ()*9:;7DEFGEHI()*9:;7DEFGEHI GH+IEFIGH97J6IJK1GHLMNQEF*IwGOO$Z&PQ?“&i”“&iU_B”“&i=i+”“&iL”“&i/fLd”A_O R4$Z&1bIt K12 Is*ST(7-Nq&+Y1KL b#IJ UVW1LXQO E-IIJ$Z&7IIJ$Z&7uY()Z-tI7“J”qII7-qItI7I“J”_abOr-$Z&$JJiAcq)*O 4 序言 PREFACE$Z&8Arti

7、ficial Intelligence-AIB#deM#*!(IiOfug-$Z&(/D#&b#%u$%.,&hiu(-89Xj7 UVXgLM bklB!M/#m89BC14B189b#$BnoG(p89&1q&BO rc-$Z&%us4+(t-#%uC2b(“&”+O$Z&P&+LMC.,rq-9vcwx-PQ9ug-$Z&E“”u-”E”u-”E”Or-$Z&$Z&$s*TUdIaILIIZIXgI!IA(7-u&M#!$H!O-b“7”8Knowledge Based EducationB“”8Competency Based EducationB-u*,1(Or-$Z&“3/4563

8、/456”qL;-4 AI$1 AI+X$O!#$%&()*+,-./0123#456(789:;1?AB-/C4567DEFGHIJHK(LM1N%O!PQRS“cognition”TUCVWX“cognitio”-+YIJ17OqI!q$%LMl(UC“IJ”1“M7”-u“2”O H$Z&_N%abcd-efgh_ij(kl1m-noH$Z&(LMDpfOqr-s*tgh7:;uvwxyT-P#z|7:;N%(456O 13-8,B$qIghI8Ramon LlullB“”H7456(“78Tree of KnowledgeBI8Tree of ScienceB”-P#(7456O 4$

9、Z&Iwx-4$Z&IZJM|-TUZ(“”8-)bI 5+,-ZJ 8P 101 B$Z&2 0wuG 8RB-yJ-H$Z&I(7-10”-FG”$Z&7-d$Z&7-d“&+”.i.iO$Z&7-d“&+”.i$Z&A.$Z&4$Z&$b7-AACM 1 IEEE-CS cY($Z&7-101$Z&7-K12($Z&A_O;G”G c John Hopcroft8Cornell UniversityBBart Selman 8Cornell UniversityBStuart Russell 8University of California,BerkeleyB Jun Zhang 8U

10、niversity of MichiganBAiFG(TO 4$Z&IZJ 2022 8 18 6 编委 EDITORS 8gN?B 4$Z&IZJ4$Z&IZJ “OI”ZI 4I+I I I I ZI OI I 84I+I ZI I GHI-ZI )bI+,-ZJ8)bI+,-ZJ8101BB$Z&20wG$Z&20wG “OI(OI OI yI”I”pI 0pI LZI?LZI LZI LZI 7 mZI ZI-ZI-pvdI vdI yI I dI edI dI dI ;dI hxI-hxI hxI hxI hxI I O I GI I”I I 4$I !I#!I I$%&I OI 8

11、 目录 CONTENTS 导读 INTRODUCTION.1 序言 PREFACE.4 编委 EDITORS.6 目录 CONTENTS.8!#$%&().9*+,-.+/0123.12 456789:;3?A.14 BACM C IEEE-CS DEFGH+,-.=?.17 I101 5JK+,-.=?.22 LK12 MNKF+,-.26 O+,-.PQRSTCUTRV.29 WXY.29 Z.31 人工智能知识点全景图：迈向!智能+时代蓝皮书 9 123456789123456789 1955 9-John McCarthy8AII(L-1971)BMarvin Lee Minsky8*

12、II1dI Junior Fellow-1969)BClaude Shannon8+*,-I-GHi.B1 Nathaniel Rochester8 IBM GH/0-IBM).db 701/BNI1o23/48The Rockefeller FoundationB(!q“?C56A$Z&789(:”8A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial IntelligenceB-;&”Artificial Intelligence8$Z&-AIBPQ+X-r$Z&2v$%=8conjectureBIJ(QIJ(

13、Q&(.,?vE-rEb#T_&(.,?vE-rEb#T_O 9ABqIu)L-9CDI“21E”#)LAy6“FGL-no$Z&H&(EJq)LODBb#qITY$%&-;?s*HY($%&pfO 1$%&+,-._abcdefg$%&+,-._abcdefg!#$%&()*+,-./01#23456789:;?A8BCDE P-NIo23/4“J 1.35 KR7-C 19567J(LIAI2Qu?“Mb#N$nO!1IJ-b_$(&”(OPhP5”$Z&Q(R%!-N#U1bbd8dSTd7TFG:;B(&(UIJKwO WXuY(#-Z|P0:Q8 1955 11 B-o23/4/0P

14、(zI)/8Robert S.MorisonB;人工智能知识点全景图：迈向!智能+时代蓝皮书 10 1N0:$”/4HP0:HAO$u&“$Z&”PRST0:(_-u#&”“J(I_B”8mathematical models for thoughtBPRSO/4!q_V_M$ab8difficult to grasp very clearlyB-c#dCP%ue-/4f9J(.g(h-La 7500 R7TnoPQ9O$i|jglCkl8overcautiousBOcmug-HJ(I_B#Q-enTopq%uOP9rsC#t(u-r,vwxy$z)O;1964|2o23/4NR4I1LZII

15、O 1956 7-LIT|AI2$Z&(-”$Z&(O$Z&”“8AI WinterB”O 1970-p4IL8British Science Research CouncilBII1I8Sir James LighthillBQwHp4$Z&O1973 w”q$Z&d8Artificial Intelligence:A General SurveyB8q“”BO!q$Z&q(,()8In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promisedB

16、OC“w8combinatorial explosionB”!-b($Z&M#“$%!8toy problemB”-up*lO Pbp4”Hp4$Z&(J(-&$Z&()*8AI winterBO$I+l%u)*-,#20-(Ii1,./01I(23OuY(#-4“56”789(:;?tABCD1EF(klGLHyTIJ”KL-|LM(N(“O-8Poincare-Lighthill-Kuo method-P PLK-QRNSM-.Kuo TB”-q$%UV“WX”J“”)*YZO$Z&)(_$abcu?O1943-dIef8Warren McCullochB1ghIei8Walter Pit

17、tsBJ“”,j(“MCP d7”_BOkl(mnoC 1954 p4IqIr+(s!qt“FuvI(wxyz1|-“Iv)-”#o(”O.V8Frank RosenblattB人工智能知识点全景图：迈向!智能+时代蓝皮书 11 20 50.“”“b8perceptronB”_B-$Hd”O1969-e/8Marvin MinskyB1E8Seymour A.PapertB“”bI-e”(G1“GG(b.u-“”G8XORBP/gh!OP(“&d(O20 80.2-$Z&(”10()QO y$(#-2004-4 01Z8IEEEBq”;V-C 2004”IEEE Frank Rosenblat

18、t O“”P:;Td(8Paul WerbosBj“IJ”S(8Geoffrey HintonBNC 2022 1 2014 IEEE Frank Rosenblatt O$Z&(C$H$Z&H(-$Z&L1()6”$Z&(Oc#-H(l(?b-i-.9-60 q-$Z&,IJ l$bh&2“4-P4“”2030 4.$Z&(TD)-1X-e”4.$Z&t(DO.$Z&4)”)-N#02“h($Z&K(&x0d(&L4$Z&0Md(&6/.$Z&)82BO 人工智能知识点全景图：迈向!智能+时代蓝皮书 12 2 G!h+,-.ijkJKFLlm?noG!h+,-.ijkJKFLlm?no 4.

19、$Z&4g”$Z&u?(I1+A_-uH$Z&$1”?-)-XQ“,18“”-e“”“$Z&”1“u/v3$Z&_-FG$Z&+X _”A*O :2;?ABC:2;?ABC$Z&*GqK141L(42-s*LSTP+(D$Or-AI=?-$Z&$q4$Z&?DYZJUO q”*.$Z&4-2018 4)”AI$Z&K1)C 2020 1 m”?C“”06I$Z&(-9QyTK1$Z&$OPQyH$Z&I$6”qD-w$Z&EF71_bc4“wK”-GAqUV-I人工智能知识点全景图：迈向!智能+时代蓝皮书 13 yNJAq GAF-Kgh%B(N%bcO?4,u(I-$Z&u?I-#cIZI”

20、“_7&”I-#uUVI%9$Z&?(IO 4I)X:La-2019 5 6 4I4I?CA 2018,uIU/ER1sP(I-R(d8I201911 B-LaOIsP$Z&I;I-P#4()Q$Z&(I8P(I0LB-t.“(IP%i-IeI#qQIWWFG(I-%ughC,uI5(:;L1-#I17(O 2020 12 30-4I4I)?C“I”%“GIZ”1“4dI”I(d-T“78 I1$I0L6(4Y-4ILa-#Y“I”%8%.q 14B“GIZ”I8I.q 1401B1“4dI”I8I.q 1402BOI%(-&u(qIxIIIyIILIZIvIzII0LI+I 13 QI%q

21、14 Q-P#2011 4I6s+%I%iHI()O 2021 11-4I”I0L6 8,B -eI#qQIWFG(I-%ughC,uI5(:;L1-GqI7(Oh-4I;I1$I 89B -etIPq)14 QI%-GIZ 4dIII+&I+4IQIO 2019 3-)”)?C 2018 EdAIb1LHA(d-La 35“$Z&”O”2022 8-d4u 440”$Z&Oh-d4u 248”&I+O r-41G($Z&$IFG8+1BO 人工智能知识点全景图：迈向!智能+时代蓝皮书 14 pp1+,-.+/0123+,-.+/0123+,-.89+,-.89/PqPq rsdersde+,

22、-.tq89+,-.tq89 2019 uv wMNxyzv|z 35 z“+,-.”G89 2022 u 7 v|440+,-.tq89-.qPtq89-.qPtq89#2005 u“P”!-.qPtq89v 2022 u 7 v|!248-.qPtq89-.qPPq-.qPPq!Pq!Pq|oPciPC+/01Pq89-vsPq”14 PqvqP,;|P5PqP-.qP|PL!Pq D2EFGHIJKCLMNOPQD2EFGHIJKCLMNOPQ q”45b(I-R4bI8Association for Computing Machinery,ACMBC 1968 1 1978”bI8Co

23、mputer ScienceB Curriculum 68 1 Curriculum 78O1985-ACM 1 IEEE bIHbIG”QZJw8task forceB-hTcYbI(OPQZJw 10-Q(b-”Computing Curricula 1991-Computing Curricula 2001-Computer Science Curriculum 2013Computing Curricula 2020 A)*O 人工智能知识点全景图：迈向!智能+时代蓝皮书 15 3 567:;3FHtK+,-.567:;3FHtK+,-.!Curriculum 68 F Curricu

24、lum 78E 1968;(b Curriculum 68 4J-!q(:;1v(:;pf/N2-I4”I7(I 89RN.1:ABO 1968 b-“AI,heuristic programming8$Z&4B”+X;b“,83BO$gM$F“-LN1Oh-ZJw“”I(!#“oE 8u/B U16 8what can be efficiently automatedB”O1991-PQZJw”b computing curricula 1991O ACM 1 IEEE-CS(1991 tbNq 11 Q7-.t$Z&b#$8Artificial Intelligence and Robot

25、ics,AIBRPqQ7-PBe$Z&brGq”Q(78+2BO 2001 1 2013(b-“&”P+X.”“$Z&b#$”O 人工智能知识点全景图：迈向!智能+时代蓝皮书 16 pp2 ACMCCIEEE-CSiFiF1991HH2001HH2013H567:;3H567:;3=2001uu 14=2013uu 18=6Y Algorithms and Data Structures P Discrete structures 6 Algorithms and Complexity 5673 Architecture +7 Human-Computer Interaction 567Y3

26、Architecture and Organization +,-.7 Artificial Intelligence and Robotics ;Programming Fundamentals 56qP Computational Science C Database and Information Retrieval P56 Graphics and Visual Computing P Discrete Structures +7 Human-Computer Communication 6 Algorithms and Complexity Graphics and Visualiz

27、ation C56 Numerical and Symbolic Computation -.Intelligent Systems +7 Human-Computer Interaction Operating Systems 3 Architecture and Organization Information Assurance and Security ;Programming Languages Information Management Information Management ;Introduction to a Programming Language optional

28、Operating Systems -.Intelligent Systems PC,;Software Methodology and Engineering c89 Social and Professional Issues Networking and Communications cC89 56 人工智能知识点全景图：迈向!智能+时代蓝皮书 17 Social,Ethical,and Professional Issues Net-Centric Computing Operating Systems ,;Software Engineering !#F$i Platform-bas

29、ed Development ;Programming Languages%&(56 Parallel and Distributed Computing 56qP Computational Science ;)5 Programming languages$it*Software Development Fundamentals ,;Software Engineering t*Systems Fundamental c89 Social Issues and Professional Practice R2R2ACMSSIEEE-CSTUVWX;MNOTUVWX;MNO 2001-ACM

30、 1 IEEE-CS mZJw”b Computing Curricula 2001O Computing Curricula 2001tbNq14Q7-.“&8Intelligent SystemB”TT.$Z&OPb-$Z&7?_Nq&/BCD67+A1KLIJ&bklUVXgL_7?b#IJb#$7?H+,-.+,F=?+,-.=+,F+,-.=+,F13=?=?2001u u +,-.=+,F+,-.=+,F12=?=?2013u u -.p$C1 Knowledge representation and reasoning =p2C1 Basic Knowledge Based Re

31、asoning PQ Learning 7PQ Basic Machine Learning -.3 Agents -Advanced Search 5673 Computer vision =p$C1 Advanced Representation and Reasoning 456 Natural language processing 7E1 Reasoning Under Uncertainty 8(Pattern recognition -.3 Agents 9:7PQ Advanced machine learning 456 Natural Language Processing

32、 7+Robotics 7PQ Advanced Machine Learning =Knowledge-based systems 7+Robotics ;w Neural networks =73 Perception and Computer Vision =6 Genetic algorithms 2013-ACM 1 IEEE-CS mZJw”b Computing Curricula 2013O Computing Curricula 2013-bqQ“”8big tentB-.73q 18 QOPQ-T$Z人工智能知识点全景图：迈向!智能+时代蓝皮书 19&7(“&8Intell

33、igent SystemB”&/!BCm/7+Y1KL/b#IJ/BC7+A1KLgYKL&UVXgLb#IJb#$b#klA 12 Q7-O 4 ACM/IEEE56:;356:;3?n01A?n01A 2020-R4bI 8ACMB 10ZbI 8IEEE-CSB”b%45 2020 8P CC2020BOCC2020“”8computingBSJqbZbI1GH+Aub(+X-h“”8competencyBST.+u(/O.DD#78knowledgeB8skillsB158dispositionsB-&IT?ZJ_ 89 4 YB O ACM11IEEE-CScY($Z&7-cY($Z

34、&7-ACM 1 IEEE-CS mZJw 2021 2!$Z&77-!#$https:/csed.acm.org/knowledge-areas-intelligent-systems-ai-sigcse-2022-version/%OP!-ACM 1 IEEE-CS mZJwH$Z&7”X!-“,”9 t&8Intelligent SystemsB!q$Z&8Artificial IntelligenceB-$Z&P+XLM&(%&(O d1+YIJT|)k-”(OCBCQ$Z&(?J-V4-c/$Z&u-su?dA_O T)k$Z&q(*89zIL人工智能知识点全景图：迈向!智能+时代蓝

35、皮书 20 ABO?$Z&+HL(LM-$Z&fL;JO pp4 ACMCCIEEE-CSBC,DEDEF+,-.=8FG=?BC,DEDEF+,-.=8FG=?=8F=8F=?=?t Fundamental Issues +,-.HIvJKLF AI MN2OPQRS-.&PTUVP1W1P-.3tXP+,-.FYP t-/0 Basic Search Strategies FZp2P-P(i(-_PJa.9-PA*-P-6FCbPJcJ“-PAlpha-beta de-=p2C1 Basic Knowledge Representation and Reasoning =p$fPHg1hi

36、vjkEjk1 7PQ Basic Machine Learning 7PQnoFElC2OP!5FmnPQopjkCq/r P7PQ.sJc*thu PvwCCDxP7PQyzPt;w MNCc|Applications and Societal Impact +,-.EC7FMNsPij3 P+,-.Fc|-Advanced Search -r-FCP7-P8w6Pp2PI“”Pt3,;PW1OsvWw“”1 PPe!&CAF1OsvC人工智能知识点全景图：迈向!智能+时代蓝皮书 21 6 Pb1P!kxF8p2P1GP7-%s PPeHg8fP8fPq/-.3 Agents -.3ElP

37、-.3YsMC=P-.3PP-.3q/Pq/v;P-.3+PPQ-.3P-.3 456 Natural Language Processing EC7P6PCFG CpOs CYK PHg CFG C CYKP!gFPN-gram C HMMP45MNMN2OACPPPTF*IDFPgCgP-PPt 7PQ Advanced Machine Learning N5PQPZz5J“5 Pu“”;)5ILP PmnPQPPQq/rPPQF;w/=P7PPQPJK6PPQPmnPQCPmnPQPPQ8fP.yzOsC ROC PPQPvwCFvTPPQP7PQ6EKFMN 7+Robotics 7+

38、CPPCPKF8FP8(+4 1“”ACM 1 IEEE-CS mZJwcY($Z&7-”/!/BCm/7+Y1KL/b#IJ1L BC+Y1KL gY(KL&UVXgLb#IJb#$O b1$Z&7Eo“b“”人工智能知识点全景图：迈向!智能+时代蓝皮书 22 gO9/C;(2IN/LA#2013 s_O$Z&7()-t”4v8programmingB|8modelB*,8functionB(ghOP-$Z&7-Aef-2013 beT“$Z&#deM#*!(Ii-.dpM#!s*q77(+AbcM#!(IJOqr-s*89Xj7UVXgLMbklB!M89BC14B189b#$BnoG(p

39、89&1q&BO Y2Y2101EZ;MNOEZ;MNO 2021-)I1*(bI+,-ZJ 8P 101 B-101#4I01+(5-“qI=”(L;-jK“12 bEF(Q-H(_*;d0-21b$(O101 0 12 1M9+5 YO pp5 1015JF5JF12:;GM:;GM:;:;MM 56H567qP ,9“P Y“P 65 c“P P“P 567!“P#$“P 567Y%&()“P *+),“P 人工智能知识点全景图：迈向!智能+时代蓝皮书 23 567-.s/()“P 0c#1+2“P ,;3G4|5q“P +,-.-678“P 101 1T-33 bI%/I-.I/0 1

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41、T/$Z&1q/$Z&$Z&A$-ST7+AKLBCs%!Mb#IJdIJ46IJ$Z&A/-$Z&fLd97-LMX$Z&dEG1;(+-$Z&Z%(1;A-)0%ts$Z&p-GUVXgb#*+klLMNN%b#$qcIA,O dH),ghKL:0_-D6?u+,-.:;=?u 人工智能知识点全景图：迈向!智能+时代蓝皮书 25 5 1“”$Z&2(7-4pOP4p?10 Q_1 62 Q7-%_9 _ 1 EL)bEL)b_B1),$Z&/8/ST/1q/B 2 7+AKL 7+Y j!gh1Sgh.KL76KL+7:KL 3 BCs%!M89:D?BCBC A*BCNMinimax B

42、CAlpha-Beta;4 b#IJb#IJ_B$=_B#m%J 5 dIJ#_B1?dd9bcD6?6 6 46IJ A#m+B/C+CM(mD646IJsC(;D 7$Z&:;FGDHI6Gale-Shapely 8$Z&fLdEG;$Z&1JKL2O _ 9$Z&p$Z&n+$Z&(8GPU 10$Z&$Z&_B1T*,UVXg(b#*+klLM(NN%?8FY+,-.=?8FY$Z&Q7-_ijWnWq-t_B1fL45AubH-1_B-4”ghKL|!MmBC|-0_MGIJ|GIJ-IJHAvNOZP-DMD6|GDM&86BO 78 John Hopcroft(0:-tb#IJ8

43、 Boosting,/!0_pQRNMS EA_B:_BBIJ8?Generative adversarial learning,graph neural networkBAJqT!7-U178*IITG-q|;(IJ/O 22K12V;V;2017 12-)Ed1XyAIDa 82017Bd-#Y 2018 V8Iy2*Ed1XyAIDa82017 BO 2003 W(EdGH+Da 8*,B W-D s”-A!_-H$Z&2UXA AI?T!_O Ed1XyAIDa82017 BeT“GH+IEFIGH97J6IJK1GHLMNQEF*IwGO#ITGH+FG(GH+7-Y*,PR&(/-

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