2021届全国普通高等学校招生统一考试上海英语模拟试卷.pdf

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1、2021届全国普通高等学校招生统一考试上海英语模拟试卷1学校:姓名：班级:考号：一、用单词的适当形式完成短文Directions:After reading the passage below,fill in the blanks to make the passage coherentand grammatically correct.For the blanks with a given word,fill in each blank with theproper form of the given word;for the other blanks,use one word that b

2、est fits each blank.Exploring BeyondFollowing the call of our restless genes has not ended well for all explorers.The Britishexplorer Captain James Cook died in a fight with Hawaiians ten years after he received theprecious map from Tupaia.His death,some say,brought to a close 1 Westernhistorians ca

3、ll the Age of Exploration.Yet it hardly 2(end)our exploring.We haveremained enthusiastic about filling in the Earths maps;reaching its farthest poles,highestpeaks,and deepest trenches(海豹);sailing to its every corner and then flying off the planetentirely.With the NASA Rover Curiosity now 3(stir)us a

4、ll as it explores Mars,some countries and private companies are preparing to send humans to the red planet as well.Some visionaries even talk of having a spacecraft 4(send)to the nearest star.NASAs Michael Barratta doctor,diver,and jet pilot;a sailor for 40 years;anastronaut for 12is among those 5 a

5、che to go to Mars.Barratt consciously seeshimself as an explorer Cook and Tupaia.nWere doing what 6 did.he says.Itworks this way at every point in human history.A society develops an enabling technology,7 its the ability to preserve and carry food or build a ship or launch a rocket.*Not all of us 8

6、ride a rocket or sail the infinite sea.Yet,9 a species,were curious enough and interested enough by the prospect to help pay for the trip and cheerat the voyagers return.Yes,we hope to find a better place to live or acquire a larger territoryor make a fortune.But we also explore simply 10(discover)w

7、hats there.二、选用适当的单词或短语补全短文Directions:Complete the following passage by using the words in the box.Each word canonly be used once.Note that there is one word more than you need.A.appears B.changing C.dependent D.dim E.discovery F.exclusivelyG.reflect H.review I.sexually J.underlying K.vigorouslyUnde

8、rcover WingsThe nocturnal（夜间活动）dot-underwing moth（蛾）may use shape-shifting patterns on its wings as a way to attract mates in the dark.In a study published lastSeptember in Current Biology,scientists report the 11 on males*forewings of threepatches（色斑）that change darkness and size when viewed from p

9、articular angles.In females,the entire forewing darkens.Although butterfly and moth species that are active during the day are known to employvisual effects to communicate,researchers had thought their nocturnal cousins reliedal most 12 on chemical signals because of the lack of light.Butthese 13 wi

10、ng patterns,now found for the first time in a nocturnal moth,suggest theinsects may also use visual signals.Because only the males have this pattern,researchers sayit is likely a（n）14 selected mechanism.Jennifer Kelley,an ecologist based at the University of Western Australia,and hercolleagues first

11、 noticed the visual phenomenon while looking at museum moth specimens（标本）for another project.As soon as we figured the effect was angle-15 we knewthat to understand how it works,we had to understand the 16 physics,Kelley says.The group contacted Gerd Schroder-Turk and Bodo Wilts,who are physicists a

12、t MurdochUniversity in Perth and the Adolphe Merkle Institute in Switzerland respectively.Together the researchers found that when the wings are viewed from above,they 17 available light directly,like a dull mirror.When viewed from an angle,however,they let some of the light through to reveal a deep

13、er layer of darkness,which 18 as patches on the males wings.If the insects were to beat theirwings 19-a common behavior among males approaching potential mates一thepatches would flash on and off,creating a striking signal even in very 20 light.三、完形填空When you are stuck on a problem,sometimes it is bes

14、t to stop thinking aboutit-consciously,anyway.Research has shown that taking a break or a nap can help the braincreate 21 to a solution.Now a new study 22 on the effect of this so-called试卷第2 页，共 14页incubation（潜伏期）by using sound cues to focus the sleeping mind on a targeted problem.When humans sleep,

15、parts of the brain replay certain memories,strengthening andtransforming them.About a decade ago researchers developed a technique,called targetedmemory reactivation（TMR）,aimed at further enhancing 23 memories:when asound becomes associated with a memory and is later played during sleep,that memoryg

16、ets 24 In a study published last November in Psychological Science,scientiststested whether 25 the memory of a puzzle during sleep might also improveproblem-solving.About 60 participants visited the laboratory before and after a night of 26 First,they 27 spatial,verbal and conceptual puzzles,with a

17、distinct music clip repeating inthe background for each,until they had worked on six puzzles they could not solve.Overnight they wore electrodes电极）to detect slow-wave sleep,which may be important formemory enhancement-and a device played the sounds 28 to three of the sixunsolved puzzles.The next day

18、,back at the lab,the participants attempted the six puzzlesagain.（Each repeated the experiment with a different set of puzzles the following night.）Alltold,the subjects solved 32 percent of the sound-stimulated puzzles compared with 21 percentof the 29 puzzles.The researchers very bravely went for q

19、uite complex tasks that involved a lot ofcomplex processing,and remarkably they found these really strong effects in all of their30 J says Penny Lewis,a psychologist at Cardiff University,who was notinvolved in the research.These are supercool results.Now we need to go out and try tounderstand them

20、by firstly replicating（复制）them and secondly trying to 31 thecomponent processes that are actually being influenced.Beyond providing new evidence that humans restructure memories while sleeping,theresearch may have 32 implications.In a futuristic world,maybe TMR could helpus use sleep to work on our

21、problems,says lead author Kristin Sanders,who was a graduatestudent at Northwestern University during the study.Sleep-monitoring technology isincreasingly accessibleand even without devices,prospective solvers can focus onimportant problems before 33.Still,sleep is not 34:people need to do their hom

22、ework and load their headswith the puzzle pieces involved.Fm not going to solve cancer with this technique,Sanderssays,because I am totally 35 cancer research.21.A.applicationsB.commitmentC.attentionD.pathways22.A.countsB.expandsC.insistsD.passes23.A.treasuredB.selectedC.devotedD.shortened24.A.dimme

23、dB.storedC.reactivatedD.researched25.A.neglectingB.examiningC.erasingD.revisiting26.A.sleepB.experimentC.trainingD.relaxation27.A.createdB.solvedC attemptedD.classified28.A.assignedB.transformedC.explainedD.introduced29.A.unsettledB.untargetedC.unstatedD.untested30.A.puzzlesB.brainsC.processesD.task

24、s31.A.work outB.turn toC.take onD.bring about32.A.individualB.conceptualC.practicalD.collective33.A.dinnerB.dawnC.bedD.schooling34.A.significantB.magicC.fixedD.possible35.A.dependent onB.curious aboutC.interested inD.ignorant of四、阅读理解I confess I hesitated when the editor in chief of The New York Tim

25、es Magazine told mein late 2014 that I would be editing a new front-of-book column called Letter ofRecommendation,about stuff people really like.The column was the brainchild of our staffwriter,Sam Anderson,he explained.Sam figured that there was no shortage of places to findout what writers hate bu

26、t few spaces for writers to talk about what they love.We would pushagainst this trend,900 words a week,40-something times per year.The reason for my hesitation was a simple,unfortunate fact about writing.Writing aboutthings you hate is easy:not just fun,but generative.The criticism tends to entertai

27、n,even ifyou disagree,but the ode doesnt.The writerly tone is well-suited to our age,but its hard notto see it as a collective defense mechanism-as if revealing your true feelings exposes yourunmentionable secrets to the public.Obsessions（喜欢），meanwhile,are inseparable from ourpeculiarities as people

28、we come to love things for often weird reasons.When the columnreally works,its as revealing about the author as it is its subject.One writer,a man in his late30s,for example,recommended Pedialyte,which he drinks to balance the effects of both试卷第4 页，共 14页drinking and exercise,and to cheat his way bac

29、k to youth.I probably see somewhere between three and five Letter of Recommendation pitches aday.It*s a great spot for trying out new writers in the magazine,so I try my best to keep upwith all the email,but I often fail.(I feel genuinely terrible about this every day of my life.)Determining which t

30、o assign involves seeing how it meets the various criteria we*ve settledon over the years.We dont like the column to be timely-everything else in the world istimely.But on the other hand,we need to put a headline on the thing that people mightreasonably recognize,stop and read about.There should be

31、a personal angle to therecommendation,but also some universally recommendable aspect.But then again,itshouldnt be too recommendable;this isnt a column for lifehacks.The recommendation itselfshould be attractively unexpected“sideways,“as editors are perhaps too fond ofsayingbut really,its just an exc

32、use to cut brilliant writers loose to amuse or inspire us.36.Sam Anderson proposed a column called Letter of Recommendation because he foundA.the fashion trend was not easy to push againstB.there was a shortage of good quality columnsC.writers could hardly find a place to share their likesD.his brai

33、nchild could sometimes increase readership37.The word“ode”(in paragraph 2)is closest in meaning to.A.praise B.blame C.hesitation D.determination38.Why is the writer in his late 30s mentioned in paragraph 2?A.To give an example of the writerly tone.B.To highlight the way that the column selects write

34、rs.C.To show how a collective defense mechanism works.D.lb illustrate how writers reveal themselves in the column.39.The writer hopes that in the c o l u mn,.A.the recommended items are quite familiar to readersB.the recommended items should follow the latest trendC.readers can learn about life skil

35、ls from the recommendationsD.readers will find the recommendations beyond their expectationLilyStudying abroad is an area that is becoming increasingly interesting for researchers,asmore students are choosing to do a semester,a year or even a degree in another country.Inmy research,I set out to esta

36、blish whether young people attending a course abroad acquiremore global awareness than students enrolled on similar courses in their home country,Usinga comparative study of 50 Canadian undergraduates,half of whom studied abroad for varyinglengths of time,there were shown to be considering gains in

37、global awareness and these werenot only noted by the students themselves but also their tutors.ThomasMy research project asked ten students starting a year of study abroad to keep a dailyrecord of their experiences.Having begun the diary a month before leaving home theycontinued it for a month after

38、 they returned.The primary reason for studying abroad in allcases was to polish their language skill.The students were allowed to write as freely as theywished by were asked to include comments on their language learning experience as well ason the strategies they used to cope with living in a new c

39、ulture.Analysing the diaries,wefound remarkably similar pattems.All the participants demonstrate a gradual recognition andacceptance of difference in other cultures and a new objectivity about their own culture as aresult of their experience.JasmineThis paper reports on some research carried out las

40、t year into why students choose aperiod of study abroad,their reasons for selecting a specific destination,their behaviour whenabroad and the extent to which the experience matches their expectations.Havingadministered a questionnaire to 1,000 international students studying at a number ofuniversiti

41、es in Australia,we got 696 responses.An initial analysis of the responses hasrevealed some interesting data suggesting that the key factor affecting all the areas we wereinvestigating was the individuals personality and study interests.Country of origin andgender proved less significant than expecte

42、d.JimmyThis research looked at the career paths of 35 young business people who had spent partof their university course at a foreign educational institution in order to ascertain whetherthose people had acquired greater cross-cultural perspectives through their experience ofstudy abroad.Concerned a

43、bout the lack of cultural awareness of their staff,a group of USbusiness corporations proposed the research.The results are less conclusive than expected,试卷第6 页，共 14页but they do suggest that a period of study in a foreign country may help students to developthe cross-cultural awareness that US emplo

44、yers currently seek.40.The passage is mainly about four researchers findings on.A.the reasons for young students to study abroadB.the impact and effects of studying in another countryC.the trend of more students furthering their study abroadD.the interest of students who once studied in another coun

45、try41.used the subjects personal account as the research material.A.Lily B.Thomas C.Jasmine D.Jimmy42.According to the passage,which of the following statements is true?A.Most of the researchers found the students global awareness increased.B.All of the researchers took a reserved attitude towards s

46、tudying abroad.C.None of the researchers thought gender played a role in students choice.D.Only one of the researchers did research on the subjects1 career development.When antibiotics（抗生素）first became available,farmers used them freely.Nowscientists know that the overuse of antibiotics can cultivat

47、e drug-resistant bacteria that aredangerous to human health.Among debates over what kinds of restrictions should be put inplace,figuring out how antibiotic-resistant bacteria evolve and make their way to humansremains an area of intense interest.Jo Handelsman is tracing one such pathway that,as she

48、puts it,travels from farm totable.*Handelsman,a microbiologist who is now associate director for science at the WhiteHouse Office of Science and Technology Policy,looked into dairy cows,which are oftentreated with antibiotics and produce manure（排泄物）that farmers use on their crops.Inaddition to nutri

49、ents,that fertilizer may harbor antibiotic-resistant bacteriaa problembecause the bacteria can come into contact with plants that are finally shipped tosupermarkets and sometimes eaten raw.To find out how those antibiotic-resistant bacteria come to exist,Handelsman and hercolleagues at Yale Universi

50、ty added manure from a nearby Connecticut farm to raised beds ofsoil in 2013.In this case,the manure specifically came from cows that were not treated withantibiotics.The researchers unexpectedly found that there were more soil bacteria carryingantibiotic-resistant genes when they were grown with th