2021年度普通生态学考试题习题库有答案.pdf

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1、 普通生态学复习大纲I.Please explain the following terms.名词解释（1）Introductionecology（生态学）：是关于生物与环境（栖息地）互有关系科学。或者，生态学是研究生物与环境互有关系科学。（2）autoecologyniche（生态位）：生物在环境中占据位置。fundamental niche（基本生态位）：在生物群落中可觉得某一物种所栖息理论最大空间。realized niche（实际生态位）：物种实际所能占有生态位空间。competitive exclusion principle（竞争排斥原理）：生态位相似两个物种不也许共存。habit

2、at（栖息地）：生物生活地方。fitness（适合度）：是衡量一种个体存活和生殖成功机会一种尺度。个体存活机会和生殖成功也许性越大，适合度越大。environment（环境）：生命有机体周边一切总和，涉及空间以及可以直接或间接影响有机体生活、生长与繁殖各种因素。Liebigs law of minimum（利比希最小因子定律）：在稳定状态下，当某种物质可运用量最接近于该物种所需临界最小量时，生物生长就会受到这种最小量因子限制。Shelfords law of tolerance（谢尔福德“耐受性定律”）：当任何-一 种生态因子在数量上或质量上局限性或过多，超过某种生物可以耐受极限时，均会使该种

3、生物不能生存，甚至灭绝。ecological valence or amplitude（生态价、生态幅、耐性限度）：每一种生物对每一种环境因素均有一种能耐受范畴，即有一种生态上最低点和一种生态上最高点，在最低点和最高 点（或称为耐受性下限和上限）之间范畴，这个能耐受范畴称为生态幅。law of limiting factor（限制因子定律）：在众多环境因子中，任何接近或超过某种生物耐受性极限而制止其生存、生长、繁殖或扩散因素，这个因子称为限制因子。VantHoffslaw（范霍夫定律或Qio定律）：在一定范畴内，变温动物体温每增长10,生理过程速率加快2 倍，咱们把这种关系称为范霍恩定律或Qi

4、o定律。developmental threshold temperature（发育起点温度）：动物生长发育是需要一定温度范畴，低于某一温度，动物就停止生长发育，高于这一温度，动物才开始生长发育，这一温度阈值就叫做发育起点温度或生物学零度。law of effective temperature（有效积温法则）：外温动物完毕其发育史需要一定期间和温度组合，或者说它需要是一定总积温（sumofheat）o（3）population ecologyPopulalion（种群）：在一定期间内占据同一空间同种个体所构成集合。ecological invasion（生态入侵）：生物在人类故意识或无意识状

5、况下带入到一种适当于其生存或繁衍地区，致使其种群不断增长，分布区稳步扩大过程，称为生态入侵。innate capacity of increase（or intrinsic rate of increase）内禀增长率:当食物量和空间条件不受限制并排除同种个体竞争或敌害时.，在特定温度、湿度和食物质地等条件下，种群所达到瞬时最大增长率。density dependence（密度制约）：种群参数如出生率、死亡率随着密度变化而变化。density independence（非密度制约）：出生率和死亡不随密度变化而变化。age structure（年龄椎体或年龄金字塔）：不同年龄组在种群中所占比例或

6、配备状况。reproductive value（生殖价）：指某一特定年龄个体将来产仔数盼望值。或一种某年龄雌体平均地能对将来种群增长所作出贡献参数。Survivorship curve（存活曲线）：将生命表中L 或 小项对各年龄期x 作图所得到反映种群不同年龄段存活状况曲线。ecological natality（生态出生率）：又称为实际出生率，在特定条件下种群实际出生率。ecological mortality（生态死亡率）：又称为实际死亡率，在特定环境条件下，种群受到食物短缺、捕食及疾病干扰等状况下死亡率。maximum natality（最大出生率）：在抱负条件下（即食物、空间等资源不受

7、限制时，排除疾病干扰）种群出生率（此时出生率只受生物生理特性限制）。minimum mortality（最低死亡率）：在最适环境下，种群中个体因年老而死亡速率。ecological strategy（生态对策）：生物在进化过程中，对某某些特定生态压力所采用生活史或行为模式。（4）community ecologypioneer species（先锋物种）：最先占领新生境物种或在裸地上最先形成物种。climax（顶级群落）：群落演替最后阶段群落。此时，物种非常丰富，物种间关系普通非常紧密。biotic community（生物群落）：在相似时间汇集在一定区域或生境中各种生物种群集合。commun

8、ity succession（群落演替）：在一定地段上，群落由一种类型转变为另一类型有顺序演变过程。growth form（生长型）：依照植物可见构造及其形态特性提成不同类群。life form（生活型）：植物地上某些高度与其近年生组织（冬季或者夏季休眠并可存活到下一种生长季节）之间关系。ectone（群落交错区）：为两个不同群落交界区域。edge effect（边沿效应）：群落交错区中生物种类和种群密度增长现象。species diversity（物种多样性）：是指构成群落生物种类多少，是衡量群落生物构成构造和生态系统稳定性重要指标，是生物多样性一种重要层次（遗传多样性和生态系统多样性）。d

9、ominant species（优势种）：群落中起决定和控制作用物种。functional group（guild）（同资源种团或功能团）：以同一方式运用共同资源物种集团。(5)ecosystembiomass（生物量）：某一特定观测时刻，某一空间范畴内既有有机体多少。用 B 表达，单位:数量、重量或能量/单位面积。primary production（初级生产）：绿色植物（自养生物）通过光合伙用将无机物转变成有机物并把太阳能转变成化学能过程（严格说来，应涉及化能合成生物）。biogeochemical cycle（生物地化循环）：是指各种化学物质在生态系统内部不同生物成分之间、生物成分与物理

10、成分之间互换和循环以及化学物质在不同生态系统之间互换和循环。ecosystem（生态系统）：在一定空间中共同栖居着所有生物（即生物群落）与其环境之间由于不断进行物质循环和能量流转过程而形成统一整体。biosphere（生物圈）：是地球上凡是浮现并感受到生命活动影响地区，是地球上最大生态系统。ecological pyramid（生态椎体或生态金字塔）：是指生态系统中不同营养级生物量、数量或能量构成比例，通惯用图解表达。food chain（食物链）：生产者所固定能量和物质，通过一系列取食和被食关系在生态系统中传递，各种生物按其食物关系排列链状顺序称为食物链。foodweb（食物网）：群落中各种

11、食物链互相交叉构成复杂网状构造，称为食物网。trophic level（营养级）：指生物在食物链中所处位置。II.Put the appropriate ecological terms into the Blank in order to make the sentencemeaningful.填空题（1）introductionHuman being are confronted with the five crises such as 人口，food,资 源，能 量，environment.Divided by the organization levels,the ecology in

12、cludes molecular ecology,autoecology,种群 ecology,群落 ecology,生态系统 ecology,景观 ecology,global ecology.Divided by the habitat,ecology includes terrestrial ecology,淡水 ecology,estuary ecology,海洋 ecology,etc.Divided by the organisms,ecology includes 动物 ecology,植物 ecology,andmicroorganism ecology.Classic eco

13、logy include autoecology,种群，群落，and ecosystem ecology.Ecology is the study（彳 讲 究）of the 互相作用（interaction）between organisms（生物）and theirenvironment（环境）.The environment is a combination of 非生物（abiotic）environment andthe 生 物（biotic）environment.（2）auloecologyThe ways of tolerance to extremely low tempera

14、ture are 超冷 and 耐受冻结.According to Libigs Law of Minimum（利比希最小因子定律），磷（P）is most probably thelimiting factor（限制因子）to the growth of algae（藻类）in many fresh waters（淡水）.The types of aquatic plants that adapt to water（水分）are 沉 水 植 物，漂浮植物,浮 叶 植 物，and 挺水植物.The types of terrestrial plants adapt to water are 旱

15、 生 植 物，中生植物，湿生植物.The air temperature at night 增长（increase）with the altitude ascent.The wavs of osmoregulation（渗入压调节）for fishes in clu d e高渗调节，低 渗 调 节，等渗调 节，变 渗 调 节。The concentration（溶度）of 02 in soil is higher than in air,and which of C02 in soil islower（低;于）than in air.According to size,the organism

16、s in the soil can be classified into 原 生 生 物，小型动物区系,中型动物区系，大型动物区系a n d 巨型动物区系（如糠 鼠 and J L）.The factors that have important influences on the soil formation include 气候,母质,生物,时间,地形.The organic matter（有机质）in soil is composed of 腐殖质 and 非腐殖质.（3）population ecologyThe types of natural selection（自然选取）incl

17、ude 分裂选取，directional selection,稳定选取.The self-regulation schools（自动调节学派）include行为调节学说,遗传调节学说,a n d 内分泌调节学说.According to the shape of age pyramid（年龄椎体）,it can be classified into three types,that is,增 长 型，稳 定 型，a n d 下 降 型.The interspecific relationship between lion and deer is 捕食.The interaction betwe

18、en penicillin（青霉素）and bacterium is 抗生作用.Walnut quinine（胡 桃 酉 昆）secreted by walnut（胡桃）can inhibit the growth of its surrounding plants,so the relationship between walnut and itssurrounding plants belongs to 她感作用或异种抑制作用.The spatial distribution patterns of a population（种群空间分布格局）include even distributi

19、on（均匀分布），汇 集（或成群）distribution,and 随机 distribution.Organisms with K-strategist usually show low mortality（死亡率）in the early life stage and livein a stable environment.According to the competitive exclusion principle（竞争排斥原理），if two species compete in astable environment,there are two possible outcomes（

20、成果）：（1）one species is excluded or（2）niches of both species 浮现分化（are differentiated）（4）community ecologyThe three model to explain the succession mechanism include 增进模型，抑制模型，忍 耐 模 型.Plants in a community can be classified not only by its taxonomy（分类学）,but also by thegrowth form（生长型）,i.e.,the height o

21、f the plants,woody（木本）or nonwoody俳木本），leaveshapes etc,thus we can classify the plants as 乔 木（Tree）,藤本植物（Lianas）,灌 木（Shrubs）,附生植物（epiphytes）,草本植物（grass）,and Thallophytes（菌藻植物）.The species that determines the structure and function of the community is 优势种（dominant species）.According to the area where

22、whether a community have existed or not,the succession can beclassified into 原生演替(primary succession)and 次生演替(secondary succession).According to the whether the factors that incur succession are endogenous or exogenous,thesuccession can be classified into 内 因 性 演 替(endogenous succession)and 外因性演替(ex

23、ogenous succession).(5)ecosystem ecologyThe function of ecosystem include 物 质 循 环，能量流动，信息互换.Three fundamental types of biogeochemical cycles are 气体型循环，沉积型循环，_水循环.The two main types of food chains are 捕食食物链 and 碎屑食物链.生 产 者，分 解 者，and 消费者 are the three functional groups that consist of ecosystem.The la

24、rgest ecosystem on Earth is the 生 物 圈.Producers(生产者)are autotrophs(自养生物)，including 光能自养生物(photoautotroph)and化能自养生物(chemoautoirophs).Decomposers(分解者)are those organisms which feed on nonliving material and can break down(分 解)the organic matters(有 机 物 质)into inorganic nutrients(无 机 营 养 物)for theproduc

25、ers.The most important decomposers might be 细菌(bacteria),and 真菌(fungi).The figure below is a simplified sketch map(示意图)of food web(食物网)in grassland ecosystem,please give the answers for the six questions below according to this sketch map.(1)The number of food chain(食物链)in this food web is 4.(2)The

26、number of trophic level(营养级)of hawk is 2.(3)The interspecific relationship between hawk and fox is 竞争.(4)The life form(生物)with the highest energy among the components of this ecosystem is 草.The energy were ultimately transferred to hawk through two food chains,the efficient food chain is 草-鼠-鹰,(5)If

27、 we use DDT to control the pest insect(害虫)that do harm to grasses,then we can infer that thelife form with the highest concentration(浓度)of DDT is 鹰.(6)If the hawk,snake,and fox are largely hunted in the short term,the life form will be seriouslynegatively influenced is 草.Ill True or false(one points

28、 each,12 points totally).是非题,每小题 1 分，共 12 分(对:false,F；错：true,T).Why is it right or wrong?请思考为什么对，为什么错？(1)introduction(F)32.Population ecology,community ecology,ecosystem ecology and landscapeecology all belong to research content of the classic ecology(典型生态学).(F)35.Molecular ecology belongs to the r

29、esearch domain of classic ecology.(T)36.Modern ecology(当代生态学)include molecular ecology,global ecology,andclassic ecology.(2)autoecology(T)4.Solar radiation is a condition for an insect,but a resource for a plant.(F)4.Water is a resource for cotton at any time.(F)17.For any organism,the value of incr

30、ease in heartbeat frequency(心跳次数)by a10 rise in temperature is two to three.(F)22.If the ecological niche of two species are the same,it is sure that one species of thetwo species destined(注定)to go to extinction(灭绝).(F)21.Organisms in the Tropical Zone(热 带)are able to tolerate(耐受)much highertemperat

31、ure than those in Temperate Zone(温带)and Frigid Zone(寒带)，so organismsin Tropical Zone are eurytherms（广温生物）while organisms in Temperate Zone arestenotherms（狭温生物）.（3）population ecology（T）Most animals belong to unitary organism（单体生物）.（T）Most plants belong to modular organism（构件生物）.（F）One species maybe o

32、btains some benefits from the other when they compete with eachother for resources.（T）In the broad sense（广义上说），parasitism is one kind of predation.（F）Time-specific life table（特定期间生命表）is drawn up using the data on mortality（死亡）over time obtained through observing a cohort（同生群）.（T）Age-specific life ta

33、ble（特定年龄生命表）is drawn up using the data on mortality（死亡）over time obtained through observing a cohort（同生群）.（T）Self regulation school（自动调节学派）belongs to endogenous regulation theory（内源性调节理论）.（F）According to Hardy-Winberg law（哈文定律），the gene and genotype frequency（基因频率和基因型频率）in each generation will retai

34、n constant in a small population.（T）Ecological factors（生态因子）can be divided into density dependent（密度制约）anddensity-independent（非 密度 制 约）factors,temperature are density-independentfactors,while food is density-dependent.（T）Parasites and their host are in co-evolution（协同进化）.（T）Realized（ecological）natal

35、ity is not only determined by physiological conditions butalso by actual ecological conditions.（F）The result of static life table（静态生命表）are more reliable（可靠）than that ofdynamic table life（动态生命表）.（T）There are more species of monotrophic（单食性）animals in stable conditions thanthat of polytrophic（多食性）one

36、s in capricious（变化无常）conditions.（T）Antibiosis（抗生作用）belongs to amensalism（偏害作用）.（F）The inter-specific relationship between black carp（鲸鱼）and silver carp（鲤鱼）ismutualism.（F）The relationship between termite（白蚁）and flagellate（鞭毛虫）in its intestine（肠道）is commensalism（偏利作用）.（T）That 1000 individuals of silve

37、r carps（鲤鱼）have fished per unit fishing effort（单位捕捞努力）stands for relative density（相对密度）.（4）community ecology（F）Species diversity（物种多样性）in Tropical Zone（热带地区）is lower than in TemperateZone（温带地区）.（T）The succession direction of facilitation model（增进模型）is predictable.（F）Polyclimax hypothesis（多顶级学说）argue

38、 that the climax of a community isdetermined only by the climate.（F）The ecologists of the organismic school（机体论学派）argue that there are not obviousborderline between two communities.（T）One of the succession viewpoint（演替观）of individualistic school（个体论学派）isthat it is difficult to predict the succession

39、 direction of a community.（T）We can classified trees（乔木）into broad-leaved and needle-leaved in term of growthform.（F）There are two communities A and B,and each of them has 100 individuals.CommunityA has two species each with 50 individuals.Community B has ten species,but the eachof which has 10 indi

40、viduals,respectively（分别地）.So we can conclude that the speciesbiodiversity of community A is higher than that of community B.（T）After a forest is logged by the way of clear cutting（皆伐）,there will occur secondarysuccession(次生演替).(T)It will not incur(招致,引起)any negative effects on a community to remove

41、all theredundant species(冗余种)from this community.(F)Plants can be classified into trees,Hanas(藤本植物),shrubs,epiphytes(附生植物),herbs,thallophytes(菌藻植物)in terms of life growth.(5)ecosystem ecology(F)The biomass of the lower of trophic level(营养级)must be higher than that of the highertrophic level.(T)We ca

42、n boldly declare(大胆地说)that the energy decreases with increase of trophiclevel.(F)Sulfur cycle(硫循环)belongs to sedimentary cycle(沉积型循环)and doesnt belong togaseous cycle(气体型循环).(F)The more the production of rice is,the more is the biomass of it.(T)There are 158 000 kg of bighead carp(婚鱼)in a lake with

43、area of 100 km2 in a giventime(某一时亥！I),so the biomass of the bighead carp can be calculated.(F)The number of trophic level of the ecosystem is often less than seven to eight.IV.To make the right choice 选取题(1)introductionThe ecologist who firstly gave definition for ecology is(A).A.Hackel B.Clements

44、C.Tansley D.Lack(ABC)belong(s)to the research domain of classic ecology.A.population ecology B.community ecology C.ecosystem ecology D.landscapeecology（2）autoecologyThe auricle（外耳）of arctic fox（北极狐）is markedly shorter than that of red fox（赤狐）intemperate zone,and the auricle of red fox is obviously s

45、horter than that of large-ear fox（大耳狐）.We can use（B）to explain this phenomenon.A.Bergmanns rule B.Allens rule C.Shelford,law of tolerance D.Jordan ruleWhale,dolphin,sea lion,sea elephant,and sea dog all belong to mammal,and shark belongsto fish,but they all have the fin-like structure to adapt thems

46、elves to water environment.We canterm this phenomenon（A）.A.convergence adaptation（趋同适应）B.competition C.mutualism D.divergenceadaptation（趋异适应）When there are short of calcium（钙）in the environment,strontium（锢）can substitutes for calcium（Ca.）in the growth and development of mollusk.We can term this effe

47、ct as（B）.A.Combined effect（综合伙用）B.complementary effect（互补作用）C.Non-substitutable（不可代替作用）D.Definitiveness（限定性作用或阶段性作用）The proportion of quantity of nitrogen（氮），potassium（专 用），phosphorus（磷）that a crop needs to growand develop normally（正常生长发育）is 5：7：10,and which of them is 2：4：5 in the soil where thiscr

48、op inhabits（栖息,存在于）.According to the background（背景）above,we can infer（推断）that（A）is the limiting factor（限制因子）for this crop in the soil.A.nitrogen B.potassium C.phosphorus D.nitrogen and potassiumFor the fish in a tank（水族箱），（B）most probably becomes the limiting factor.A.water B.oxygen（氧）C.nitrogen（氮）D

49、.phosphorus（磷）The position of light compensation point（光补偿点）for sun species（阳地或阳性物种）is（A）that for shade species（阴性或阴地物种）.A.higher than B.lower than C.the same as D.higher than or lower than or the same as（3）population ecologyThe basic unit of species5 existence in nature is（B）.A.individualB.populati

50、onC.species D.communityThe main characteristics of K-selector include（s）（BD）.A.small body B.large body C.high reproduction rate D.low reproductionrateThe spatial distribution pattern of population includes（ABC）.A.even（uniform or regular）distribution（均匀分布）B.random distribution（随机分布）C.clumped（clustere