孙子兵法双语阅读文学艺术军事理论文学艺术古代文学资料.pdf

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1、孙子兵法The Art of War 孙武 By Sun Tzu Tran slated by Lionel Giles 始计第一 Lay ing Plans 孙子曰：兵者，国之大事，死生之地，存亡之道，不可不察也。Sun Tzu said:The art of war is of vital importa nee to the State.It is a matter of life and death,a road either to safety or to ruin.Hence it is a subject of inquiry which can on no acco unt b

2、e n eglected.故经之以五事，校之以计，而索其情：一曰道，二曰天，三曰地,四曰将，五曰法。The art of war,the n,is gover ned by five con sta nt factors,to be take n into acco unt in on es deliberatio ns,whe n seek ing to determ ine the con diti ons obta ining in the field.These are:(1)The Moral Law;(2)Heave n;(3)Earth;(4)The Comma nder;(5)

3、Method and discipli ne.道者，令民于上同意，可与之死，可与之生，而不危也；The Moral Law causes the people to be in complete accord with their ruler,so that they will follow him regardless of their lives,un dismayed by any dan ger.天者，阴阳、寒暑、时制也；Heave n sig ni fies ni ght and day,cold and heat,times and seas ons.地者，远近、险易、广狭、死生也

4、；Earth comprises dista nces,great and small;dan ger and security;ope n ground and n arrow passes;the cha nces of life and death.将者，智、信、仁、勇、严也；The Comma nder sta nds for the virtues of wisdom,sin cerely,ben evole nee,courage and strict ness.法者，曲制、官道、主用也。By method and discipli ne are to be un derstood

5、 the marshali ng of the army in its proper subdivisi ons,the graduati ons of rank among the officers,the maintenance of roads by which supplies may reach the army,and the con trol of military expe nditure.凡此五者，将莫不闻，知之者胜，不知之者不胜。These five heads should be familiar to every gen eral:he who knows them w

6、ill be victorious;he who knows them not will fail.故校之以计，而索其情，曰：主孰有道？Therefore,in your deliberati ons,whe n seek ing to determ ine the military con diti on s,let them be made the basis of a comparis on,in this wise:-将孰有能？天地孰得？法令孰行？兵众孰强？士卒孰练？赏罚孰 明？吾以此知胜负矣。(1)Which of the two sovereig ns is imbued with

7、 the Moral law?(2)Which of the two gen erals has most ability?(3)With whom lie the adva ntages derived from Heave n and Earth?(4)On which side is discipli ne most rigorously en forced?(5)Which army is str on ger?(6)On which side are officers and men more highly train ed?(7)In which army is there the

8、 greater con sta ncy both in reward and puni shme nt?By means of these seve n con sideratio ns I can forecast victory or defeat.将听吾计，用之必胜，留之；将不听吾计，用之必败，去之。The gen eral that hearke ns to my coun sel and acts upon it,will conq uer:let such a one be reta ined in comma nd!The gen eral that hearke ns not

9、 to my coun sel nor acts upon it,will suffer defeat:-let such a one be dismissed!计利以听，乃为之势，以佐其外。While headi ng the profit of my coun sel,avail yourself also of any helpful circumsta nces over and bey ond the ordinary rules.势者，因利而制权也。Accord ing as circumsta nces are favorable,one should modify on es

10、pla ns.兵者，诡道也。All warfare is based on decepti on.二曰天三曰地四曰将五曰法道者令民于上同意可与之死可与之生而不危也天者阴阳寒暑时制也地者远近险易广狭死生也将者智信仁勇严也法者曲制官道主用也凡此五者将莫不闻知之者胜不知之者不胜故校之以计而索其情曰主孰有道败去之计利以听乃为之势以佐其外势者因利而制权也兵者诡道也故能而示之不能用而示之不用近而示之远远而示之近利而诱之乱而取之实而备之强而避之怒而挠之卑而骄之佚而劳之亲而离之攻其无备出其不意此兵家之胜不可先传也子曰凡用兵之法驰车千驷革车千乘带甲十万千里馈粮则内外之费宾客之用胶漆之材车甲之奉日费千金然后十万之

11、师举矣其用战也胜久则钝兵挫锐攻城则力屈久暴师则国用不足夫钝兵挫锐屈力殚货则诸侯乘其弊而起虽有智者不能善其故能而示之不能，用而示之不用，近而示之远，远而示之近。Hen ce,whe n able to attack,we must seem un able;whe n using our forces,we must seem in active;whe n we are n ear,we must make the en emy believe we are far away;whe n far away,we must make him believe we are n ear.利而诱之，乱

12、而取之，Hold out baits to en tice the en emy.Feig n disorder,and crush him.实而备之，强而避之，If he is secure at all poin ts,be prepared for him.If he is in superior stre ngth,evade him.怒而挠之，卑而骄之，If your opp onent is of choleric temper,seek to irritate him.Prete nd to be weak,that he may grow arroga nt.佚而劳之，亲而离之

13、，If he is tak ing his ease,give him no rest.If his forces are un ited,separate them.攻其无备，出其不意。Attack him where he is un prepared,appear where you are not expected.此兵家之胜，不可先传也。These military devices,lead ing to victory,must not be divulged beforeha nd.夫未战而庙算胜者，得算多也；未战而庙算不胜者，得算少也。多 算胜少算，而况于无算乎！吾以此观之，胜

14、负见矣。Now the gen eral who wins a battle makes many calculati ons in his temple where the battle is fought.The gen eral who loses a battle makes but few calculati ons beforeha nd.Thus do many calculati ons lead to victory,and few calculati ons to defeat:how much more no calculati on at all!It is by at

15、te ntio n to this point that I can foresee who is likely to win or lose.作战第二 二曰天三曰地四曰将五曰法道者令民于上同意可与之死可与之生而不危也天者阴阳寒暑时制也地者远近险易广狭死生也将者智信仁勇严也法者曲制官道主用也凡此五者将莫不闻知之者胜不知之者不胜故校之以计而索其情曰主孰有道败去之计利以听乃为之势以佐其外势者因利而制权也兵者诡道也故能而示之不能用而示之不用近而示之远远而示之近利而诱之乱而取之实而备之强而避之怒而挠之卑而骄之佚而劳之亲而离之攻其无备出其不意此兵家之胜不可先传也子曰凡用兵之法驰车千驷革车千乘带甲十万千里

16、馈粮则内外之费宾客之用胶漆之材车甲之奉日费千金然后十万之师举矣其用战也胜久则钝兵挫锐攻城则力屈久暴师则国用不足夫钝兵挫锐屈力殚货则诸侯乘其弊而起虽有智者不能善其II.Waging War 孙子曰：凡用兵之法，驰车千驷，革车千乘，带甲十万，千里馈 粮。则内外之费，宾客之用，胶 漆之材，车甲之奉，日费千金，然后十万之师举矣。Sun Tzu said:In the operati ons of war,where there are in the field a thousa nd swift chariots,as many heavy chariots,and a hun dred thousa

17、 nd mail-clad soldiers,with provisi ons eno ugh to carry them a thousa nd li,the expe nditure at home and at the fron t,i ncludi ng en terta inment of guests,small items such as glue and paint,and sums spe nt on chariots and armor,will reach the total of a thousa nd oun ces of silver per day.Such is

18、 the cost of rais ing an army of 100,000 men.其用战也，胜久则钝兵挫锐，攻城则力屈，Whe n you en gage in actual fight in g,if victory is long in coming,the n mens weap ons will grow dull and their ardor will be damped.If you lay siege to a tow n,you will exhaust your stre ngth.久暴师则国用不足。Aga in,if the campaig n is protra

19、cted,the resources of the State will not be equal to the strai n.夫钝兵挫锐，屈力殚货，则诸侯乘其弊而起，虽有智者不能善其后 矣。Now,whe n your weap ons are dulled,your ardor damped,your stre ngth exhausted and your treasure spe nt,other chiefta ins will spri ng up to take adva ntage of your extremity.Then no man,however wise,will

20、 be able to avert the con seque nces that must en sue.故兵闻拙速，未睹巧之久也。Thus,though we have heard of stupid haste in war,clever ness has n ever bee n see n associated with long delays.夫兵久而国利者，未之有也。There is no in sta nee of a country hav ing ben efited from proIon ged warfare.二曰天三曰地四曰将五曰法道者令民于上同意可与之死可与之生而

21、不危也天者阴阳寒暑时制也地者远近险易广狭死生也将者智信仁勇严也法者曲制官道主用也凡此五者将莫不闻知之者胜不知之者不胜故校之以计而索其情曰主孰有道败去之计利以听乃为之势以佐其外势者因利而制权也兵者诡道也故能而示之不能用而示之不用近而示之远远而示之近利而诱之乱而取之实而备之强而避之怒而挠之卑而骄之佚而劳之亲而离之攻其无备出其不意此兵家之胜不可先传也子曰凡用兵之法驰车千驷革车千乘带甲十万千里馈粮则内外之费宾客之用胶漆之材车甲之奉日费千金然后十万之师举矣其用战也胜久则钝兵挫锐攻城则力屈久暴师则国用不足夫钝兵挫锐屈力殚货则诸侯乘其弊而起虽有智者不能善其故不尽知用兵之害者，则不能尽知用兵之利也。It is

22、 only one who is thoroughly acqua in ted with the evils of war that can thoroughly un dersta nd the profitable way of carry ing it on.善用兵者，役不再籍，粮不三载，The skillful soldier does not raise a sec ond levy,n either are his supply-wag ons loaded more tha n twice.取用于国，因粮于敌，故军食可足也。Br ing war material with yo

23、u from home,but forage on the en emy.Thus the army will have food eno ugh for its n eeds.国之贫于师者远输，远输则百姓贫；Poverty of the State exchequer causes an army to be mai ntai ned by con tributi ons from a dista nee.Con tribut ing to maintain an army at a dista nee causes the people to be impoverished.近师者贵卖，贵

24、卖则百姓财竭，On the other hand,the proximity of an army causes prices to go up;and high prices cause the peoples substa nee to be drained away.财竭则急于丘役。Whe n their substa nee is drained away,the peasa ntry will be afflicted by heavy exacti ons.力屈中原、内虚于家，百姓之费，十去其七；公家之费，破军罢 马，甲胄矢弓，戟盾矛橹，丘牛大车，十去其六。With this lo

25、ss of substa nee and exhausti on of stre ngth,the homes of the people will be stripped bare,and three-ten ths of their in come will be dissipated;while gover nment expe nses for broke n chariots,worn-out horses,breast-plates and helmets,bows and arrows,spears and shields,protective man tles,draught-

26、oxe n and heavy wag ons,will amount to four-te nths of its total reve nue.故智将务食于敌，食敌一钟，当吾二十钟；杆一石，当吾二十 石 Hence a wise gen eral makes a point of forag ing on the en emy.One cartload of the en emys provisi ons is equivale nt to twenty 二曰天三曰地四曰将五曰法道者令民于上同意可与之死可与之生而不危也天者阴阳寒暑时制也地者远近险易广狭死生也将者智信仁勇严也法者曲制官道主用

27、也凡此五者将莫不闻知之者胜不知之者不胜故校之以计而索其情曰主孰有道败去之计利以听乃为之势以佐其外势者因利而制权也兵者诡道也故能而示之不能用而示之不用近而示之远远而示之近利而诱之乱而取之实而备之强而避之怒而挠之卑而骄之佚而劳之亲而离之攻其无备出其不意此兵家之胜不可先传也子曰凡用兵之法驰车千驷革车千乘带甲十万千里馈粮则内外之费宾客之用胶漆之材车甲之奉日费千金然后十万之师举矣其用战也胜久则钝兵挫锐攻城则力屈久暴师则国用不足夫钝兵挫锐屈力殚货则诸侯乘其弊而起虽有智者不能善其of on es ow n,and likewise a si ngle picul of his prove nder is e

28、quivale nt to twenty from on es own store.故杀敌者，怒也；取敌之利者，货也。Now in order to kill the en emy,our men must be roused to an ger;that there may be adva ntage from defeati ng the en emy,they must have their rewards.车战得车十乘以上，赏其先得者而更其旌旗。车杂而乘之，卒善而 养之，是谓胜敌而益强。Therefore in chariot fighti ng,whe n ten or more c

29、hariots have bee n take n,those should be rewarded who took the first.Our own flags should be substituted for those of the en emy,and the chariots min gled and used in conj un cti on with ours.The captured soldiers should be kin dly treated and kept.This is called,using the conq uered foe to augme n

30、t on es own stre ngth.故兵贵胜，不贵久。In war,the n,let your great object be victory,not len gthy campaig ns.故知兵之将，民之司命。国家安危之主也 Thus it may be known that the leader of armies is the arbiter of the peoples fate,the man on whom it depe nds whether the n atio n shall be in peace or in peril.【注：】：“忌”加“卄”头。谋攻第三

31、III.Attack by Stratagem 孙子曰：夫用兵之法，全国为上，破国次之；全军为上，破军次 之；全旅为上，破旅次之；全卒 为上，破卒次之；全伍为上，破伍次之。Sun Tzu said:In the practical art of war,the best thi ng of all is to take the en emys country whole and in tact;to shatter and destroy it is not so good.So,too,it is better to recapture an army en tire tha n to de

32、stroy it,to capture a regime nt,a detachme nt or a compa ny en tire tha n to destroy them.二曰天三曰地四曰将五曰法道者令民于上同意可与之死可与之生而不危也天者阴阳寒暑时制也地者远近险易广狭死生也将者智信仁勇严也法者曲制官道主用也凡此五者将莫不闻知之者胜不知之者不胜故校之以计而索其情曰主孰有道败去之计利以听乃为之势以佐其外势者因利而制权也兵者诡道也故能而示之不能用而示之不用近而示之远远而示之近利而诱之乱而取之实而备之强而避之怒而挠之卑而骄之佚而劳之亲而离之攻其无备出其不意此兵家之胜不可先传也子曰凡用兵之法驰

33、车千驷革车千乘带甲十万千里馈粮则内外之费宾客之用胶漆之材车甲之奉日费千金然后十万之师举矣其用战也胜久则钝兵挫锐攻城则力屈久暴师则国用不足夫钝兵挫锐屈力殚货则诸侯乘其弊而起虽有智者不能善其是故百战百胜，非善之善也；不战而屈人之兵，善之善者也。Hence to fight and conq uer in all your battles is not supreme excelle nee;supreme excelle nee con sists in break ing the en emys resista nee without fighti ng.故上兵伐谋，其次伐交，其次伐兵，其下攻城

34、。Thus the highest form of gen eralship is to balk the en emys pla ns;the n ext best is to preve nt the jun cti on of the en emys forces;the next in order is to attack the en emys army in the field;and the worst policy of all is to besiege walled cities.攻城之法，为不得已。修橹，具器械，三月而后成；距 埋，又三月而后已。The rule is,n

35、ot to besiege walled cities if it can possibly be avoided.The preparati on of man tlets,movable shelters,and various impleme nts of war,will take up three whole mon ths;and the pili ng up of mounds over aga inst the walls will take three mon ths more.将不胜其忿而蚁附之，杀士卒三分之一，而城不拔者，此攻之灾 也。The gen eral,un ab

36、le to con trol his irritatio n,will la unch his men to the assault like swarm ing an ts,with the result that on e-third of his men are sla in,while the tow n still remai ns un take n.Such are the disastrous effects of a siege.故善用兵者，屈人之兵而非战也，拔人之城而非攻也，毁人之国而 非久也，Therefore the skillful leader subdues th

37、e en emys troops without any fighti ng;he captures their cities without layi ng siege to them;he overthrows their kin gdom without len gthy operati ons in the field.必以全争于天下，故兵不顿而利可全，此谋攻之法也。With his forces in tact he will dispute the mastery of the Empire,and thus,without los ing a man,his triumph wi

38、ll be complete.This is the method of attack ing by stratagem.故用兵之法，十则围之，五则攻之，倍则分之，It is the rule in war,if our forces are ten to the en emys one,to surro und him;if five to one,to attack him;if twice as nu merous,二曰天三曰地四曰将五曰法道者令民于上同意可与之死可与之生而不危也天者阴阳寒暑时制也地者远近险易广狭死生也将者智信仁勇严也法者曲制官道主用也凡此五者将莫不闻知之者胜不知之者不胜

39、故校之以计而索其情曰主孰有道败去之计利以听乃为之势以佐其外势者因利而制权也兵者诡道也故能而示之不能用而示之不用近而示之远远而示之近利而诱之乱而取之实而备之强而避之怒而挠之卑而骄之佚而劳之亲而离之攻其无备出其不意此兵家之胜不可先传也子曰凡用兵之法驰车千驷革车千乘带甲十万千里馈粮则内外之费宾客之用胶漆之材车甲之奉日费千金然后十万之师举矣其用战也胜久则钝兵挫锐攻城则力屈久暴师则国用不足夫钝兵挫锐屈力殚货则诸侯乘其弊而起虽有智者不能善其to divide our army into two.敌则能战之，少则能逃之，不若则能避之。If equally matched,we can offer battl

40、e;if slightly in ferior in nu mbers,we can avoid the en emy;if quite un equal in every way,we can flee from him.故小敌之坚，大敌之擒也。Hen ce,though an obsti nate fight may be made by a small force,in the end it must be captured by the larger force.夫将者，国之辅也。辅周则国必强，辅隙则国必弱。Now the gen eral is the bulwark of the

41、State;if the bulwark is complete at all poin ts;the State will be strong;if the bulwark is defective,the State will be weak.故君之所以患于军者三:There are three ways in which a ruler can bring misfort une upon his army:-(1)不知军之不可以进而谓之进，不知军之不可以退而谓之退，是 谓縻军；(1)By comma nding the army to adva nee or to retreat,be

42、ing ignorant of the fact that it cannot obey.This is called hobbli ng the army.(2)不知三军之事而同三军之政，则军士惑矣；(2)By attempt ing to gover n an army in the same way as he adm ini sters a kin gdom,being ignorant of the con diti ons which obta in in an army.This causes restless ness in the soldiers min ds.(3)不知三

43、军之权而同三军之任，则军士疑矣。(3)By employi ng the officers of his army without discrim in ati on,through ignorance of the military prin ciple of adaptatio n to circumsta nces.This shakes the con fide nee of the soldiers.三军既惑且疑，则诸侯之难至矣。是谓乱军引胜。But whe n the army is restless and distrustful,trouble is sure to come

44、from the other feudal pr in ces.This is simply bringing an 二曰天三曰地四曰将五曰法道者令民于上同意可与之死可与之生而不危也天者阴阳寒暑时制也地者远近险易广狭死生也将者智信仁勇严也法者曲制官道主用也凡此五者将莫不闻知之者胜不知之者不胜故校之以计而索其情曰主孰有道败去之计利以听乃为之势以佐其外势者因利而制权也兵者诡道也故能而示之不能用而示之不用近而示之远远而示之近利而诱之乱而取之实而备之强而避之怒而挠之卑而骄之佚而劳之亲而离之攻其无备出其不意此兵家之胜不可先传也子曰凡用兵之法驰车千驷革车千乘带甲十万千里馈粮则内外之费宾客之用胶漆之材车甲之

45、奉日费千金然后十万之师举矣其用战也胜久则钝兵挫锐攻城则力屈久暴师则国用不足夫钝兵挫锐屈力殚货则诸侯乘其弊而起虽有智者不能善其archy into the army,and flinging victory away.故知胜有五：知可以战与不可以战者胜，识众寡之用者胜，上下同 欲者胜，以虞待不虞者胜，将能而君不御者胜。此五者，知胜之道 也。Thus we may know that there are five esse ntials for victory:(1)He will win who knows whe n to fight and whe n not to fight.(2)He

46、will win who knows how to han dle both superior and in ferior forces.(3)He will win whose army is ani mated by the same spirit throughout all its ran ks.(4)He will win who,prepared himself,waits to take the en emy un prepared.(5)He will win who has military capacity and is n ot in terfered with by t

47、he sovereig n.故曰：知己知彼，百战不贻；不知彼而知己，一胜一负；不知彼不 知己，每战必败。Hence the say ing:If you know the en emy and know yourself,you n eed not fear the result of a hun dred battles.If you know yourself but not the en emy,for every victory gained you will also suffer a defeat.If you know n either the en emy nor yourse

48、lf,you will succumb in every battle.【注：】：车贲。：“温”字“汀旁换“车”旁。军形第四 IV.Tactical Dispositi ons 孙子曰：昔之善战者，先为不可胜，以待敌之可胜。Sun Tzu said:The good fighters of old first put themselves bey ond the possibility of defeat,and the n waited for an opport unity of defeati ng the en emy.不可胜在己，可胜在敌。To secure ourselves ag

49、a inst defeat lies in our own han ds,but the opport unity of defeat ing the en emy is provided by the en emy himself.故善战者，能为不可胜，不能使敌之必可胜。Thus the good fighter is able to secure himself aga inst defeat,but cannot make certa in of defeat ing the en emy.故曰：胜可知，而不可为。二曰天三曰地四曰将五曰法道者令民于上同意可与之死可与之生而不危也天者阴阳寒

50、暑时制也地者远近险易广狭死生也将者智信仁勇严也法者曲制官道主用也凡此五者将莫不闻知之者胜不知之者不胜故校之以计而索其情曰主孰有道败去之计利以听乃为之势以佐其外势者因利而制权也兵者诡道也故能而示之不能用而示之不用近而示之远远而示之近利而诱之乱而取之实而备之强而避之怒而挠之卑而骄之佚而劳之亲而离之攻其无备出其不意此兵家之胜不可先传也子曰凡用兵之法驰车千驷革车千乘带甲十万千里馈粮则内外之费宾客之用胶漆之材车甲之奉日费千金然后十万之师举矣其用战也胜久则钝兵挫锐攻城则力屈久暴师则国用不足夫钝兵挫锐屈力殚货则诸侯乘其弊而起虽有智者不能善其Hence the say ing:One may know how