2021届高考英语二轮复习讲义全程跟踪 十六 应用文写作.pdf

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1、2021届高考英语二轮复习专题讲义全程跟踪专题十六应用文写作命题规律：1.从命题形式上看，近五年高考应用文写作均采用了文字提纲的半开放命题形式，留给考生一定的自由发挥的空间。2.写作题材突出了多样化、实用性的特点，取材较为广泛、内容较为丰富，多为日常生活和一般交往所涉及的内容，而且力求融入中国元素，如申请做中国画展览的志愿者、告知英国朋友下次上汉语课的计划等。3.写作体裁主要以应用文体裁中的书信类为主，其中对邀请信、告知信的考查频率较高。命题趋势：未来高考应用文写作仍会以半开放命题形式为主，文体仍会以常考的书信、邮件、通知等为主且题材的内容也会越来越贴近生活。第1讲：写作基础知识一、五大基本句

2、型在写作中的作用句子成分构成了英语中各种各样的句子，但英语中最基本的句型只有五种，其他各种句型都是由这五种基本句型转换而来的。五种基本句型如下：1 .主语+谓语本结构由“主语+不及物动词”构成，不及物动词后不能有宾语，用来表示主语的动作。主语可以有定语来修饰，谓语也可以有状语来修饰。例句:I work in a computer firm.Every day I get up early in morning.After breakfast,I go to work by bike.我在一家电脑公司工作。每天早上我都很早起床。早饭后，我骑自行车去上班。练习：(1)(一些著名的中国艺术家将会表演

3、)on that day.(2)(我们能出发)early so that well have more timeto read and select books.(3)一句多译：这个训练营将于7月20号开营。a.(will do)b.(is going to do)c.be to do)答案:(1)Some famous Chinese artists will perform(2)We can set out/set off(3)a.This training camp will open on July 20thb.This training camp is going to open o

4、n July 20thc.This training camp is to open on July 20th2,主语+谓语+宾语本结构由“主语+及物动词+宾语”构成，谓语动词是主语发出的动作，但是意思还不完整，后面需要跟宾语。充当宾语的有：名词、代词、从句等。例句:I took an English exam yesterday.I had prepared it for two weeks.Before I turned inthe paper,I checked it carefully.昨天我参加了一场英语考试。我为此己经准备了两周。在上交试卷之前，我仔细地检查了一下。练习:(1)(你

5、可以找到一些原创诗歌)of famous poets,suchas Li Bai and Du Fu.(2)(我们尤其欢迎那些文章)about how Americansspend their holidays and festivals.答案：(1)Ybu can find some original poems(2)We would especially welcome those articles3.主 语+谓语+双宾语即“主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语”。如果把直接宾语放在间接宾语前，需要借助介词to或for。需要借助介词to的动词有：bring,give,lend,hand,offe

6、r,pass,send,show,teach等。需要借助介词for的动词有：buy,cookget,make等。例句：Mr.Smith has taught us English for 3 years.Yesterday was his 50th birthday.Everyone of us bought him a present and I even told him an interesting story.史密斯先生己经教我们英语三年了。咋天是他50岁生日。我们每个人都给他买了一个礼物，我甚至给他讲了一个有趣的故事。练习：(1)(它向青少年提供了一个机会)to enjoy spor

7、ts and learn about Chinese culture.(2)我希望这个变化不会给你造成太多的麻烦。(3)那的确给了我们巨大的成就感。答案：(1)It offers teenagers a chance(2)1 hope the change will not cause you too much trouble.(3)That really gave us a great sense of achievement4.主语+系动词+表语本结构主要用来说明主语的特征、状态、类属和身份等。系动词可以分为以下几类(1)表示特征和存在状态的：be,appear,feel,look,see

8、m,smell,sound,taste等。(2)表示状态延续的remain,say,keep等；(3)表示状态变化的 become,get,go,turn,grow等。例句：My English is much better than before.I feel very happy.I am very grateful for yourhelp.我的英语比以前好多了。我感到非常高兴。我非常感激你的帮助。练习：(1)Some compromises were unavoidable,but(这个视频后来证明很完美).(2)The Foreign Cultures section in our

9、news paper (非常受欢迎)among us students.答案：(1)the video proved perfect(2)is very popular5.主语+谓 语(及 物 动 词)+宾语+宾语补足语本结构中的宾语后面需要有成分对其进行补充说明，这就是宾语补足语可以作宾补的有：形容词、副词、名词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词和过去分词。例句：The old man had a lovely daughter.He named her Lily.He made her very happyevery day and wanted her to become an artist.

10、这个老人有一个可爱的女儿。他给她取名为莉莉。他每天都让她很高兴并且想让她成为一名艺术家。练习：(1)I(认为他的建议非常有用)，although many people are against it.(2)你的贡献(contribution)一定会使这次活动获得巨大的成功。(3)(我写信是为了邀请你参观)thepaper-cutting exhibition.答案：(1)consider his advice/suggestion very useful(2)Your contribution will certainly make the event a huge success.(3)I

11、am writing to invite you to visit二、并列句在写作中的运用并列句是由并列连词连接分句而组成的句子，其基本结构是：简单句+并列连词+简单句。并列句中的分句根据逻辑关系可分为以下几种：1.表并列或递进：常用的连词是and和 not only.but so(不仅.而且.)。例句：He is not only the first Chinese to go to space,but also one of the greatest astronautsin the world.他不仅是第一个去太空的中国人，而且是世界上最伟大的航天员之一。练习：(1)If you are

12、 able to come with us,please let us know(我们将会等你)at the school gate at 9：00 in the morning.(2)I am writing to tell you something about my plan for the coming summervacation(并且我想让你帮我一个忙).(3)剪纸是中国的传统之一，而且我确信你会喜欢它的。答案：(1)and well wait for you(2)and I want you to do me a favor/help me(3)Paper-cutting is

13、one of Chinese traditions and I am sure you will like it.2.表转折：常用的连词是but和yet例句：Secondly,voting of this kind does not depend on the strong points of the competitors,but rather on how many social-networking resources they have.第二，这种投票并不取决于竞争者的优势，而是取决于他们掌握了多少社交网络资源。练习：(1)Maybe the training is a bit dif

14、ficult for you,(但是你可以迅速提高你的技能)through it.(2)Everyone in our society should help those in need,(但是更重要的是真诚)(3)我想去博物馆，但是我的同班同学绝大部分想去野餐。答案：(1)but you can improve your skills quickly(2)but it is more important to be sincere(3)I would love to go to a museum,but most of my classmates wanted to go for apicn

15、ic.3.表“选择”：用并列连词o r,意为：否则。例句：Hurry up,or youll be late fbr the meeting.快点，否则你开会会迟到的。练习：(1)Seize the opportunity,(否则你会后悔的)。(2)I will respect the opinion of most students,(否则我很难和他们处好关系).答案：(1)or you will regret it(2)or its difficult for me to get along well with them4.表原因：常用的连词是for例句：He will recover s

16、oon,fbr he is young.他很快就会恢复，因为他年轻。练习：一句多译：他阅读有困难，因为他的视力不好。a.(for连接的并列句)b.(The reason is that.)c.(Thats because.)答案：a.He has trouble reading,for his sight is poor.b.He has trouble reading.The reason is that his sight is poor.c.He has trouble reading.That*s because his sight is poor.5.表对比：常用的连词是while例

17、句:At school,some students are active while some are shy.在学校，有些学生很积极，而有些学生很害羞。练习：(1)Good habits can contribute to high learning efficiency,(而坏习惯效果却恰恰相反)(2)Some people are fond of enjoying movies at the cinema(而有些人更喜欢在网上看电影).答案：(1)while bad ones lead to the opposite(2)while some prefer to watch movies

18、 on the Internet三、定语从句在写作中的运用在英语写作中使用复杂的句式是提高书面表达档次、增加语言亮点的主要途径之一，而定语从句就是复杂句式中的重要一项。因此，在写作中巧妙地运用定语从句可为我们的文章“增光添彩书面表达中定语从句常用的关系词如下：1.关系代词that、which who、whom whose或as引导的定语从句。例句:This reminds me of my mother who has been doing whatever she can to let me havethe best.这使我想起了我的妈妈，她一直竭尽全力让我拥有最好的东西。I can lea

19、rn all the important things that have happened during the week.我能够了解这周内发生的所有重要的事情。As is known to us all,if we are in trouble,it is not our phones but our friends that canreally help us out.众所周知，当我们处于困境中时，不是我们的手机而是我们的朋友能真正帮我们摆脱困境。练习：将下列句子整合为含定语从句的复合句(1)I am Li Jin.I am chairman of the Student Union i

20、n Chenguang Middle School.(2)Team members are often offered opportunities to watch table tennis competitions.It will benefit them a lot.(3)Material collecting took us a whole week.During it we interviewed our teachersand took pictures of every aspect of school life.(4)I am grateful to Mr.White.Witho

21、ut his help I couldn*t have made so muchprogress in my English study.用定语从句补全或翻译下列句子(5)Finally,we took pictures with the old craftsman and the dough figurines(我们制作的).(6)This summer I intend to take up a part-time job in a foreign company,(借助它我想开阔我的视野)and gain some workingexperience.(7)(如图所示)，the box-

22、office income of Chinesefilms increased constantly from 2012 to 2015,but its growth slowed down in 2016.(8)任何感兴趣的学生都欢迎参加。(9)去年我参加了在北京举行的夏令营，这不仅开阔了我的视野，也提高了我的英语口语水平。答案：(1)I am Li Jin who/that is chairman of the Student Union in Chenguang MiddleSchool.(2)Team members are often offered opportunities to

23、 watch table tennis competitions,which will benefit them a lot.(3)Material collecting took us a whole week,during which we interviewed ourteachers and took pictures of every aspect of school life.(4)1 am grateful to Mr.White,without whose help I couldnt have made so muchprogress in my English(5)that

24、/which we made(6)through which I would like to broaden my horizons(7)As is shown in the graph(8)Any student who is interested is welcome to participate.(9)Last year,I joined the summer camp in Beijing,which not only broadened myhorizons but also improved my oral English.2.关系副词where,why和when引导的定语从句。例

25、句：The picture shows us a touching moment when a little girl comes to greet her mom.这张图片向我们展示了一个感人的时刻，一个小女孩过来迎接她的妈妈。练习：用定语从句补全或翻译下列句子(1)1 will join the Dragon Boat Training Camp(在那儿我可以参加各种活动）.（2）学校已经创造了一种可以让我们自由发展自己的爱好的氛围。答案:(1)where I can take part in various kinds of activities(2)The school has cre

26、ated an atmosphere where we can develop our own interestsfreely.四、名词性从句在写作中的应用名词性从句包括宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句和同位语从句。在写作中我们可以巧用名词性从句来为我们的文章“锦上添花”。1.主语从句在写作中的应用例句：What I want to stress is that you should make it a rule to practice speaking Mandarin.我想强调的是你应该养成练习说普通话的习惯。练习：用主语从句补全或翻译下列句子(1)(给我象最深的)is his famous

27、saying,Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration(2)我们想做的第一件事是和老人们一起包饺子。(3)我想推荐你旅游的地方是泰山。答案：(1)What impresses me most(2)What we want to do first is to make dumplings with the elderly people(3)What I want to recommend you to visit is Mount Tai.2.宾语从句在写作中的应用例句:I learned fro

28、m your post that you want to improve your Mandarin.我从你的邮件得知你想提高你的普通话水平。(1)1 dont even know (是否有事)to pay attentionto.(2)I have been told(我们校队正在招收新队员).(3)一句多译：我知道我是如何取得成功的。a.(success)b.(succeed)c.(successful)d.(make it)答案：(1)if there is something(2)that our school team is recruiting new members(3)a.I

29、know how I became a success/achieved my successb.I know how I succeededc.I know how I became successd.I know how I made it.3.表语从句在写作中的应用例句：From him,I realize the secret to success is not where you were bom,but what you aredoing in your life.从他身上，我意识到成功的秘诀不在于你生于何处，而在于在生活中你在做什么。练习：(1)The main reason f

30、or my choice(我倾向于牺牲自己的利益)for the groups benefit.(2)将下面的两个句子整合为含有定语从句和表语从句的复合句Yang Liwei has made great contributions to the development of China,I want tointerview him for this reason.(3)那就是我认为长江之旅会是一个更好的选择的原因。答案：(1)that I tend to sacrifice my own interest(2)The reason why I want to interview Yang L

31、iwei is that he has made great contributionsto the development of China.(3)That is why I think the trip along the Yangtze River will be a better choice.4.同位语从句在写作中的应用例句：There is no denying the fact that the environment is getting polluted more andmore seriously.不可否认，环境污染越来越严重了。练习：(1)Learning that yo

32、u are organizing this activity to share books worldwide,I amwriting to apply for it for the simple reason.(我喜欢阅读，并且有很多书)(2)一句多译：多数人认为教育能改变一个人的命运。a.(hold the belief that.)b.(What.believe is that.)c.(believe that)答案：(1)that I love reading and I own a large number of books(2)a.Most people hold the beli

33、ef that education can change ones fate.b.What most people believe is that education can change ones fate.c.Most people believe that education can change ones fate.五、强调形式在写作中的运用在英语写作中有时为了强调某一成分，突出表达效果,我们常常采用强调的形式。下面把写作中常用的强调形式做一下简要总结。1.用感叹句来表示强烈的感情，突出说话人的情感。例句：How time flies!时光飞逝！练习：(1)于敏是一个多么无私的科学家啊

34、!(2)当欣赏视频的时候，所有的人是多么的兴奋啊！答案：(1)What a selfless scientist Yu Min is!(2)How excited all the people were when they enjoyed the video!2,用助动词“do/does/did+动词原形”对谓语动词进行强调。例句：If you need any further information,do let me know.如果你需要任何进一步的信息，一定要让我知道。练习：(1)Without hesitation,I decided to follow them and(我们的确玩得

35、很高兴)that day.(2)我真的希望你能尽快返回天津。答案：(1)we did have lots of fun/we did enjoy ourselves(2)I do hope you can return to Tianjin as soon as possible.3.用强调句型“it is/was+被强调的部分+that/who+其他部分”来对句子的主语、宾语和状语进行强调。例句：It was not until the end of the 19th century that shooting became a sport.世纪末期射击才成为一项运动。练习：用强调句型改写或

36、翻译下列句子(1)Not the story itself but what is reflected in the story counts.(2)重要的是那些遵守规则的人。(3)一句多译：正是由于我对运动的极大兴趣，我才密切关注将于8月末在天津举行的第13届全国运动会。a.(because of)b.(because)答案：(1)It is not the story itself but what is reflected in the story that counts(2)It is the people who obey the rules that matter(3)a.It i

37、s because of my great interest in sports that I pay close attention tothe 13th National Games to be held in Tianjin at the end of August.b.It is because I have great interest in sports that I pay close attention to the 13thNational Games to be held in Tianjin at the end of August.4.通过使用suchthat，s。th

38、at 等固定搭配达到强调的目的。例句：It was such a beautiful day that they would remember it forever.这是如此美丽的一天以至于他们将永远记住它。练习：用倒装句改写或补全下列句子(1)The sights along the Yangtze River are so amazing that they appeal to visitorsfrom all over the country.(2)(生活将会如此丰富多彩)in ten years that I will live more happily答案：(1)So amazing

39、 are the sights along the Yangtze River that they appeal to visitorsfrom all over the country.(2)Life will be so rich and varied.六、非谓语动词在写作中的运用非谓语动词是高中的重要语法，运用它可以简化句子结构，使语言表达更加简洁和生动。1.主语或宾语：动名词和不定式在句中可作主语或宾语例句：I had trouble solving the problem,but I kept trying by using various ways.解决这个问题对我来说有困难，但我

40、使用不同的方法不断尝试。练习：(1)Besides,well spend some fun time t oget her(表演节目)such as (唱歌和跳舞)in order to make themhappy.(2)Whats worse,some drivers do not think it vital(遵守交通规则).(3)有时候，放弃一点可能意味着获得更多。(4)购买或下载一些听力材料将是一个好主意。(5)在热烈讨论后，我们同意制作视频记录我们在学校的经历。答案：(1)putting on performances;singing and dancing(2)to obey t

41、he traffic rules(3)Sometimes giving up a little can mean getting me.(4)It will be a good idea to buy or download listening materials.(5)After a heated discussion,we agreed on making a video to record our experienceat school.2.表语：过去分词、动词的-ing形式和不定式在句中可作表语例句：So exciting was the news that we couldnt he

42、lp jumping up.这个消息如此激动人心，以至于我们都禁不住跳了起来。练习：(1)Many questions have to be settled and much r emai ns(被做)in our educational work.(2)My dream is(成为一名设计师)in 10 years.(3)The news was(如此鼓舞人心)that we allfelt very excited after hearing it.(4)另外，沿河的风景令人惊叹。答案：(1)to be done(2)to become a designer(3)so inspiring(

43、4)Moreover,the scenery along the river is amazing.3.定语：过去分词、现在分词、动名词和不定式在句中可作定语例句：I think the boy sitting at the table is very hard-working.我认为坐在桌子旁的那个男孩很勤奋。练习：用非谓语动词补全下列句子(1)It carries articles which were written by foreign friends about the cultures of theirhome countries.It carries articles about

44、 the cultures oftheir home countries.(2)To be honest,I don*t know the boy who is giving the speech.To be honest I don*t know the boy.(3)The meeting which will be held next week is of great importance.一 The meeting next week is of greatimportance.答案：(1)written by foreign friends(2)giving the speech t

45、o be held4.宾语补足语：过去分词、现在分词和不定式(有时省略to)在句中可作宾语补足语例：My father encourages me to major in English in college.我爸爸鼓励我在大学主修英语。练习：用非谓语动词补全或翻译下列句子(1)Just then,the teacher found that the boy was cheating in the exam.Just then,the teacher found that the boy in the exam.(2)Its said that an interesting film will

46、 be put on in the lecture hall.An interesting film is said in the lecture hall.(3)Its reported that a hurricane has hit that village.A humcane is reported that village.(4)这次参观能帮助我们提高关爱老人的意识。答案：(1)cheating(2)to be put(3)to have hit(4)This visit can help us raise the awareness of caring about the elde

47、rly.5.状 语：过去分词、现在分词和不定式在句中可作状语例句：Entering the classroom,Ms.Li was surprised to find we were standing in a line,clapping our hands and saying,Happy Teachers Day!进入教室后，李老师惊讶地发现我们正站成一排，拍着手说：“教师节快乐！”练习：用非谓语动词改写下列句子(1)Pm writing you the letter and hope you can give me some help.Em writing you the letter,

48、.(2)I feel proud when I know your interest in Chinese history._,I feel proud.(3)I am an outgoing girl,and I get along well with classmates.,I get along well with my classmates(4)I was encouraged by what he had said and was determined to study harder thanbefore.,I was determined to study harder than

49、before.(5)My English teacher entered the office and he was followed by two students.My English teacher entered the office,.(6)We got up early so that we could catch the first bus._,we got up early.(7)I hurried to the airport but found the plane had taken off.I hurried to the airport the plane had ta

50、ken off.(8)The boy is so young that he cant go to school.The boy is too young.用非谓语动词翻译句子(9)因为知道你渴望打乒乓球，所以我想知道你是否想加入。答案：(1)hoping you can give me some help(2)Knowing your interest in Chinese history(3)Being an outgoing girl(4)Encouraged by what he had said(5)followed by two students(6)To catch the fi