《生物专业英语》教学案.doc

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1、-作者xxxx-日期xxxx蒋悟生生物专业英语教学案蒋悟生生物专业英语教学案蒋悟生生物专业英语教/学案Lesson One（4学时） Inside the Living Cell: Structure and Function of Internal Cell PartsLesson One（4学时）Inside the Living Cell: Structure and Function of Internal Cell Parts教学目的：使学生掌握细胞的组成结构（各种细胞器以及它们在细胞中的位置），以及结构与功能之间的关系。各细胞器及功能相关英语词汇以及主要用法。教学重点：各细胞器的概

2、念和功能，及相关英语词汇的掌握教学难点：专业英语词汇的记忆讲授方法：以学生翻译为主，老师讲解相关专业知识辅助学生理解授课时间：3月22日；3月29日教学内容：Cytoplasm: The Dynamic, Mobile Factory细胞质：动力工厂Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm. Much of the mass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance, which is bounded on the outside

3、 by the plasma membrane. Organelles are suspended within it, supported by the filamentous network of the cytoskeleton. Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients, ions, soluble proteins, and other materials needed for cell functioning.生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成，并由细胞膜（原生质膜）包被。细胞器悬浮在其中，并由

4、丝状的细胞骨架支撑。细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质，离子，可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。The Nucleus: Information Central（细胞核：信息中心）The eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and houses the genetic material (DNA) on chromosomes. (In prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the nucleoid.) The nucleus also contains one or two

5、 organelles-the nucleoli-that play a role in cell division. A pore-perforated sac called the nuclear envelope separates the nucleus and its contents from the cytoplasm. Small molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope, but larger molecules such as mRNA and ribosomes must enter and exit via the

6、pores.真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器，细胞核对染色体组有保护作用（原核细胞的遗传物质存在于拟核中）。细胞核含有一或二个核仁，核仁促进细胞分裂。核膜贯穿许多小孔，小分子可以自由通过核膜，而象mRNA和核糖体等大分子必须通过核孔运输。Organelles: Specialized Work Units（细胞器：特殊的功能单位）All eukaryotic cells contain most of the various kinds of organelles, and each organelle performs a specialized function in the cell. O

7、rganelles described in this section include ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi complex, vacuoles, lysosomes, mitochondria, and the plastids of plant cells.所有的真核细胞都含有多种细胞器，每个细胞器都有其特定功能。本节主要介绍核糖体，内质网，高尔基体系，液泡，溶酶体，线粒体和植物细胞中的质体。The number of ribosomes within a cell may range from a few hund

8、red to many thousands. This quantity reflects the fact that, ribosomes are the sites at which amino acids are assembled into proteins for export or for use in cell processes. A complete ribosome is composed of one larger and one smaller subunit. During protein synthesis the two subunits move along a

9、 strand of mRNA, reading the genetic sequence coded in it and translating that sequence into protein. Several ribosomes may become attached to a single mRNA strand; such a combination is called a polysome. Most cellular proteins are manufactured on ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Exportable proteins and

10、 membrane proteins are usually made in association with the endoplasmic reticulum.核糖体的数量变化从几百到几千，核糖体是氨基酸组装成蛋白质的重要场所。完整的核糖体由大亚基和小亚基组成。核糖体沿着mRNA移动并阅读遗传密码，翻译成蛋白质。一条mRNA上可能有多个核糖体，称多聚核糖体。大多数细胞蛋白是由细胞质中核糖体生产。输出蛋白和膜蛋白通常与内质网有关。The endoplasmic reticulum, a lacy array of membranous sacs, tubules, and vesicles,

11、 may be either rough (RER) or smooth (SER). Both types play roles in the synthesis and transport of proteins. The RER, which is studded with polysomes, also seems to be the source of the nuclear envelope after a cell divides.内质网，带有花边的生物囊，有管状，泡状之分，以及光滑和粗糙面区别。两种都与蛋白质的合成和运输有关。粗糙内质网上分布许多核糖体，也可能提供细胞分裂后所需

12、的细胞膜。SER lacks polysomes; it is active in the synthesis of fats and steroids and in the oxidation of toxic substances in the cell. Both types of endoplasmic reticulum serve as compartments within the cell where specific products can be isolated and subsequently shunted to particular areas in or outs

13、ide the cell.光滑内质网上无核糖体，主要作用是脂肪和类固醇的合成以及细胞内有毒物质的氧化。两种内质网合成的产物在其中进行分流或运输到细胞外。Transport vesicles may carry exportable molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum to another membranous organelle, the Golgi complex. Within the Golgi complex molecules are modified and packaged for export out of the cell or

14、for delivery else where in the cytoplasm.运输小泡能够将可运输分子从内质网运输到高尔基复合体上。在高尔基复合体中修饰，包装后输出细胞或传递到细胞质中的其他场所。Vacuoles in cells appear to be hollow sacs but are actually filled with fluid and soluble molecules. The most prominent vacuoles appear in plant cells and serve as water reservoirs and storage sites f

15、or sugars and other molecules. Vacuoles in animal cells carry out phagocytosis (the intake of particulate matter) and pinocytosis (vacuolar drinking).细胞中的液泡好象是中空的，但实际上充满了液体和可溶分子。最典型的液泡存在于植物细胞中，储备水，糖以及其它分子。动物中的液泡起吞噬和胞饮作用。 A subset of vacuoles are the organelles known as lysosomes, which contain diges

16、tive enzymes (packaged in lysosomes in the Golgi complex) that can break down most biological macromolecules. They act to digest food particles and to degrade damaged cell parts.溶酶体是液泡亚单位，含有消化酶，降解大部分生物大分子。消化食物微粒和降解损伤的细胞残片。Mitochondria are the sites of energy-yielding chemical reactions in all cells.

17、 In addition, plant cells contain plastids that utilize light energy to manufacture carbohydrates in the process of photosynthesis. It is on the large surface area provided by the inner cristae of mitochondria that ATP-generating enzymes are located. Mitochondria are self-replicating, and probably t

18、hey are the evolutionary descendants of what were once free-living prokaryotes.线粒体是细胞中化学产能的场所。另外，植物细胞中的质体在光合作用中利用光能产生碳水化合物，线粒体内嵴上提供了很大的表面积并分布着产ATP酶。线粒体自我复制，并且可能是自由生活的原核生物在进化中形成的后代。There are two types of plastids: leucoplasts, which lack pigments and serve as storage sites for starch, proteins, and o

19、ils; and chromoplasts, which contain pigments. The most important chromoplasts are chloroplasts-organelles that contain the chlorophyll used in photosynthesis. The internal structure of chloroplasts includes stacks of membranes called grana, which are embedded in a matrix called the stroma.质体有两种类型：白

20、色体，缺乏色素，是淀粉，蛋白质和油的储备场所；色质体，含有色素。叶绿体是最重要的色质体，含有与光合作用有关的叶绿素。叶绿体的内部结构是由多层膜形成的叶绿体基粒，其中包埋在基质中的基粒称子座。The Cytoskeleton（细胞骨架）All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton, which is a convoluted latticework of filaments and tubules that appears to fill all available space in the cell and provides support for vari

21、ous other organelles. A large portion of the cytoskeleton consists of threadlike microfilaments composed mainly of the contractile protein actin. They are involved in many types of intracellular movements in plant and animal cells. A second protein, myosin, is involve in the contraction of muscle ce

22、lls. Another main structural component of the cytoskeleton consists of microtubules, which are composed of the globular protein tubulin and together act as scaffolding that provides a stable cell shape. Cytoskeletal intermediate filaments appear to impart tensile strength to the cell cytoplasm. Mech

23、anoenzymes such as myosin, dynein, and kinesin interact with the cytoskeletal filaments and tubules to generate forces that cause movements.所有的细胞都有细胞骨架，网络结构的纤丝充满了它所能触及的全部空间并且对细胞器提供支持作用。细胞骨架大部分由微丝组成，微丝主要由可收缩的肌动蛋白组成。动植物细胞的许多种类型细胞内运动与肌动蛋白有关。第二类蛋白是肌球蛋白，它与肌肉细胞的收缩有关。细胞骨架的另一个主要结构成分是微管，由球状的微管蛋白组成，象脚手架一般维持细胞

24、的稳定形态。细胞骨架的中间丝提供了细胞质伸缩动力。机械酶，例如，肌球蛋白，动力蛋白，驱动蛋白与微丝，微管相互作用产生动力而引起细胞运动。Cellular Movements（细胞运动）Although the cytoskeleton provides some stability to cells, its microtubules and filaments and their associated proteins enable cells to move by creeping or gliding. Such movements require a solid substrate t

25、o which the cell can adhere and can be guided by the geometry of the surface. Some cells also exhibit chemotaxis, the ability to move toward or away from the source of a diffusing chemical.尽管细胞骨架提供了细胞的某些稳定性，微丝，微管及相关蛋白能使细胞爬行或滑动。这种运动需要固体基质依托并通过表面几何形状的改变而运动。某些细胞具备趋药性，即趋向或逃离扩散开的化学源。Certain eukaryotic ce

26、lls can swim freely in liquid environments, propelled by whiplike cilia or flagella. Both cilia and flagella have the same internal structure: nine doublets (pairs of microtubules) are arranged in a ring and extend the length of the cilium or flagellum, and two more microtubules run down the center

27、of the ring. Every cilium or flagellum grows only from the cell surface where a basal body is located. Movement is based on the activities of tiny dynein side arms that extend from one of the microtubules of each doublet.某些真核细胞能在液体液体中自由运动，由纤毛或鞭毛推动。纤毛和鞭毛具有同样的内部结构：九个双微管环形排列，纵向延伸，环中心是两个或以上微管组成。纤毛或鞭毛从细胞

28、表面的基体出生长，双微管的动力蛋白臂从一侧延伸到另一侧而引起运动。Nutrients, proteins, and other materials within most plant cells are moved about via cytoplasmic streaming. The process occurs as myosin proteins attached to organelles push against microfilaments arrayed throughout the cell. Microfilaments and microtubules are respo

29、nsible for almost all major cytoplasmic movements. During cell division, microtubules of the spindle assembled from tubutin subunits near organelles called centrioles move the chromosomes. 大部分植物细胞的营养，蛋白质和其它物质由细胞质流运输。这个过程是由于依附在细胞器上的肌球蛋白反推排列在细胞周围的微丝形成的。绝大部分细胞质运动由微丝和微管完成。在细胞分裂期间，中心粒周围的由微管蛋白亚基装配形成的纺锤体微管

30、移向染色体。课后作业：第一第二篇阅读材料答案：1B,2C,3B,4B,5D,6c; 1A,2B,3D,4AGlossary cytoplasm （细）胞质The living contents of a cell bounded externally by the plasmalemma, including an aqueous ground substance (hyaloplasm, cell sap, or cell matrix) containing organelles and various inclusions but excluding the nucleus and vi

31、sible vacuoles.cytoskeleton 细胞骨架Of eukaryotic cells, an internal skeleton. Its microtubules and other components structurally support the cell, organize and move its inteftial components. The cytoskeleton also helps free-living cells move through their environment. nucleus 细胞核，核(复数 nuclei)The organe

32、lle of the eukaryote cell that contains the chromosomes and hence ultimately controls cellular activity and inheritance through the activity of the genetic material, DNAchromosome 染色体A DNA-histone thread residing in the nucleus of a cell. Each chromosome possesses two telomeres and a centromere, and

33、 some contain a nucleolus organizer. RNA proteins are invariably associated with the chromosome. nucleoid 拟核，类核，核质体The DNA-containing area of a prokaryote cell, analogous to the eukaryote nucleus but not membrane bounded.nucleoli 核仁( 单数nucleolus) Nuclear structures composed of completed or partially

34、 completed ribosomes and the specific parts of chromosomes that contain the infon-nation for their construction. nuclear envelope 核膜，核被膜A double membrane (two lipid bilayers and associated proteins) that is the outermost portion of a cell nucleus. ribosome 核糖体Small structures composed of two protein

35、 and ribonucleic acid subunits involved in the assembly of proteins from amino acids.polysome 多核糖体Of protein synthesis, several ribosomes all translating the same messenger RNA molecule,one after the other.endoplasmic reticulum 内质网Folded membranes and tubes throughout the eukaryotic cell that provid

36、e a large surface upon which chemical activities take place.Golgi complex 高尔基复合体A stack of flattened, smooth, membranous sacs; the site of synthesis and packaging of certain molecules in eukaryotic cells.vacuole 液泡Storage container within the cytoplasm of a cell having a surrounding membrane.phagocy

37、tosis 吞噬作用The process by which the cell wraps around a particle and engulfs it.pinocytosis 胞饮作用The process by which a cell engulfs some molecules dissolved in waterlysosome 溶酶体A specialized organelle that holds a mixture of hydrolytic enzymes.mitochondrion 线粒体(复数 mitochondria )A membranous organelle

38、 resembling a small bag with a larger bag resembling a small bag with a larger bag inside that is folded back on itself; serves as the site of aerobic cellular respiration.plastid 质体An organelle present in all plants except bacteria, blue-green algae, and fungi; it is enclosed by two membranes (the

39、envelope) and has various functionschloroplast 叶绿体A plastid in which photosynthesis is carried out. Chloroplasts occur in all photosynthetic organisms except photosynthetic bacteria blue-green algae.stroma 基质，子座（复数 stromata）Region within a chloroplast that has no chlorophyll.microfilament 微丝，纤丝Long,

40、 fiberlike structures made of protein and found in cells, often in close association with the microtubules; provide structural support and enable movement.actin 肌动蛋白 A globular contractile protein. In muscle cells, actin interacts with another protein, myosin, to bring about contraction. myosin maie

41、sin 肌球蛋白A protein that, with actin, constitutes the principal element of the contractile apparatus of muscle.microtubute 微管Small, hollow tubes of protein that function throughout the cytoplasm to provide structural support and enable movement.tubulin 微管蛋白A protein that is the major constituent of mi

42、crotubules.dynein 动力蛋白，动素A group of at least four distinct proteins found in the flagella and microtubules of eukaryotic cells and possessing ATPase activity. chemotaxis 趋化性A locomotory movement of an organism or cell in response to, and directed by, an directional stimulus.cilia 纤毛Numerous short, h

43、airlike structures projecting from the cell surface that enable locomotion. flagella 鞭毛 (单数flagellum) Long, hairlike structures projecting from the cell surface that enable locomotion.basal body 基体A body identical in structure to a centriole, found always at the base of a cilium or eukaryote flagell

44、um.centriole 中心粒 An organelle located close to the nucleus in most animal and lower plant cells but absent from prokaryotes and higher plants. Lesson Two（2学时）Photosynthesis教学目的：使学生掌握细胞的光合作用机理，光合系统与光合系统结构与功能之间的关系。相关英语词汇以及主要用法。教学重点：光合作用中相关的概念和功能，及相关英语词汇的掌握教学难点：专业英语词汇的记忆讲授方法：以学生翻译为主，老师讲解相关专业知识辅助学生理解授课时

45、间：4月5日教学内容：Photosynthesis occurs only in the chlorophyll-containing cells of green plants, algae, and certain protists and bacteria. Overall, it is a process that converts light energy into chemical energy that is stored in the molecular bonds. From the point of view of chemistry and energetics, it

46、is the opposite of cellular respiration. Whereas cellular respiration is highly exergonic and releases energy, photosynthesis requires energy and is highly endergonic.光合作用只发生在含有叶绿素的绿色植物细胞，海藻，某些原生动物和细菌之中。总体来说，这是一个将光能转化成化学能，并将能量贮存在分子键中，从化学和动能学角度来看，它是细胞呼吸作用的对立面。细胞呼吸作用是高度放能的，光合作用是需要能量并高吸能的过程。Photosynthe

47、sis starts with CO2 and H2O as raw materials and proceeds through two sets of partial reactions. In the first set, called the light-dependent reactions, water molecules are split (oxidized), 02 is released, and ATP and NADPH are formed. These reactions must take place in the presence of light energy. In the second set, called light-independent reactions, CO2 is reduced (via the addition of H atoms) to carbohydrate. These chemical events rely on the electron carrier NADPH and ATP generated by the first set of reactions.光合作用以二氧化碳和水为原材料并经历两步化学反应。第一步，称光反应，水分子分解，氧分子释放，ATP和NAD