2023年-专业四级考试语法-虚拟语气.docx

《2023年-专业四级考试语法-虚拟语气.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2023年-专业四级考试语法-虚拟语气.docx（23页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、Subjunctive Mood1.语气Mood语气是动词的一种形式,表示说话人对一事物和人的态度 和看法。包括陈述语气，祈使语气和虚拟语气三种。陈述语气表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。There are two sides to every question.每个问题都有两个方面。Were you busy all day yesterday?昨天一整天你都很忙吗？How good a teacher she is!她是多好的一位老师啊！祈使语气祈使语气：表示说话人对对方的请求或命令。Never be late again!再也不要迟到了。Dont

2、 forget to turn off the light.别忘了 关灯。虚拟语气表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的 主观愿望、假设或推测等。If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空 中飞行。I wish I could pass the examination.我希望我能通过考试。May you succeed!祝您成功！虚拟语气是动词的一种特殊形式，用来表达未能成为事实或 者不可能成为事实的情况，或者在说话人看来实现可能性很 小的情况。此外还可用来表示命令、建议、设想、祝愿（或 诅咒）等等，以及表达说话人的主

3、观愿望。时间从句谓语形式主句谓语形式将来动词过去式（be用were） should +动词原形 were to +动词原形would / should / might / could + 动词原 形现在动词过去式（be用were）would / should / might / could + 动词原 形迫性”、“惊奇”等含义的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和 同位语从句中，从句的谓语动词常用虚拟语气。下面我们逐 个说明。(1)在Itis/was+形容词的主语从句中在某些表示“建议、重要性、紧迫性、惊奇”含意的形容 词在“Itis/was+形容词”结构中，主语从句的谓语动词要 用虚拟语气，其中动

4、词的形式为：(should+)动词原形(美 国英语不用should),例如：It is necessary that he (should) be sent there at once.有必要马上派他到那里去。It is/was important that everyone (should) have a map. 每个人都有一个地图很重要。It was arranged that they leave the following week. 根据安排，他们下星期动身。适用上述结构的形容词有：advisable, anxious, appropriate, arranged, better,

5、 compulsory, crucial, decided, demanded, desirable, desired, eager, essential,fitting, imperative, important, impossible, improper, natural,necessary, obligatory, ordered, preferable, proper, proposed, recommended, requested, suggested, urgent, vital, willing 等等。此外还有 amazing, odd, ridiculous, surpri

6、sing, unthinkable 等， 也适用于上述结构，但即使在美国英语中，should也不省略。Ifs ridiculous that he should behave like that.他那样做真可笑。(2)在宾语从句中在某些表示“建议、命令、要求、想法”含意的动词后面 的宾语从句中，从句的谓语动词要用虚拟语气，从句动词的 形式为：(should+ )动词原形(美国英语不用should),例如: Bill suggested that everyone (should) have a map.比尔建议每个人都应该有一个地图。They requested that he (should

7、) sign a song.他们要求他唱支歌。She insisted that the seats (should) be booked in advance. 她坚持要预定座位。适用上述结构的动词有Advise, agree, decide, decree, demand, determine, grant, indicate, insist, order, prefer, propose, recommend, request, require, resolve, stipulate, urge, vote 等等。(2)在名词性从句中在某些表示“建议、命令、要求、想法”含意的名词，与 该

8、名词相关的名词性从句如：主语从句、表语从句、同位语 从句中，从句的谓语动词要使用虚拟语气，从句动词的形式 为：(should+ )动词原形(美国英语不用should),例如： It was biirs suggestion that everyone (should) have a map. 每个人都有一个地图是比尔的建议。(主语从句)His suggestion was that everyone (should) have a map. 他的建议是每个人都有一个地图。(表语从句)We were going to discuss his suggestion that everyone (s

9、hould) have a map.我们将讨论他的每个人都应该有一个地图的建议。(同位语 从句)适用上述结构的名词有Advice, agreement, decision, decree, demand, determination, indication, insistence, instruction, motion, order, preference, proposal, request, requirement, resolution, stipulation, suggestion 等等。二、其他状语从句的虚拟语气1 .目的状语从句中的虚拟语气(1)在for fear that,

10、in case, lest引导的目的状语从句 中，若用虚拟语气时，从句谓语为：should +动词原形。 并且should不能省略She examined the door again for fear that a thief sho uld come in.她又把门检查了一遍，以防盗贼的进入。He started out earlier lest he should be late.他很早就 出发了以防迟到。(2)在so that, in order that所引导的目的状语从句中， 从句中的谓语为：can / may / could / might / will / woul d / s

11、hould +动词原形。如：He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer.他走近说话的人以便能挺得更清楚。He read the letter carefully in order that he should no t miss a word.他把信读得很仔细以便不漏掉一个单词。2 .让步状语从句中的虚拟语气(1)在even if, even though所引导的让步状语从句中， 可用虚拟语气，主句、从句的结构与if所引导的条件从句结 构相同。如：Even if he were here himself, he s

12、hould not know wh at to do.即使他亲自来也不知该怎么办。Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here.即使华佗再世也就不了他。(2) 在 whatever, whichever, whenever, whoever, whe re ver, however, no matter wh-word 等引导的让步状语从句 中，从句虚拟语气结构为：may +动词原形(指现在或将来)。如：We will finish it on time no matter what / whatever may happ

13、en.不管发生什么事，我们都要按时完成。We will find him wherever / no matter where he may be.无论他在哪里，我们都要找到他。I will wait for him no matter how late he may come. 不管他来的多么晚，我都会等他。may +完成式(指过去),主句结构不限。如：You mustnt be proud whatever / no matter what gr eat progress you may have made.不管你取得了多么大的 进步，你也不能骄傲。We must respect him

14、no matter what / whatever mistakes he may have made.不管他犯过什么错误，我们必须尊敬他。Whatever defects he may have, he is an honest man.I wont let you in whoever you may beNo matter what you may say. I am determined to do what I think is right.Come what may, we will go ahead.这时如果指的是一个过去的动作，may后面的动词就要用完成式。The party

15、was a success, however inadequate the preparations may have been.You mustnt be proud, however much you may have achieved.(3)在though, although等引导的让步状语从句中，从句 虚拟语气结构为should +动词原形，主句结构不限。如：Although / Though he should often be late, he is a good student.尽管他经常迟到，他还是个好学生。Although / Though he should be secr

16、etary, he must obey the rules.尽管他是书记，他也必须遵守规定。3 .方式状语从句中的虚拟语气as if, as though引导的方式状语从句常用虚拟语气。虚 拟语气的结构为：表示所发生的时间虚拟语气结构发生在主句动作之乙 刖had +过去分词与主句动作同时发 生过去时（be用were ）发生在主句动作之would / could / might /后should+原形动词例如：They began to talk warmly as if they had known eac h other for long.他们开始热烈的谈论起来就好像他们已相 互认识很久了。

17、He coughed twice as if someone should come.他咳 嗽两声就好像有人要来了。4 .原因状语从句中的虚拟语气amazed, angry, annoyed, astonished, disappointed, frig htened, happy, pleased, proud, sorry, surprised, upset 等后 面的状语从句中常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：should +动词原形（指现在或将来）。如：He was angry that you should call him by name.他 很生气，你竟然对他直呼其名。I was

18、 astonished that he should not answer such an easy question.我很惊讶他竟答不出如此简单的问题。should +完成式，指过去。如：Im very sorry that you should have failed the exam. 我很遗憾，你这次考试竟然失败了。I was very surprised that Father should have known what I did yesterday.我很吃惊，父亲竟指导我昨天所作的 事情。三、宾语从句中的虚拟语气1 .英语中，如：advise, ask, demand, des

19、ire, decide, i nsist（坚决要求）,order, propose, request, suggest（建议）表 示请求、要求、命令或建议等意义的动词所接的宾语从句一 般用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：（should） +原形动词。 如：The teacher advised that we should make good use of every minute here.老师劝我们要好好地利用在这儿的 每一分钟。The Party asked that we should serve the people wit h our heart and soul.党要求我们要全心全

20、意地为人民服 务。但是，当insist的意思为:坚决认为，坚持说;suggest 的意思为：表明，暗含，暗示等时，宾语从句一般不用虚拟 语气。如：Tom insisted that he hadn/t stolen the watch.汤姆坚 持说他没有偷那块手表。His smile suggested that he had succeeded in this ex am.他的微笑表明他在考试中成功了。2 . believe, expect, suspect, think, imagine 等动词的否 定句或疑问句中的宾语从句常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结 构为：should +原形动词。如：

21、Can you believe that he should kill a tiger?你能相信 他竟杀死了一只老虎？Can you imagine that he should take the first place i n the long jump contest? 你能想象得到他在跳远比赛中 竟获得了第一名？3 .英语中，wish之后的宾语从句，表示一种没有实现或 根本不可能实现的愿望，常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构 为：表示所发生的时间虚拟语气结构发生在主句动作之、乙刖(l)had +过去分词；(2)would / could / might / should + have +过去

22、分词与主句动作同时发 生过去时（be用were ）发生在主句动作之 后would / could / might / should+原形动词例如：I wish I learnt English well.我希望我已学好了英语。I wish I had been there with them last week.我希望上周跟他们一起在那儿。He wishes we could go and play games with him.他希望我们能去跟他做游戏。4 .英语中,would rather, had rather, would sooner 等 之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿

23、望，故使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为:表示所发生的时间虚拟语气结构过去had +过去分词；现在过去时(be 用 were)将来过去时(be用 were)例如：Id rather you had seen the film yesterday.我倒想你昨天看过了这场电影。Id rather you were here now.我倒想你现在在这儿。Wed rather you went here tomorrow.我么倒想你明天去那儿。主语从句中的虚拟语气在表达惊异、惋惜、遗憾、理应如此等意义的主语从句中常使用虚拟语气，其虚拟语其的结构为：should +动词 原形，主句中的谓语动词形式不限。句

24、型，(1) It is admirable / dreadful / extraordinary / odd / remarkable / sad / advisable / annoying / disappointing / surprising / upsetting / frightening / better / best / curi ous / desirable / important / strange / peculiar / proper / necessary / natural that 一(2) It is a pity / a shame / no wonder.

25、that(3) It is suggested / requested / desired / proposed /. that (4) It worries me that如：It is important that we should do well in our lessons first.我们先把功课学好很重要。It is strange that he should not come.彳艮奇怪，他竟 没有来。It is a pity that we should not meet last night.真遗 憾我们昨天晚上没有见过面。It worries me that we sho

26、uld be blamed for that.我 们竟要受责备真让人烦恼。五、表语从句及同位语从句中虚拟语气英语中，表示请求、要求、命令、建议等名词advice, d esire, decision, idea, instruction, order, plan, proposal, reco mmendation, request, requirement, suggestion, wish 充当句 子的主语而后面接表语从句或它们后面接同位语时，表语从 表面上看几附及同位语从句都须用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的 结构为：(should) +动词原形。如：We followed his advice

27、 that we should ask our teache r for help.我们接受了他的建议：我们应该请求老师的帮 助。He told us his idea that he should go to university. 他告诉了我们他的想法：他想上大学。His suggestion is that we should do our work more c arefully.他的建议就是我们的工作要更细心些。Their plan is that they should build a new factory in their hometown.他们的计划就是在家乡建一座新工厂。六

28、、定语从句中的虚拟语气英语中，表示：“早该做某事了”时，定语从句中的谓语 动词须用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：It is (high / about) time that +主语+动词的过去式/ should +动词原形。 如：It is time that I went to pick up my daughter at scho ol.我该去学校接我的女儿了。It is high time you should go to work.你早该上班To 7.简单句中的虚拟语气1 .说话时，为了表示客气、谦虚、委婉而有礼貌，言语 常使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构形式常为：would / co

29、uld / might / should + 原形动词。如：Would you mind my shutting the door?我把门关起 来你介意吗？You should always learn this lesson by heart.你要把 这个教训牢记于心。I should agree with you.我应该同意你的观点。2 .表示“祝愿”时，常用“may +主语+动词原形+其 他”。如：May you have a good journey!祝你一路顺风。May your youth last for ever!祝你青春永驻。3 .表示强烈的“愿望”、“祝愿”时,常用动词原形

30、。如：Long live the Communist Party of China,中国* 万岁。God bless us.上帝保佑。4.习惯表达中常用的虚拟语气。(1)提出请求或邀请。如：Would you like to have a talk with us this evening? 今天晚上来跟我们聊天好吗？Could I use your bike now?我可以用一下你的单车 吗？(2)陈述自己的观点或看法。如：I should glad to meet you.见到你我会很高兴。I would try my best to help you.我会尽力帮助你。(3)提出劝告或建议

31、。如：Youd better ask your father first.你最好先问一问你 的父亲。You should make a full investigation of it first.你应 该先全面调查一番。(4)提出问题。如：Do you think he could get here on time?你认为他能 按时来吗？Do you expect he would tell us the truth?你期望他 会告诉我们真相吗？(5)表示对过去情况的责备时，常用虚拟语气。其虚拟 语气的结构为：“情态动词+ have +过去分词”。如：You should have got

32、here earlier.你应该早就到这里 了。You should have returned it to him.你应该把他还给 他了。一、错综时间虚拟条件句所谓错综时间虚拟条件句即条件从句与主句所指时间 不一致，如从句指过去，而主句即指的是现在或将来，此时 应根据具体的语境情况，结合上面提到的三种基本类型对时 态作相应的调整。如：If youd listened to me, you wouldnt be in such trou ble now.如果你听了我的话，你现在也不会有这样的麻烦 了。二、含蓄虚拟条件句所谓含蓄虚拟条件句即指将条件从句隐藏在上下文一 定的短语中的一类条件句。如：

33、过去had +动词过去分词would / should / might / could have + 动 词过去分词情态动词+ have done could have done 本来可以might have done 本来可能should / ought to have done 本来应该做 shouldnt / ought not to have done 本不该做 一 你本不应该告诉她真相。You shouldnt have told her the truth .neednt have done 本不必做 比较：didn9t need to do没必要做也没有做 我没必要擦窗户。我兄弟

34、做了I didnt need to clean the windows . My brother did it. would have done本来会去做(1)与现在事实相反If the earth had no gravity, the moon would fly to the sun. 如果地球没有引力，月球就会飞向太阳。If I were/was you I would reconsider their proposal. 我要是你，我就会重新考虑他们的建议。If it werent/wasn5t raining, we wouldnt stay indoor. 要是现在不下雨，我们就

35、不会呆在屋里。If the manager were/was here, he might make a decision. 要是经理在这儿，他也许会作出决定。与过去事实相反If I had left a little earlier, I would have caught the train.我要是早点动身就赶上火车了。If she hadnt taken your advice, she would have made a bad mi s take她要不是听了你的劝告，就要犯大错误了。She would have come if she hadnt been so busy.要不是太忙

36、，她就来了。To hear him talk, youd think he was Prime Minister. 听他讲话你会以为他是首相。Without your help, I couldnt have achieved all this. 要不是有你帮助，我不会取得这些成就。三、连用虚拟语气的几个固定表达有三个表示“若不是”、“要不是”的表达，它们总是 连用虚拟语气，它们是 but for, if it were not for, it it had nt been foro如：But for your help we would have been late.幸亏你帮 忙，要不我们就

37、迟到了。If it werent fbr water, no plant could grow.要是没有 水植物就无法生长。If it hadnt been for your help, we wouldnt have sue ceeded.要不是有你帮忙，我们是不会成功的。四、虚拟语气的省略与倒装有时可将条件从句的连词if省略，而将从句中的were,should, had等提到句首O如:Were it not for your help, I wouldnt be doing so wel 1.若不是你帮忙，我现在不会干得这样好。Had I been there, I would have

38、asked her the questio n.如果我在那里，我就会问她这个问题。虚拟语气典型考题10例1. I still havent thanked Aunt Lucy fbr her present.“It 飞 time you .”A. Do B. didC. had D. would2. Tve told everyone about it. ” Oh, Id rather youA. Dont B. hadnt C. couldnt D. wouldnt3. It has been raining for a day, but even though it h adnt rain

39、ed, we there by tomorrow.A. cant getB. wont get C. hadnt got D.wouldnt get4. Yesterday, Jane walked away from the discussion. Otherwise, she something she would regret later.A. had saidB. said C. might say D. might have said5. All the doctors in the hospital insisted that he badly wounded and that h

40、e at once.A. should be; be operated on B. were; must be o perated onC. was; should be operated Dwas; be operated on6. I forget where I read the article, or I it to you now.A. will showB. would showC. am going toshowD. am showing7. Why didnt you go to yesterdays meeting?I would have but I too busy wo

41、rking onthe important experiment.A. had beenB.was C. were D. am8. Dont you think it necessary that he toMiami but to New York?I agree, but the problem is he has refused to.A. will not be sent; thatB. not be sent; thatC. should not be sent; what D. should not send; what9.The workers will go on strike

42、 if the demands they put forward are turned down.A. could B. would C.不填 D. had10.fired, your health care and other benefit s will not be immediately cut off.A. Would you be B. Should you be C. Could you beD Might you be答案与解析：1. Bo Ifs time you did 为 Its time you thanked Aunt Lucy for her present之略。按

43、照英语语法，its time后从 句通常要用过去式。2. Bo rd rather后接从句时，从句谓语的时态规律是: 用过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成式表示过去。3. Ao we cant get there by tomorrow 为客观事实，故 宜用陈述语气。4. D otherwise 在此相当于 if she had not walked aw ay from the discussion,即暗示一个与过去事实相反的虚拟 条件句。5. Do insisted接第一个宾语从句，表示“坚持认为（是怎 么回事）”，用陈述语气；接第二个宾语从句，表示“坚决要求 （做某事）”，用虚拟语气。1.

44、 Bo根据上文的语境可知句中的or隐含有一个虚拟 的条件,即 or=if I didnt forget where I read the article （要 是我没忘记我在哪儿读过这篇文章的话但事实上忘 了)。7. Bo易受前面虚拟语气的影响而误选A。实际上前面 虚拟语气的答语采用了省略形式。可补充为：I would have gone to yesterdays meeting if I hadnt been too busy.所 以be too busy是过去的一种实际情况，并不是虚拟的情况。 故填空处用陈述语气。8. Bo因为necessary后的从句要用“(should+)动词原 形

45、”，排除选项A;因he与send是被动关系，send要用被 动式，排除选项D;答句中的表语从句中不缺任何句子成分, 用that。值得说明的是，refuse to后省略了 be sent to New Yorko9. Co they put forward为修饰名词demands的定语从 句，按英语语法，当demand用作动词后接宾语从句，或用 作名词后接定语从句或同位语从句时，从句谓语习惯上要用 should+动词原形这样的虚拟语气，其中的should可以省略。10. Bo Should you be fired 是由 If you should be fire d 变来的，又如：Should

46、 you require (=If you should requir e) anything give me a ring.如果需要什么,可以给我打电 话与将来事实相反，或将来不太可能发生，或说话人主观上 不希望发生If I were to do it, I would do it in a different way.要是我来作这件事，我会用另一种做法。If the rocket should fall in a few seconds, it would certainly explode.如果火箭几秒钟内竟然向下坠落，那就一定会爆炸。If he should fail, we woul

47、d encourage him to try again.万一他失败，我们就鼓励他再试一试。（4）错综时间非真实条件句错综时间非真实条件句是指条件句与主句动作发生的时 间不一致。因此，主句和从句的谓语动词要根据各自的不同 时间选用适当的虚拟语气形式，其形式依据时间的不同仍然 遵循表1给出的规则。例如：If we had set out earlier, we wouldnt be walking in the rain. 如果我们早点动身，现在就不会在雨中走了。（从句发生在 过去，主句发生在现在。）If you were in better health, we would have allowed you to join them in the work.如果你身体好些，我们就让你和他们一道做这工作了。（从 句发生在现在，主句发生在将来。）If we hadnt got everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.如果我们到现在还未准备好，明天就会有很多