翻译基础-英语长句的处理市公开课一等奖百校联赛优质课金奖名师赛课获奖课件.ppt

《翻译基础-英语长句的处理市公开课一等奖百校联赛优质课金奖名师赛课获奖课件.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《翻译基础-英语长句的处理市公开课一等奖百校联赛优质课金奖名师赛课获奖课件.ppt（54页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、English Long Sentences 英语长句翻译英语长句翻译1/54nWarm-up practice:I love my love with an E nHow to analyze long sentences?n Two Stages and Five Steps nMethods of Translating Long English Sentences Teaching Outline2/54文字游戏翻译nI love my love with an E,because shes enticing;I hate her with an E,because shes enga

2、ged.I took her to the sign of the exquisite,and treated her with an elopement,her names Emily,and she lives in the east.-(David Copperfield,XXII)3/54董秋斯译文n我爱我爱人为了一个E,n因为她是Enticing（迷人）；n我恨我爱人为了一个E，n因为她是Engaged（订了婚）。n我用我爱人象征Exquisite（美妙），n我劝我爱人从事Elopement（私奔）,n她名字是Emily(艾米丽)，她住处于East（东方）？4/54张谷若译文n我爱我

3、所爱，因为她长实在招人爱。我恨我所爱，因为她不回报我爱。我带着她到挂着浮荡子招牌一家，和她谈情说爱。我请她看一出潜逃私奔，为是我和她能长久你亲我爱。她名儿叫做艾米丽，她家住在爱河里。5/54其它译本n我爱我爱人，因为她很迷人；我恨我爱人，因已许配他人；她在我心中是美人，我带她私奔，以避开外人；她名叫虞美人，是东方丽人。n吾爱吾爱，因伊可爱；吾恨吾爱，因伊另有所爱。吾视吾爱，神圣之爱，吾携吾爱，私逃为爱；吾爱名爱米丽，吾东方之爱。n我爱我那个“丽”，可爱迷人有魅力；我恨我那个“丽”，要和他人结伉俪；她文雅大方又漂亮；和我出逃去游历；她芳名就叫艾米丽，家住东方人俏丽。(马红军)6/54一、英语长句

4、分析 n在英语文章中，尤其是科技和文学作品中，经常出现结构复杂长句子，在一个主句中包含多个从句。n普通来说,造成长句原因有三方面:(1)修饰语过多;(2)并列成份多;(3)语言结构层次多。在分析长句时能够采取下面方法:(1)找出全句主语、谓语和宾语,从整体上把握句子结构。(2)找出句中全部谓语结构、非谓语动词、介词短语和从句引导词。(3)分析从句和短语功效,比如,是否为主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句等,若是状语,它是表示时间、原因、结果、还是表示条件等等)。(4)分析词、短语和从句之间相互关系,比如,定语从句所修饰先行词是哪一个等。(5)注意插入语等其它成份。(6)注意分析句子中是否有固定词组或

5、固定搭配。7/54nHowithappenedthatalittlerockypeninsulainaremotecorneroftheMediterraneanwasabletoprovideourworldinlessthantwocenturieswiththecompleteframeworkforallourpresentdayexperimentsinpolitics,literature,drama,sculpture,chemistry,physicsandHeavenknowswhatelse,isaquestionwhichhaspuzzledagreatmanypeopl

6、eforagreatmanycenturiesandtowhicheveryphilosopher,atonetimeoranotherduringhiscareer,hastriedtogiveananswer.（选自美国作家HendrikWillemvanLoon名著Tolerance第二章第一段）n每个部分意思分别翻译出来：它是怎样发生地中海遥远角落一个小岩石半岛能够为我们世界提供在不到两个世纪之内我们当代政治、文学、戏剧、雕刻、化学、物理学完整框架上帝知道还有些什么是一个问题(这个问题)许多世纪以来迷惑了许多人(对这个问题)每个哲学家在他学术生涯某个时候尝试找出答案。8/54n最终，将

7、各个部分意思合并重组：地中海遥远角落一个小岩石半岛，怎样能够在不到两个世纪之内，为我们世界提供我们当代政治、文学、戏剧、雕刻、化学、物理学(上帝知道还有些什么)完整框架，这个问题许多世纪以来迷惑了许多人，对这个问题，每个哲学家在他学术生涯某个时候，都会尝试找出答案。9/54n对于每一个英语长句,并不只用一个翻译方法,而是各种翻译方法综合利用。翻译长句时,首先，不要因为句子太长而产生畏惧心理，因为，不论是多么复杂句子，它都是由一些基本成份组成。其次要搞清英语原文句法结构,找出整个句子中心内容及其各层意思,然后分析几层意思之间相互逻辑关系,再按照汉语特点和表示方式,正确地译出原文意思,无须拘泥于原

8、文形式。10/54nFor a family of four,for example,it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home,with almost unlimited entertainment available,than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere.n分析分析:(1)骨干结构为比较结构itismoretodosththantodosthelse.而且是在两个不定式之间进行比较。(2)该句中共有三个谓语结构,it是形式主语,真正主语为:t

9、ositcomfortablyathome,并与togooutinsearchofamusementelsewhere作比较。(3)句首forafamilyoffour作状语,表示条件。另外,还有两个介词短语作插入语:forexample,withalmostunlimitedentertainmentavailable,其中第二个介词短语作伴随状语,修饰tositcomfortablyathome.n试译：譬如,对于一个四口之家来说,舒舒适服地在家中看电视,就能看到几乎数不清娱乐节目,这比到外面别地方去消遣又廉价又方便。Nowyoutry:11/54Two Stages and Five S

10、teps nStageIComprehensionnStageIIPresentation12/54Stage I ComprehensionnStep1:presentingthelongsentenceinaskeletonformStep2:inferringthemainideafromthecontextandthewholetextStep3:distinguishingbetweentheprincipalandsubordinateelementsandfindouttheinterrelationsbetweenprincipalandsubordinateclauses13

11、/54Stage II PresentationnStep4:enteringonatentativetranslationofeachsentencedivisionStep5:rearrangementandfinishingtouches14/54Methods of Translating Long English Sentences n1.次序法n2.Reversing逆序法/倒置法n3.Embedding内嵌法n4.Dividing切分法n5.Splitting拆分法n6.Inserting插入法n7.Recasting重组法/综正当15/54 1.次序法 n当英语长句内容叙述层次

12、与汉语基本一致时,能够按照英语原文次序翻译成汉语。n例1.Evenwhenweturnoffthebesidelampandarefastasleep,electricityisworkingforus,drivingourrefrigerators,heatingourwater,orkeepingourroomsair-conditioned.n分析:该句子由一个主句,三个作伴随状语现在分词以及位于句首时间状语从句组成,共有五层意思:A.既使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时;B.电仍在为我们工作;C.帮我们开动电冰箱;D.加热水;E.或是室内空调机继续运转。上述五层意思逻辑关系以及表示次

13、序与汉语完全一致,所以,该句可译为:n16/54n即使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时,电仍在为我们工作:帮我们开动电冰箱,把水加热,或使室内空调机继续运转。17/54nNowyoutry:n例2.Priortothetwentiethcentury,womeninnovelswerestereotypesoflackinganyfeaturesthatmadethemuniqueindividualsandwerealsosubjecttonumerousrestrictionsimposedbythemale-dominatedculture.n在20世纪以前,小说中妇女像都是一个模式。

14、她们没有任何特点,因而无法成为含有个性人;他们还要屈从于由男性主宰文化传统强加给他们种种束缚。18/54 2.Reversing 逆序法 n英语有些长句表示次序与汉语表示习惯不一样,甚至完全相反,这时必须从原文后面开始翻译。n例1.Aluminumremainedunknownuntilthenineteenthcentury,becausenowhereinnatureisitfoundfree,owingtoitsalwaysbeingcombinedwithotherelements,mostcommonlywithoxygen,forwhichithasastrongaffinity.

15、n分析:这个句子由一个主句,两个原因状语和一个定语从句,“铝直到19世纪才被人发觉”是主句,也是全句中心内容,全句共有四个谓语结构,共有五层意思:A.铝直到19世纪才被人发觉;B.因为在自然界找不到游离状态铝;C.因为它总是跟其它元素结合在一起;D.最普遍是跟氧结合;E.铝跟氧有很强亲和力。按照汉语表示习惯通常因在前,果在后,这么,我们能够逆着原文次序把该句翻译成:19/54n铝总是跟其它元素结合在一起,最普遍是跟氧结合;因为铝跟氧有很强亲和力,因为这个原因,在自然界找不到游离状态铝。所以,铝直到19世纪才被人发觉。20/54nItisprobablyeasierforteachersthan

16、forstudentstoappreciatethereasonswhylearningEnglishseemstobecomeincreasinglydifficultoncethebasicstructuresandpatternsofthelanguagehavebeenunderstood.n一旦了解英语基本结构和句型,再往下学似乎就越来越难了,这其中原因,可能教师比学生更轻易了解。Nowyoutry:21/54nSuchishumannatureintheWestthatagreatmanypeopleareoftenwillingtosacrificehigherpayforthe

17、privilegeofbecomingwhite-collarworkers.n许多人经常宁愿牺牲比较高工资以换取白领工人社会地位，这在西方倒是人之常情。22/54Now you try:nInreality,thelinesofdivisionbetweensciencesarebecomingblurred,andscienceisagainapproachingthe“unity”thatithadtwocenturiesago-althoughtheaccumulatedknowledgeisenormouslygreaternow,andnoonepersoncanhopetocom

18、prehendmorethanafractionofit.n即使现在积累起来知识要多得多，而且任何个人也只可能了解其中一小部分，但实际上，各学科之间界限却变得含糊不清，科学再次近似于两百年前那样“单一整体”。23/543.Embedding 内嵌法nEmbeddingmeansplacingthemodifiersbeforethewordbeingmodified.nCongresshadmadelawsrequiringmostpressuregroupstogiveinformationabouthowmuchtheyspendandhowtheyspentit,theamountand

19、sourcesoffunds,membership,andnamesandsalariesoftheirrepresentatives.n国会已制订法律，要求大部分压力集团呈报他们花费了多少钱，怎样花，款项总额以及起源、组员人数、代表姓名和薪金等情况。24/54nThereisnoclasswar,butawarinwhichthewholeBritishEmpireandCommonwealthofNationsisengaged,withoutdistinctionofrace,creed,orparty.n这不是一场阶级之间战争，而是一场不分种族、不分信仰，不分党派，整个大英帝国及英联邦

20、全体组员国无不参加战争。25/54Now you try:nAmoleculemaybeconsideredasthesmallestparticleofmatterthatcanexistwithoutchangingitsnature.n能够认为，分子是在不改变物质性质情况下能够存在物质最小微粒。nIn1970,hewasplacedunderhousearrestwhenherefusedtousemassiveforceinsuppressingworkerriotsontheseacoast.n1970年他因拒绝使用武力大规模镇压沿海城市工人骚乱而被软禁。26/544.Dividin

21、g 切分法nBymeansofdividing,wemaybreakupalongEnglishsentenceintodifferentpartsaccordingtoitssensegroups,andthentranslateeachpartonebyoneintoChinese.n有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词关系并不十分亲密,翻译时能够按照汉语多用短句习惯,把长句从句或短语化成句子,分开来叙述,为了使语意连贯,有时需要适当增加词语。27/54nHumanbeingshavedistinguishedthemselvesfromotheranimals,andindoingsoens

22、uredtheirsurvival,bytheabilitytoobserveandunderstandtheirenvironmentandtheneithertoadapttothatenvironmentortocontrolandadaptittotheirownneeds.n人类把自己和其它动物区分开来。与此同时，人类还含有观察和了解周围环境能力。他们要么适应环境，要么控制环境，或依据本身需要改造环境。人类就这么一代代地生存下来。28/545.Splitting 拆分法nBysplittingwemeantakingcertainelementsoutofasentenceandtr

23、eatingthemseparately.nThenumberoftheyoungpeopleintheUnitedStateswhocantreadisincredibleaboutoneinfour.n没有阅读能力美国青年人数目令人难以相信约为1/4。n大约有1/4美国青年人没有阅读能力,这简直令人难以置信。29/54nAnoutsiderssuccesscouldevencuriouslyhelptwopartiestogettheagreementtheywant.n说来也怪，一个局外人取得成功竟然能够促使双方达成一项他们希望得到协议。30/546.Inserting 插入法插入法nB

24、yinsertingherewemeanputtingsomeadditionalpunctuationmarkssuchasdash,parenthesis,colon,etc.,inalongandcomplexsentencesoastomaketheChineseversionbothclearandsmooth.nThesecondaspectistheapplicationbyallmembersofsocietyfromthegovernmentofficialtotheordinarycitizen,ofthespecialmethodsofthoughtandactionth

25、atscientistsuseintheirwork.n第二个方面是全体社会组员（从政府官员到普通公民）都使用科学家们在他们工作中所采取那种特殊思索方法和行为方法。31/54nIfyougotovisitNobelsoldresidence,thehouseinwhichthegreatchemistremainedabachelorthroughouthislife,youwillcatchsightofashelfladenwithexperimentalrecords.n假如你参观诺贝尔旧居在那座房子里，这位伟大化学家过了一辈子单身生活你将看到一个堆满试验统计书架。32/547.Reca

26、sting 重组法/综正当n在一些情况下,一些英语长句单纯采取上述任何一个方法都不方便,这就需要我们仔细分析,或按照时间先后,或按照逻辑次序,顺逆结合,主次分明地对全句进行综合处理,方便把英语原文翻译成通顺忠实汉语句子。n33/54n例1.Peoplewereafraidtoleavetheirhouses,for although the police had been ordered tostandbyincaseofemergency,theywerejustasconfusedandhelplessasanybodyelse.分析:该句共有三层含义:A:人们不敢出门;B:尽管警察已接到

27、命令,要作好准备以应付紧急情况;C:警察也和其它人一样不知所措和无能为力。在这三层含义中,B表示让步,C表示原因,而A则表示结果,按照汉语习惯次序,我们作以下安排:34/54n尽管警察已接到命令,要作好准备以应付紧急情况,但人们不敢出门,因为警察也和其它人一样不知所措和无能为力。35/54Nowyoutry:nModernscientificandtechnicalbooks,especiallytextbooks,requiresrevisionatshortintervalsiftheirauthorswishtokeeppacewithnewideas,observationsanddi

28、scoveries.n大对于当代书籍,尤其是教科书来说,要是作者希望自己书中内容能与新概念、新观察到事实和新发觉同时发展话,那么就应该每隔较短时间,将书中内容重新修改。n36/54nUptothepresenttime,throughouttheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturies,thisnewtendencyplacedthehomeintheimmediatesuburbs,butconcentratedmanufacturingactivity,businessrelations,government,andpleasureinthecentersofthe

29、cities.n到当前为止,经历了18和19两个世纪,这种新倾向是把住宅安排在城市近郊,而把生产活动、商业往来、政府部门以及娱乐场所都集中在城市中心地域。37/54定语从句翻译Attributive ClausesnI.AComparativeStudyofEnglishandChineseAttributive.nII.TranslationofRestrictiveAttributiveClausesnIII.TranslatingNon-RestrictiveAttributiveClausesnIV.AttributiveClausesFunctioningasAdverbials38

30、/54 I.A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Attributive StructuresnThis is the cat.这就是那只猫。nThis is the cat that killed the rat.n这就是那只捕杀了老鼠猫。n This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake.n*这就是那只捕杀了偷吃了蛋糕老鼠猫。nThis is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake that was put in the house

31、.n*这就是那只捕杀了偷吃了放在房间里蛋糕老鼠猫。nThis is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake that was put in the house that Jack built.n*这就是那只捕杀了偷吃了放在杰克修建房间里蛋糕老鼠猫。39/54II.Translation of Restrictive Attributive Clauses 1.Combination:把从句译为带把从句译为带“”定语短语，放在被修饰词前，定语短语，放在被修饰词前，将复合句译成汉语单句。又称将复合句译成汉语单句。又称“前置法前置法”。n The

32、people who worked for him lived in mortal fear of him.n在他手下工作人对他怕得要死。nPollution is a pressing problem which we must deal with.n污染是我们必须处理一个迫切问题。nJuly and August are the months when the weather is hot.n七八月是天气很热月份。nIn the room where the electronic computer is kept,there must be no dust at all.n在存放电子计算机

33、房间里，不能有一点儿灰尘。40/542.Division n假如从句结构复杂，译成汉语前置定语显得太长而不符合汉语表示习惯时，往往译成后置并列分句。能够译成并列分句，重复英语先行词，如：nBetween these two tiny particles,the proton and the electron,there is a powerful attraction that is always present between negative and positive electric charges.n在质子和电子这两个微粒之间有一个很大吸引力，而这个吸引力总是存在于正负电荷之间。n还能

34、够译成并列分句，省略英语先行词，如：nNewton invented a paper lantern illuminated by a candle which he carried with him to light his way to school on dark winter mornings.n牛顿创造了一只点蜡烛纸灯笼，在昏暗朦胧冬天早晨上课时带着灯笼照路。41/542.DivisionnHe managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weight up to two pounds each.n他种出了200个大得惊人

35、西红柿，每个重达两磅。nA fuel is a material which will burn at a reasonable temperature and produce heat.n燃料是一个物质，在适当温度下能够燃烧并放出热量。nThey worked out a new method by which production has now been rapidly increased.n他们制订出一个新方法，采取之后生产已快速得到提升。nThey are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chin

36、ese and for which,in the past,many Chinese have laid down their lives.n 他们正在为实现一个理想而努力，这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱，在过去，许多中国人曾为了这个理想而牺牲了自己生命。42/543.Mixture n 溶正当是把原句中主语和定语从句溶合在一起译成一个独立句子一个翻译方法。（There be 结构句子往往这么处理）nThere were men in that crowd who had stood there every day for a month.n在那群人中，有些人天天站在那里，站了一个月。There

37、is a man downstairs who wants to see you.n楼下有些人要见你。nFortunately,there are some chemical fuels that are clean and smokeless.n幸好有些化学燃料是洁净无烟。nThere are some metals which posses the power to conduct electricity and the ability to be magnetized.n一些金属既能导电，又能被磁化。nThere are many people who want to see the f

38、ilm.n许多人要看这部电影。43/543.Mixturen 还有一些定语从句，译成汉语时可将英语主句压缩成汉语词组作主语，而把定语从句译成谓语，溶合成一个句子。n“We are a nation that must beg to stay alive,”said a foreign economist.n一位外国经济学家说道，“我们这个国家不讨饭就活不下去。”nWe used a plane of which almost every part carried some identification of national identity.n我们驾驶飞机几乎每一个部件都有国籍一些标志。nG

39、ood clocks have pendulums which are automatically compensated for temperature changes.n好钟摆能够自动赔偿温度改变造成误差。44/54III.Translating Non-Restrictive Attributive Clauses n 1.在译文中把原文从句后置，重复关系词所代表汉译，译成并列分句。nI told the story to John,who told it to his brother.n我把这件事告诉了约翰，约翰又告诉了他弟兄.nThis is a college of science

40、 and technology,the students of which are trained to be engineers or scientists.n这是一所科技大学，该校学生将被培养成工程师或科学工作者。45/542.前置法：一些较短含有描写性从句也可译成带“”前置短语，放在被修饰词前面nTransistors,which are small in size,can make previously large and bulky radios light and small.n采取体积较小晶体管能够使先前那种大而笨收音机变得又轻又小。nThe sun,which had hidd

41、en all day,now came out in all its splendor.n整天躲在云层里太阳，现在又光芒四射地露面了.n The emphasis was helped by the speakers mouth,which was wide,thin and hard set.n 讲话人那又阔又薄又紧绷绷嘴巴，帮助他加强了语气。n But Miggles laugh,which was very infectious,broke the silence.n 密格尔富有感染力笑声打破了静默。46/543.译成独立句译成独立句nOne time there was a viole

42、nt thunderstorm,the worst I had ever seen,which obscured my objective.n有一次是暴风骤雨，猛烈程度实为我平生所仅见。这场暴风雨遮住了我目标。nNevertheless the problem was solved successfully,which showed that the computations were accurate.n不过，问题还是圆满地处理了。这说明计算很准确。47/54IV.Attributive Clauses Functioning as Adverbials n1.Translatinginto

43、ChineseAdverbialClausesofCausen2.TranslatingintoChineseAdverbialClausesofResultn3.TranslatingintoChineseAdverbialClausesofConcessionn4.TranslatingintoChineseAdverbialClauseofConditionn5.TranslatingintoChineseAdverbialClausesofPurpose48/541.Translating into Chinese Adverbial Clauses of Cause nWe know

44、 that a cat,whose eyes can take in many more rays than our eyes,can see clearly in the night.n我们知道,因为猫眼睛比我们人眼睛能吸收更多光线，所以猫在黑夜也能看很清楚。nYou must grasp the concept of“work”which is very important in physics.n你必须掌握“功”概念，因为它在物理学中很主要。49/542.Translating into Chinese Adverbial Clauses of Result nThere was som

45、ething original,independent,and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them.n这个方案富于创造性，独具一格，很有魄力，所以他们都很喜欢。nCopper,which is used so widely for carrying electricity,offers very little resistance.n铜电阻很小，所以广泛地用来传输电力。50/543.Translating into Chinese Adverbial Clauses of Concession nHe insisted on build

46、ing another house,which he had no use for.n他坚持要再造一幢房子，尽管他并无此需要.nElectronic computers,which have many advantages,cannot carry out creative work and replace man.n尽管电子计算机有许多优点，不过它们不能进行创造性工作，也不能代替人。51/544.Translating into Chinese Adverbial Clause of Condition nMen become desperate for work,any work,whic

47、h will help them to keep alive their families.n人们拼命想得到工作，不论什么工作，只要能维持一家人生活就行。nFor any machine whose input and output forces are known,its mechanical advantage can be calculated.n对于任何机器来说，假如知其输入力和输出力，就能求出其机械效率。52/545.Translating into Chinese Adverbial Clauses of Purpose nThey have built up a new coll

48、ege here,where students will be trained to be engineers and scientists.n他们在这里建了一所学院，以培养科技人才nIll try to get an illustrated dictionary dealing with technical terms,which will enable me to translate scientific literature more exactly.n我要设法弄一本有插图技术名词词典，方便把科学文件译得更准确。53/54References for further studyn英汉互译实践与技巧unit9,名词性从句unit10,定语从句unit11状语从句n英汉翻译基础教程第四单元（p46-56）54/54