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1、Unit FourTEXT I The Invisible PooroIII.Library Worko1.Broadly speaking,the middle class is the social group between the upper or the wealthy and working classes,including professional and business workers and their families.The middle class is sometimes divided into lower middle1/78III.Library Work

2、and upper middle classes-a division based on occupational and educational differences.Since World War II,the middle class has been the largest class in the United States,where the middle class participate more in political and voluntary organizations than do the2/78III.Library Work subordinate class

3、es,that is,the lowest paid wage earners and the jobless poor.The middle class in the U.S.also has a higher rate of religious participation than any other class.2.Dictionary definitions of slum and ghetto:Slum-a thickly populated,squalid part of a city inhabited by the poorest people3/78III.Library W

4、ork Ghetto-In former times,in most European countries,a section of a city inhabited by Jews.In the U.S.today,a thickly populated slum area in a city inhabited predominantly by a minority group.In many cities in the U.S.,particularly in the East and the Middle West,slums developed where unemployment

5、led to great suffering and over-crowdedness;moreover,pauperism and crime are widespread.4/78III.Library Work In the U.S.,ghetto is a term used to describe segregated residential areas in the northern U.S.They are typically overcrowded,and have poor housing and high unemployment.They are largely a re

6、sult of segregation.3.The general purpose of unions has been to protect and advance the well-being of workers.Some participants in and observers of the U.S.labor movement have viewed unions as institutions with the potential to establish industrial democracy and socialism.Until the 5/78III.Library W

7、ork 1930s,U.S.labor unions suffered severe legal disadvantages.Before 1842 strikes were often prohibited by the courts.In 1932 antistrike injunctions were outlawed.U.S.unions finally gained full legal recognition in 1935.The workers were then given the right to form and join unions and to engage in

8、collective bargaining.6/78IV.Organization of the TextI.Thesis statement:invisibility of American poor(Paragraphs 1 2)II.The normal and obvious causes of the invisibility of the poor(Paragraphs 3 7)1.Poverty is often off the beaten track.(Paragraph 4)2.Beauty and myths are masks of poverty.(Paragraph

9、 5)3.Summary and comment(Paragraphs 6 7)7/78IV.Organization of the TextIII.A new kind of blindness about poverty(Paragraphs 8 14)1.Transformation of the American city isolates the poor from sight of others.(Paragraphs 8 9)2.Well-meaning ignorance keeps concerned and sympathetic Americans from knowin

10、g the truth about the poor.(Paragraph 10)3.Mass production enables the best-dressed poverty to exist.(Paragraphs 11 12)8/78IV.Organization of the Text 4.Many of the poor are the wrong age to be seen.(Paragraphs 13 14)IV.Political invisibility-the dispossessed at the bottom of society cannot speak fo

11、r themselves.(Paragraphs 15 17)V.Conclusion(Paragraph 18)9/78V.Key Points of the TextParagraph 3perennial:lasting through the whole year;lasting forever or for a long time 持久，持久，长久长久 E.g.:the perennial snow fields 终年积雪原终年积雪原野野 the perennial blue jeans 四季都穿牛仔裤四季都穿牛仔裤 a perennial invalid 长久病人长久病人 the

12、perennial problems of isolation in old age 一直未能处理老年人孤独问题一直未能处理老年人孤独问题10/78Paragraph 4 off the beaten track/path:not well-known;not often visited 去人不多，鲜有些去人不多，鲜有些人涉足；不知名人涉足；不知名;离开常规；不落俗套离开常规；不落俗套beaten:(of a path,track,etc.)that is given shape by the feet of those who pass along it(路路)被踏平被踏平,走出来走出来,人

13、们常走人们常走E.g.:We followed a well-beaten path through the forest.我们沿着人们常走小路穿我们沿着人们常走小路穿过了森林。过了森林。11/78Paragraph 4E.g.:a vacation spot that is off the beaten track 僻静度假处僻静度假处 go off the beaten track 打破常规打破常规turnpike(AmE):also pike,turnpike road,a special road for the use of fast-traveling vehicles,espec

14、ially such a road which one has to pay to use 高速公路高速公路12/78Paragraph 4orut:deep narrow marks or tracks left in soft ground by the wheel of a vehicle 车辙车辙orutted roads:roads with deep,narrow marks made by the wheels of vehicles 有车辙路；凹凸不有车辙路；凹凸不平路平路oE.g.:be in a rut 墨守成规，也成不变墨守成规，也成不变13/78Paragraph 4o

15、get/fall into a rut 陷入老一套，开始陷入老一套，开始墨守成规墨守成规o fall into a conversational rut 开开始了老调重弹谈话始了老调重弹谈话o get out of ones rut 摆脱陈规旧习摆脱陈规旧习oa runaway sweatshop:a out-and-out sweatshop 彻头彻尾血汗工厂彻头彻尾血汗工厂14/78Paragraph 4orunaway:out of control 摆脱控制；摆脱控制；控制不住控制不住oE.g.:a runaway oil well 喷流不止油喷流不止油井井o runaway infla

16、tion（脱缰野马似）恶（脱缰野马似）恶性通货膨胀性通货膨胀o the runaway cost of grain 飞涨谷飞涨谷物价格物价格15/78Paragraph 5orun-down:old and broken;in bad condition 失修，破败；衰败失修，破败；衰败oE.g.:a run-down old house 破败旧屋破败旧屋o This neighborhood is getting run-down.附近这一带正在日渐衰落。附近这一带正在日渐衰落。obe exempt from:be freed from a duty,service,payment,etc.

17、被豁免；被免去被豁免；被免去oE.g.:Charitable organizations are exempt from taxation.16/78Paragraph 5oJohn is exempt from physical education because of poor health.ostrain:a state in which one is greatly troubled by anxiety and difficulty 极度担极度担心；重负；过劳心；重负；过劳oE.g.:Young people are under great strain during the exa

18、mination period.o Examinations of all kinds put a great strain on young people.17/78Paragraph 5otension:(a feeling of)nervousness,anxiety,worry,or pressure（精神上）担心（精神上）担心oE.g.:Before the interview,Janet suffered from a lot of nervous tension.o He felt helpless under the tension of waiting for the new

19、s.18/78Paragraph 5ounderprivileged:(of people)not having the advantages of ordinary persons life;lacking in good chances for education,social life,etc.贫困；社会经济贫困；社会经济地位低下；生活水平低下地位低下；生活水平低下oE.g.:children from underprivileged homes 贫困家庭孩子贫困家庭孩子o an underprivileged nation 生活水平低下生活水平低下国家国家o underprivileg

20、ed areas of a city 城市贫城市贫民区民区19/78Paragraph 6othey will be functioning a generation hence:the normal and obvious causes of the invisibility of American poor will still hold true in a generation from nowofunction:operate,workoE.g.:Is the machine/computer/telephone functioning?ohence:from nowoE.g.:thr

21、ee days/a week/two months hence20/78Paragraph 6oslip:move secretly or unnoticedoE.g.:The wet soap slipped out of my hand.o Her secret slipped out without her knowing.o Days slipped by and he accomplished very little.o Dont let good opportunities slip through your fingers.21/78Paragraph 7oforay:liter

22、ally means“a sudden attack into an enemy area by a small number of soldiers to damage or seize arms,foot,etc.”突袭；闪电式侵扰突袭；闪电式侵扰oE.g.:The soldiers went on a foray at the command of the officer.o make a foray on a town 对一城镇对一城镇进行突袭进行突袭22/78Paragraph 7oForays extended meaning is“a short attempt to becom

23、e active in an activity that is quite different from ones usual activity.”What the author means here is that visits to the slums made by the middle class at usual times are rare,but at Christmas time,there would be some visits.冒险；涉足冒险；涉足 a short unexpected visit 短暂访问短暂访问23/78Paragraph 7oE.g.:the pre

24、sidents three-day foray into the South 总统对南方总统对南方3天短暂访问天短暂访问o From time to time he made forays to the pavement booksellers.他经常涉足街头他经常涉足街头书摊书摊oghetto:a section of a city or town where live minority people who are not accepted as social equals by the majority of its citizens 少数民族聚居区少数民族聚居区24/78Paragra

25、ph 7oCompare synonyms of ghetto:oslum:a district in a city or town where living conditions are dirty and unhealthy,and where poor people live 贫民窟贫民窟oshantytown:a part of a city or town made up of poorly-built huts,cabins,or houses 棚户区棚户区25/78Paragraph 8othe failures:people who fail in doing what the

26、y expect to do;unsuccessful people 26/78Paragraph 9oassume:take something as a fact or as true without proof;supposeoE.g.:He was absent at the picnic.I assume that hed forgotten all about it.o Assuming that it rains tomorrow,shall we change our plan?27/78Paragraph 10ocompound:make worse by adding(so

27、mething)to (often used in the passive)增加；加重增加；加重oE.g.:compound a problem 使问题复使问题复杂化杂化o compound difficulties(losses)加重困难（损失）加重困难（损失）o His difficulty was compounded by a sense of insecurity/uncertainty.28/78Paragraph 10ohovel:a small dirty place to live in 简陋小屋；茅舍；肮脏杂乱住所简陋小屋；茅舍；肮脏杂乱住所29/78Paragraph 1

28、1oThe irony in this:the reverse(state of affairs)/the incongruity of this oIrony refers to“the sort of event or result which is just the opposite of what one would hope for or meant to happen”含有讽刺意含有讽刺意义事义事30/78Paragraph 12odiscern:to see,notice,or understand,especially with difficulty;perceive 看出，识

29、别，觉察看出，识别，觉察oThis process has been magnified with the poor throughout the country:This process of having the poor disappear from sight has been developing rapidly allover the country.31/78Paragraph 14olurid:sensational,shocking 可怕；可怕；惊人惊人;骇人听闻；过分渲染得骇人听闻；过分渲染得oE.g.:lurid accounts of the carnage 骇人听闻大

30、屠杀报道骇人听闻大屠杀报道o He painted a lurid picture of prison life.他把监狱生活描写得十分可他把监狱生活描写得十分可怕。怕。o lurid crimes(stories)耸人听闻罪耸人听闻罪行（故事）行（故事）32/78Paragraph 15othe dispossessed:people who have lost all their possessions.Here,the dispossessed are people who do not possess anything.ofraternal:of,belonging to,or lik

31、e brothers 弟兄（般），友爱弟兄（般），友爱oE.g.:fraternal affection 弟兄情谊弟兄情谊o a fraternal atmosphere 友好气氛友好气氛 33/78Paragraph 16othere is not even a cynical political motive for caring abut the poor,as in the old days:In the old days,there might be some concern for the poor shown by some people to achieve their own

32、 purposes.Their motive of doing so would be cynical,or doubtful.But today,there is not even that kind of concern.34/78Paragraph 17oreservoir:a large supply,especially one that has not yet been used 贮藏，蓄贮藏，蓄积，大量供给积，大量供给oE.g.:an oil reservoir 油槽油槽o History is a reservoir of human experience.历史是人类经历总汇。

33、历史是人类经历总汇。o have a great reservoir of knowledge 有广博知识有广博知识omenace:something which suggests a threat or brings danger 威胁威胁35/78Paragraph 17oarticulate the needs of the poor:express clearly and effectively the needs of the pooroarticulate:express thoughts and feelings clearlyoE.g.:He was so despondent

34、（沮丧，泄气）（沮丧，泄气）that he could hardly articulate his distress.oArticulate is often used in language learning,meaning“pronounce distinctly,clearly,and carefully.”oE.g.:Josephine articulates every word carefully.She has good articulation.36/78Paragraph 18oin the old rhetoric of reform:reform in the old d

35、ays that was stated in a language that was fine to hear or read but that really did not mean much 以往以往粉饰太平改革粉饰太平改革oRhetoric in its general sense means“the art of speaking or writing in a way that is likely to persuade or influence people.”But in this context,rhetoric is used in its derogatory sense,

36、meaning“speech or writing that sounds fine and important,but is really insincere or without meaning.”37/78VI.SA to Organization and Development,P.50,Students BookoPara.5:The word“too”indicates furtherance.In this case,it tells the reader what the paragraph deals with is similar to what has been deal

37、t with.The fact is,in this paragraph,we find another perennial reason why poverty is invisible in America.oPara.6:The pronoun“these”can point both backward and forward.In this case it points backward,i.e.“these”refer to the perennial reasons that have been explained in the previous two paragraphs.38

38、/78VI.SA to Organization and Development,P.50,Students BookoPara.8:“Now”indicates a change of direction.The writer is going to turn from the“perennial”to the“present”.oPara.9:“In short”is used to summarize.What follows is a brief summary of what has just been said,i.e.the effect urban development ha

39、s on the invisibility of the poor.39/78VI.SA to Organization and Development,P.50,Students BookoPara.10:“This new segregation”refers to the segregation of the poor from the affluent mentioned in the previous two paragraphs.The segregation is“new”because there has been the“old”notorious segregation o

40、f the colored people from the white40/78VI.SA to Organization and Development,P.50,Students BookoPara.11:The word“this”in“The irony in this”refers to the last sentence of the last paragraph.i.e.“There is a warm feeling of satisfaction,of pride in the way things are working out:the poor,it is obvious

41、,are being taken care of”.Can they be taken care of when they are even invisible?41/78VI.SA to Organization and Development,P.50,Students BookoPara.12:“This”in“This is an extremely important factor”refers to the last sentence of the last paragraph,i.e.“Even people with terribly depressed incomes can

42、 look prosperous.”oPara.13:The word“then”here has nothing to do with its basic meaning,i.e.a specific point of time either in the past or in the future.Here it is used in the sense of“besides”,showing that there is another reason why the poor are invisible.42/78VI.SA to Organization and Development,

43、P.50,Students BookoPara.15:“And finally”here is,as usual,used to show that we have come to the last point in our exposition.Here the writer is going to tell us that the poor are not only materially and emotionally invisible,but they are also politically invisible,i.e.their voice is not heard.43/78VI

44、I.SA to Ex.I,P.36,Workbooko1.To enforce his assertion that the other America did exist though most Americans might not believe it just because they had never been there personally.What Harrington is trying to say is“I myself was once ignorant of its existence,but now I can prove to you that it does

45、exist.”44/78VII.SA to Ex.I,P.36,Workbooko2.Refer to Paragraphs 4 and 5.oRural poverty is hidden away from tourists who normally travel on highways without penetrating into the country,and sometimes is masked by its natural beauty.o3.Refer to Paragraphs 8 10.oUrban transformation leads to the distrib

46、utional segregation of poverty,and urban renewal creates the false impression about the existence of the poor.45/78VII.SA to Ex.I,P.36,Workbooko4.Refer to Paragraphs 11 14.oMass production of garments enables even the poor to be decently dressed.Most poor people are aged;they are less mobile and thu

47、s less visible.o5.Politically,the poor are not adequately represented;and their voice is not heard and attended to in the political life of the nation.o6.(Omitted)46/78VIII.SA to Ex.II,P.37,Workbooko1.Beauty refers to the beautiful environment.Specifically it refers to the hills,the streams,the foli

48、age in the lovely season in the area of the Appalachians Mountains.Myths refer to Rousseaus concept of the“primitive man,”a person who was admired for his supposedly simple and pure life,and who was exempt from the strains and tension of the middle class.Specially they refer to the run-down mountain

49、 houses,supposedly the abode（住所）（住所）of the fortunate people.47/78VIII.SA to Ex.II,P.37,Workbooko When the traveler comes to the Appalachians,he will see the beauty of nature,and the run-down houses remind him of the“primitive man.”He does not know that the people living in the area are actually unde

50、reducated,underprivileged;in other words,they are poor.So outward beauty of nature and false beliefs in the“primitive man”are misleading-they simply cover up the truth-the existence of poverty.48/78VIII.SA to Ex.II,P.37,Workbooko2.The segregation of the poor from the affluent is new because the poor