蒋悟生《生物专业英语》教学案.docx

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1、蒋悟生生物专业英语教案LessonOne（4学时）InsidetheLivingCell:StructureandFunctionofInternalCellPartsLessonOne（4学时）InsidetheLivingCell:StructureandFunctionofInternalCellParts教课目标：使学生掌握细胞的构成结构（各样细胞器以及它们在细胞中的地点），以及结构与功能之间的关系。各细胞器及功能有关英语词汇以及主要用法。教课要点：各细胞器的看法和功能，及有关英语词汇的掌握教课难点：专业英语词汇的记忆解说方法：以学生翻译为主，老师解说有关专业知识协助学生理解讲课时间：

2、3月22日；3月29日教课内容：Cytoplasm:TheDynamic,MobileFactory细胞质：动力工厂Mostofthepropertiesweassociatewithlifearepropertiesofthecytoplasm.Muchofthemassofacellconsistsofthissemifluidsubstance,whichisboundedontheoutsidebytheplasmamembrane.Organellesaresuspendedwithinit,supportedbythefilamentousnetworkofthecytoskele

3、ton.Dissolvedinthecytoplasmicfluidarenutrients,ions,solubleproteins,andothermaterialsneededforcellfunctioning.生命的大多半特色表此刻细胞质的特色上。细胞质大多半由半流体物质构成，并由细胞膜（原生质膜）包被。细胞器悬浮在此中，并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。细胞质中溶解了大批的营养物质，离子，可溶蛋白以及保持细胞生理需求的其余物质。TheNucleus:InformationCentral（细胞核：信息中心）Theeukaryoticcellnucleusisthelargestorganell

4、eandhousesthegeneticmaterial（DNA）onchromosomes.（Inprokaryotesthehereditarymaterialisfoundinthenucleoid.）Thenucleusalsocontainsoneortwoorganelles-thenucleoli-thatplayaroleincelldivision.Apore-perforatedsaccalledthenuclearenvelopeseparatesthenucleusanditscontentsfromthecytoplasm.Smallmoleculescanpasst

5、hroughthenuclearenvelope,butlargermoleculessuchasmRNAandribosomesmustenterandexitviathepores.真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器，细胞查对染色体组有保护作用（原核细胞的遗传物质存在于拟核中）。细胞核含有一或二个核仁，核仁促使细胞分裂。核膜贯串很多小孔，小分子能够自由经过核膜，而象mRNA和核糖体等大分子一定经过核孔运输。Organelles:SpecializedWorkUnits（细胞器：特别的功能单位）Alleukaryoticcellscontainmostofthevariouskindsoforg

6、anelles,andeachorganelleperformsaspecializedfunctioninthecell.Organellesdescribedinthissectionincluderibosomes,theendoplasmicreticulum,theGolgicomplex,vacuoles,lysosomes,mitochondria,andtheplastidsofplantcells.所有的真核细胞都含有多种细胞器，每个细胞器都有其特定功能。本节主要介绍核糖体，内质网，高尔基系统，液泡，溶酶体，线粒体和植物细胞中的质体。Thenumberofribosomesw

7、ithinacellmayrangefromafewhundredtomanythousands.Thisquantityreflectsthefactthat,ribosomesarethesitesatwhichaminoacidsareassembledintoproteinsforexportorforuseincellprocesses.Acompleteribosomeiscomposedofonelargerandonesmallersubunit.Duringproteinsynthesissequenceintoprotein.Severalribosomesmaybecom

8、eattachedtoasinglemRNAstrand;suchacombinationiscalledapolysome.Mostcellularproteinsaremanufacturedonribosomesinthecytoplasm.Exportableproteinsandmembraneproteinsareusuallymadeinassociationwiththeendoplasmicreticulum.核糖体的数目变化从几百到几千，核糖体是氨基酸组装成蛋白质的重要场所。完好的核糖体由大亚基和小亚基构成。核糖体沿着mRNA挪动并阅读遗传密码，翻译成蛋白质。一条mRNA上

9、可能有多个核糖体，称多聚核糖体。大多半细胞蛋白是由细胞质中核糖体生产。输出蛋白和膜蛋白往常与内质网有关。Theendoplasmicreticulum,alacyarrayofmembranoussacs,tubules,andvesicles,maybeeitherrough(RER)orsmooth(SER).Bothtypesplayrolesinthesynthesisandtransportofproteins.TheRER,whichisstuddedwithpolysomes,alsoseemstobethesourceofthenuclearenvelopeafteracell

10、divides.内质网，带有花边的生物囊，有管状，泡状之分，以及圆滑和粗拙面差异。两种都与蛋白质的合成和运输有关。粗拙内质网上散布很多核糖体，也可能供给细胞分裂后所需的细胞膜。SERlackspolysomes;itisactiveinthesynthesisoffatsandsteroidsandintheoxidationoftoxicsubstancesinthecell.Bothtypesofendoplasmicreticulumserveascompartmentswithinthecellwherespecificproductscanbeisolatedandsubsequen

11、tlyshuntedtoparticularareasinoroutsidethecell.圆滑内质网上无核糖体，主要作用是脂肪和类固醇的合成以及细胞内有毒物质的氧化。两种内质网合成的产物在此中进行分流或运输到细胞外。Transportvesiclesmaycarryexportablemoleculesfromtheendoplasmicreticulumtoanothermembranousorganelle,theGolgicomplex.WithintheGolgicomplexmoleculesaremodifiedandpackagedforexportoutofthecellor

12、fordeliveryelsewhereinthecytoplasm.运输小泡能够将可运输分子从内质网运输到高尔基复合体上。在高尔基复合体中修饰，包装后输出细胞或传达到细胞质中的其余场所。Vacuolesincellsappeartobehollowsacsbutareactuallyfilledwithfluidandsolublemolecules.Themostprominentvacuolesappearinplantcellsandserveaswaterreservoirsandstoragesitesforsugarsandothermolecules.Vacuolesinani

13、malcellscarryoutphagocytosis(theintakeofparticulatematter)andpinocytosis(vacuolardrinking).细胞中的液泡好象是中空的，但本质上充满了液体和可溶分子。最典型的液泡存在于植物细胞中，储备水，糖以及其余分子。动物中的液泡起吞噬和胞饮作用。Asubsetofvacuolesaretheorganellesknownaslysosomes,whichcontaindigestiveenzymes(packagedinlysosomesintheGolgicomplex)thatcanbreakdownmostbio

14、logicalmacromolecules.Theyacttodigestfoodparticlesandtodegradedamagedcellparts.溶酶体是液泡亚单位，含有消化酶，降解大多半生物大分子。消化食品微粒和降解损害的细胞残片。Mitochondriaarethesitesofenergy-yieldingchemicalreactionsinallcells.Inaddition,plantcellscontainplastidsthatutilizelightenergytomanufacturecarbohydratesintheprocessofphotosynthe

15、sis.ItisonthelargesurfaceareaprovidedbytheinnercristaeofmitochondriathatATP-generatingenzymesarelocated.Mitochondriaareself-replicating,andprobablytheyaretheevolutionarydescendantsofwhatwereoncefree-livingprokaryotes.线粒体是细胞中化学产能的场所。此外，植物细胞中的质体在光合作用中利用光能产生碳水化合物，线粒体内嵴上供给了很大的表面积并散布着产ATP酶。线粒体自我复制，而且可能是自

16、由生活的原核生物在进化中形成的后辈。Therearetwotypesofplastids:leucoplasts,whichlackpigmentsandserveasstoragesitesforstarch,proteins,andoils;andchromoplasts,whichcontainpigments.Themostimportantchromoplastsarechloroplasts-organellesthatcontainthechlorophyllusedinphotosynthesis.Theinternalstructureofchloroplastsinclud

17、esstacksofmembranescalledgrana,whichareembeddedinamatrixcalledthestroma.质体有两种种类：白色体，缺少色素，是淀粉，蛋白质和油的储备场所；色质体，含有色素。叶绿体是最重要的色质体，含有与光合作用有关的叶绿素。叶绿体的内部结构是由多层膜形成的叶绿体基粒，此中包埋在基质中的基粒称子座。TheCytoskeleton（细胞骨架）Alleukaryoticcellshaveacytoskeleton,whichisaconvolutedlatticeworkoffilamentsandtubulesthatappearstofill

18、allavailablespaceinthecellandprovidessupportforvariousotherorganelles.Alargeportionofthecytoskeletonconsistsofthreadlikemicrofilamentscomposedmainlyofthecontractileproteinactin.Theyareinvolvedinmanytypesofintracellularmovementsinplantandanimalcells.Asecondprotein,myosin,isinvolveinthecontractionofmu

19、sclecells.Anothermainstructuralcomponentofthecytoskeletonconsistsofmicrotubules,whicharecomposedoftheglobularproteintubulinandtogetheractasscaffoldingthatprovidesastablecellshape.Cytoskeletalintermediatefilamentsappeartoimparttensilestrengthtothecellcytoplasm.Mechanoenzymessuchasmyosin,dynein,andkin

20、esininteractwiththecytoskeletalfilamentsandtubulestogenerateforcesthatcausemovements.所有的细胞都有细胞骨架，网络结构的纤丝充满了它所能涉及的所有空间而且对细胞器供给支持作用。细胞骨架大多半由微丝构成，微丝主要由可缩短的肌动蛋白构成。动植物细胞的很多种种类细胞内运动与肌动蛋白有关。第二类蛋白是肌球蛋白，它与肌肉细胞的缩短有关。细胞骨架的另一个主要结构成分是微管，由球状的微管蛋白构成，象脚手架一般保持细胞的稳固形态。细胞骨架的中间丝供给了细胞质伸缩动力。机械酶，比如，肌球蛋白，动力蛋白，驱动蛋白与微丝，微管相互作

21、用产生动力而惹起细胞运动。CellularMovements（细胞运动）Althoughthecytoskeletonprovidessomestabilitytocells,itsmicrotubulesandfilamentsandtheirassociatedproteinsenablecellstomovebycreepingorgliding.Suchmovementsrequireasolidsubstratetowhichthecellcanadhereandcanbeguidedbythegeometryofthesurface.Somecellsalsoexhibitchem

22、otaxis,theabilitytomovetowardorawayfromthesourceofadiffusingchemical.只管细胞骨架供给了细胞的某些稳固性，微丝，微管及有关蛋白能使细胞爬行或滑动。这类运动需要固体基质依靠并经过表面几何形状的改变而运动。某些细胞具备趋药性，即趋势或逃离扩散开的化学源。Certaineukaryoticcellscanswimfreelyinliquidenvironments,propelledbywhiplikeciliaorflagella.Bothciliaandflagellahavethesameinternalstructure:n

23、inedoublets（pairsofmicrotubules）arearrangedinaringandextendthelengthoftheciliumorflagellum,andtwomoremicrotubulesrundownthecenterofthering.Everyciliumorflagellumgrowsonlyfromthecellsurfacewhereabasalbodyislocated.Movementisbasedontheactivitiesoftinydyneinsidearmsthatextendfromoneofthemicrotubulesofe

24、achdoublet.某些真核细胞能在液体液体中自由运动，由纤毛或鞭毛推进。纤毛和鞭毛拥有相同的内部结构：九个双微管环形摆列，纵向延长，环中心是两个或以上微管构成。纤毛或鞭毛从细胞表面的基体出生长，双微管的动力蛋白臂从一侧延长到另一侧而惹起运动。Nutrients,proteins,andothermaterialswithinmostplantcellsaremovedaboutviacytoplasmicstreaming.Theprocessoccursasmyosinproteinsattachedtoorganellespushagainstmicrofilamentsarrayed

25、throughoutthecell.Microfilamentsandmicrotubulesareresponsibleforalmostallmajorcytoplasmicmovements.Duringcelldivision,microtubulesofthespindleassembledfromtubutinsubunitsnearorganellescalledcentriolesmovethechromosomes.大多半植物细胞的营养，蛋白质和其余物质由细胞质流运输。这个过程是因为依赖在细胞器上的肌球蛋白反推摆列在细胞四周的微丝形成的。绝大多半细胞质运动由微丝和微管达成。在

26、细胞分裂期间，中心粒四周的由微管蛋白亚基装置形成的纺锤体微管移向染色体。课后作业：第一第二篇阅读资料答案：1B,2C,3B,4B,5D,6c;1A,2B,3D,4AGlossarycytoplasm（细）胞质Thelivingcontentsofacellboundedexternallybytheplasmalemma,includinganaqueousgroundsubstance（hyaloplasm,cellsap,orcellmatrix）containingorganellesandvariousinclusionsbutexcludingthenucleusandvisible

27、vacuoles.cytoskeleton细胞骨架organizeandmoveitsinteftialcomponents.Thecytoskeletonalsohelpsfree-livingcellsmovethroughtheirenvironment.nucleus细胞核，核（复数nuclei）Theorganelleoftheeukaryotecellthatcontainsthechromosomesandhenceultimatelycontrolscellularactivityandinheritancethroughtheactivityofthegeneticmater

28、ial,DNAchromosome染色体ADNA-histonethreadresidinginthenucleusofacell.Eachchromosomepossessestwotelomeresandcentromere,andsomecontainanucleolusorganizer.aRNAproteinsareinvariablyassociatedwiththechromosome.nucleoid拟核，类核，核质体TheDNA-containingareaofaprokaryotecell,analogoustotheeukaryotenucleusbutnotmembra

29、nebounded.nucleoli核仁（单数nucleolus）Nuclearstructurescomposedofcompletedorpartiallycompletedribosomesandthespecificpartsofchromosomesthatcontaintheinfon-nationfortheirconstruction.nuclearenvelope核膜，核被膜Adoublemembrane（twolipidbilayersandassociatedproteins）thatistheoutermostportionofacellnucleus.ribosome

30、核糖体Smallstructurescomposedoftwoproteinandribonucleicacidsubunitsinvolvedintheassemblyofproteinsfromaminoacids.polysome多核糖体Ofproteinsynthesis,severalribosomesalltranslatingthesamemessengerRNAmolecule,oneaftertheother.endoplasmicreticulum内质网Foldedmembranesandtubesthroughouttheeukaryoticcellthatprovide

31、alargesurfaceuponwhichchemicalactivitiestakeplace.Golgicomplex高尔基复合体Astackofflattened,smooth,membranoussacs;thesiteofsynthesisandpackagingofcertainmoleculesineukaryoticcells.vacuole液泡Storagecontainerwithinthecytoplasmofacellhavingasurroundingmembrane.phagocytosis吞噬作用Theprocessbywhichthecellwrapsarou

32、ndaparticleandengulfsit.pinocytosis胞饮作用Theprocessbywhichacellengulfssomemoleculesdissolvedinwaterlysosome溶酶体Aspecializedorganellethatholdsamixtureofhydrolyticenzymes.mitochondrion线粒体（复数mitochondria）Amembranousorganelleresemblingasmallbagwithalargerbagresemblingasmallbagwithalargerbaginsidethatisfold

33、edbackonitself;servesasthesiteofaerobiccellularrespiration.plastid质体Anorganellepresentinallplantsexceptbacteria,blue-greenalgae,andfungi;itisenclosedbytwomembranes（theenvelope）andhasvariousfunctionschloroplast叶绿体Aplastidinwhichphotosynthesisiscarriedout.Chloroplastsoccurinallphotosyntheticorganismse

34、xceptphotosyntheticbacteriablue-greenalgae.stroma基质，子座（复数stromata）Regionwithinachloroplastthathasnochlorophyll.microfilament微丝，纤丝Long,fiberlikestructuresmadeofproteinandfoundincells,oftenincloseassociationwiththemicrotubules;providestructuralsupportandenablemovement.actin肌动蛋白Aglobularcontractileprot

35、ein.Inmusclecells,actininteractswithanotherprotein,myosin,tobringaboutcontraction.myosinmaiesin肌球蛋白Aproteinthat,withactin,constitutestheprincipalelementofthecontractileapparatusofmuscle.microtubute微管Small,hollowtubesofproteinthatfunctionthroughoutthecytoplasmtoprovidestructuralsupportandenablemoveme

36、nt.tubulin微管蛋白dynein动力蛋白，动素AgroupofatleastfourdistinctproteinsfoundintheflagellaandmicrotubulesofeukaryoticcellsandpossessingATPaseactivity.chemotaxis趋化性Alocomotorymovementofanorganismorcellinresponseto,anddirectedby,andirectionalstimulus.cilia纤毛Numerousshort,hairlikestructuresprojectingfromthecells

37、urfacethatenablelocomotion.flagella鞭毛（单数flagellum）basalbody基体Abodyidenticalinstructuretoacentriole,foundalwaysatthebaseofaciliumoreukaryoteflagellum.centriole中心粒Anorganellelocatedclosetothenucleusinmostanimalandlowerplantcellsbutabsentfromprokaryotesandhigherplants.LessonTwo(2学时)Photosynthesis教课目标：使

38、学生掌握细胞的光合作用机理，光合系统I与光合系统II结构与功能之间的关系。有关英语词汇以及主要用法。教课要点：光合作用中有关的看法和功能，及有关英语词汇的掌握教课难点：专业英语词汇的记忆解说方法：以学生翻译为主，老师解说有关专业知识协助学生理解讲课时间：4月5日教课内容：Photosynthesisoccursonlyinthechlorophyll-containingcellsofgreenplants,algae,andcertainprotistsandbacteria.Overall,itisaprocessthatconvertslightenergyintochemicalene

39、rgythatisstoredinthemolecularbonds.Fromthepointofviewofchemistryandenergetics,itistheoppositeofcellularrespiration.Whereascellularrespirationishighlyexergonicandreleasesenergy,photosynthesisrequiresenergyandishighlyendergonic.光合作用只发生在含有叶绿素的绿色植物细胞，海藻，某些原生动物和细菌之中。整体来说，这是一个将光能转变成化学能，并将能量储存在分子键中，从化学和动能学

40、角度来看，它是细胞呼吸作用的对峙面。细胞呼吸作用是高度放能的，光合作用是需要能量并高吸能的过程。PhotosynthesisstartswithCO2andH2Oasrawmaterialsandproceedsthroughtwosetsofpartialreactions.Inthefirstset,calledthelight-dependentreactions,watermoleculesaresplit(oxidized),02isreleased,andATPandNADPHareformed.Thesereactionsmusttakeplaceinthepresenceofl

41、ightenergy.Inthesecondset,calledlight-independentreactions,CO2isreduced(viatheadditionofHatoms)tocarbohydrate.ThesechemicaleventsrelyontheelectroncarrierNADPHandATPgeneratedbythefirstsetofreactions.光合作用以二氧化碳和水为原资料并经历两步化学反响。第一步，称光反响，水分子分解，氧分子开释，ATP和NADPH形成。此反响需要光能的存在。第二步，称暗反响，二氧化碳被复原成碳水化合物，这步反响依靠电子载体

42、NADPH以及第一步反响产生的ATP。Bothsetsofreactionstakeplaceinchloroplasts.Mostoftheenzymesandpigmentsforthelightdependentreactionsareembeddedinthethylakoidmembraneofchloroplasts.Thedarkreactionstakeplaceinthestroma.两步反响都发生在叶绿体中。光反响需要的大多半酶和色素包埋在叶绿体的类囊体膜上。暗反响发生在基质中。HowLightEnergyReachesPhotosyntheticCells(光合细胞怎样汲

43、取光能的)Theenergyinlightphotonsinthevisiblepartofthespectrumcanbecapturedbybiologicalmoleculestodoconstructivework.Thepigmentchlorophyllinplantcellsabsorbsphotonswithinaparticularabsorptionspectrumsstatementoftheamountoflightabsorbedbychlorophyllatdifferentwavelengths.Whenlightisabsorbeditaltersthearra

44、ngementofelectronsintheabsorbingmolecule.Theaddedenergyofthephotonbooststheenergyconditionofthemoleculefromastablestatetoaless-stableexcitedstate.Duringtheexcitationenergyistransmittedtoothermoleculesandstoredaschemicalenergy.生物分子能捕捉可见光谱中的光能。植物细胞中叶绿素在不一样光波下汲取部分汲取光谱。在汲取分子中，光的作用使分子中的电子发生重排。光子的能量激活了分子的

45、能量状态，使其从稳固态进入不稳固的激活态。Allphotosyntheticorganismscontainvariousclassesofchlorophyllsandoneormorecarotenoid(accessory)pigmentsthatalsocontributetophotosynthesis.Groupsofpigmentmoleculescalledantennacomplexesarepresentonthylakoids.Lightstrikinganyoneofthepigmentmoleculesisfunneledtoaspecialchlorophyllam

46、olecule,termedareaction-centerchlorophyll,whichdirectlyparticipatesinphotosynthesis.Mostphotosyntheticorganismspossesstwotypesofreaction-centerchlorophylls,P680andP700,eachassociatedwithanelectronacceptormoleculeandanelectrondonor.TheseaggregationsareknownrespectivelyasphotosystemI(P700)andphotosyst

47、emII(P680).所有的光合作用生物含有不一样样级的叶绿素和一个或多个类胡萝卜素(光合作用的协助色素)。称作天线复合体的色素分子群存在于类囊体中。激活色素分子的光能进入叶绿素反响中心，其直接参加光合作用。大部分光反响细胞器拥有两套反响中心，P680和P700，每个光系统都含有一个电子受体和电子供体。这些集合体就是大家熟悉的光合系统I和光合系统II。TheLight-DependentReaction:ConvertingSolarEnergyintoChemical-BondEnergy光反响：光能转变成化学键能Thephotosystemsofthelight-dependentreac

48、tionsareresponsibleforthepackagingoflightenergyinthechemicalcompoundsATPandNADPH.ThispackagingtakesplacethroughaseriesofoxidationreductionreactionssetinmotionwhenlightstrikestheP680reactioncenterinphotosystemI.Inthisinitialeventwatermoleculesarecleaved,oxygenisreleased,andelectronsaredonated.Theseelectronsareacceptedfirstbyplastoquinoneandthenbyaseriesofcarriersastheydescendanelectrontransportchain.Foreachfourelectronsthatpassdownthechain,twoATPsareformed.ThelastacceptorinthechainistheP700reactioncenterofphotosystemI.Atthispointincomingphotonsboosttheenerg