80张彩色英语语法学习.pdf

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1、Grammar Poster PackA simple sentence tells a complete thought.I like to write.All sentences begin with a capital letter and end with an end mark.SentenceTeacherJeanell2015The subject tells who or what the sentence is about.A grasshopper has six legs.What has six legs?A grasshopper.SubjectTeacherJean

2、ell2015The predicate tells what the subject does or is.The boy won the race.What did the boy do?He won the race.PredicateTeacherJeanell2015A telling sentence makes a statement.It ends with a period.Mom is on the phone.Telling SentenceTeacherJeanell2015A declarative sentence makes a statement.It ends

3、 with a period.Mom is on the phone.Declarative SentenceTeacherJeanell2015An asking sentence asks a question.It ends with a question mark.Do you like cats?Asking SentenceTeacherJeanell2015An interrogative sentence asks a question.It ends with a question mark.Do you like cats?Interrogative SentenceTea

4、cherJeanell2015A command sentence makes a request or tells someone to do something.It ends with a period or an exclamation mark.Rule:The subject is always you.orPick one.Pick one now!Command SentenceTeacherJeanell2015An imperative sentence makes a request or tells someone to do something.It ends wit

5、h a period or an exclamation mark.orPick one.Pick one now!Imperative SentenceRule:The subject is always you.TeacherJeanell2015An exciting sentence expresses strong feelings.It ends with an exclamation mark.I won!Exciting SentenceTeacherJeanell2015An exclamatory sentence expresses strong feelings.It

6、ends with an exclamation mark.I won!Exclamatory SentenceTeacherJeanell2015A compound sentence is made up of two simple sentences that are joined by a comma and a coordinating conjunction.My family went to the carnival,and we had a great time.Compound SentenceTeacherJeanell2015A coordinating conjunct

7、ion joins words,phrases,or sentences together.most common and-adds one thing to another but-shows contrast or-presents an alternative so-indicates effect for nor yetfor and nor but or yet so ConjunctionsTeacherJeanell2015A complex sentence contains an independent clause and a dependent clause.The tw

8、o clauses are joined by a subordinating conjunction.After I got home,I did my homework.I did my homework after I got home.Complex SentenceTeacherJeanell2015A subordinating conjunction connects a dependent clause to an independent clause.as as soon as where after before whenbecause since whyas as tho

9、ugh howalthough if unlessConjunctionsTeacherJeanell2015A run-on sentence happens when two sentences are joined without punctuation or a conjunction.It is cold I put on my coat.Compound Sentence It is cold,so I put on my coat.Simple Sentences It is cold.I put on my coat.Run-on SentenceTeacherJeanell2

10、015A sentence fragment is an incomplete sentence.It is missing either the subject or the main verb.Likes to read.?She likes to read.subjectSentence FragmentTeacherJeanell2015A prepositional phrase is a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or a pronoun.The mail is in the

11、 mailbox.preposition nounPrepositional PhrasesTeacherJeanell2015A preposition connects a noun or a pronoun to other words in a sentence.It shows direction,location,time,or relationship.are about aboveCommon Prepositionsat behind downfor from inacross after aroundnear of onover to under withPrepositi

12、onsTeacherJeanell2015An introductory word helps to introduce a sentence.Rule:Use a comma after an introductory word to separate the introduction from the rest of the sentence.Yes,I am going to the park.Introductory Wordsfinally,first,however,in fact,next,no,therefore,well,yes TeacherJeanell2015An in

13、terjection expresses strong emotions.Rule:Use an exclamation mark or a comma to separate the interjection from the rest of the sentence.hey,hooray,no,oh,ouch,wow,yesOuch!That hurt.Ouch,that hurt.InterjectionsTeacherJeanell2015An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word.It begins with a capital let

14、ter and ends with a period.MonthsJan.Feb.Mar.Apr.Aug.Sept.Oct.Nov.Dec.DaysSun.Mon.Tues.Wed.Thurs.Fri.Sat.TitlesMrs.Ms.Mr.Sr.Jr.Dr.Capt.StreetsAve.Dr.Rd.St.TimesA.M.P.M.AbbreviationsTeacherJeanell2015Rule:An apostrophe()replaces the letter or A contraction is a short way of writing and saying two wor

15、ds.ContractionsShes jumping on a trampoline.She isletters that have been left out.TeacherJeanell2015A serial comma is used to separate three or more items in a series.Mom made a delicious soup with carrots,mushrooms,broccoli,and meat.Serial CommaTeacherJeanell2015A colon is used to introduce a list

16、or draw attention to information that follows.Rule:Use summary words like the following or these things to introduce a list following a complete sentence.Dad is grilling the following:steak,shish kabobs,and sausage.Dad likes to grill all kinds of food:steak,shish kabobs,and sausage.ColonsTeacherJean

17、ell2015Parentheses are used around words in a sentence to add information.The graph(see figure 3)will help you understand the results.figure 3ParenthesesTeacherJeanell2015Use quotation marks before and after the exact words of the speaker.Rule:The end mark goes inside the quotation marks.Andy said,“

18、I like to paint.”I like to paint.Quotation MarksTeacherJeanell2015girlflowerhouseThingPersonPlaceA common noun names a person,place,or thing.Common NounsTeacherJeanell2015A common noun names a person,place,thing,or animal.girlflowercathouseThingPersonPlaceAnimalCommon NounsTeacherJeanell2015A proper

19、 noun names a specific noun.Rule:A proper noun always begins with a capital letter.JillPersonThingPlaceHeinz KetchupLincoln Elementary SchoolProper NounsTeacherJeanell2015A plural noun names more than one noun.Rule:Add-s to make most nouns plural.clock clocksdogdogsappleapplesPlural NounsTeacherJean

20、ell2015A plural noun names more than one noun.Rule:Add-es to nouns that end in s,ss,x,ch,or sh.busbuses glassglassesboxboxes watchwatchesbushbushesPlural NounsTeacherJeanell2015A plural noun names more than one noun.babybabiescherry cherriesflyfliesRule:Change y to i and add-es to make the plural of

21、 nouns that end in a consonant and y.Plural NounsTeacherJeanell2015A plural noun names more than one noun.leafleavesRules:If the final f sound is still heard in the plural form of the word,simply add s.If the final f sound has the sound of v in the plural form,change the f to v and add-es.giraffegir

22、affesPlural NounsTeacherJeanell2015dog dogs apple apples box boxes watch watchescherry cherries baby babiesRules:Add-s to most nouns.Add-s to nouns that end in-e.Add-es to nouns that end in s,ss,x,z,ch,or sh.Change y to i and add-es to make the plural of nouns that end in a consonant and y.Plural No

23、unsTeacherJeanell2015mousemiceteethmanmenchildchildrenpersonpeopleSome irregular nouns become plural by taking on an irregular spelling.toothIrregular NounsTeacherJeanell2015Some irregular nouns have the same singular and plural form.fishfishsheepsheeppantspantsglassesglassesscissorsscissorsIrregula

24、r NounsTeacherJeanell2015A possessive noun shows ownership.Rule:Add an apostrophe()and-s to form the possessive of a singular noun.The girls brush is brown.Singular NounsPossessive NounsTeacherJeanell2015A possessive noun shows ownership.The dogs bowl is full.Rule:Add an apostrophe()to form the poss

25、essive of a plural noun that ends in-s.Plural NounsPossessive NounsTeacherJeanell2015diveswimrunrideAn action verb tells what the subject is doing.digAction VerbsTeacherJeanell2015A linking verb doesnt show action.It links the subject to other words in the sentence.A butterfly is an insect.Linking V

26、erbsTeacherJeanell2015A helping verb helps the main verb express mood,tense,or voice.We have walked three miles already.Helping VerbsTeacherJeanell2015am is are was were be being beenLinking VerbsHelping Verbswill shalldo does didam is are was were be being beenappear become feel grow look remain se

27、em smell soundhave has hadcan could should wouldmay might musttaste turnVerbsTeacherJeanell2015The present tense tells about an action that is happening now.He sleeps.Rule:When the subject is or means he,she,or it add-s to the base form of the verb.Present TenseTeacherJeanell2015The present tense te

28、lls about an action that is happening now.He is sleeping.Rules:Use am when the subject is I.Use is for singular subjects and are for plural subjects.Add-ing to the base form of the verb.Present TenseTeacherJeanell2015The past tense tells about an action that already happened.We visited grandma last

29、week.Rule:Add-ed to most verbs.Past TenseTeacherJeanell2015The past tense tells about an action that already happened.Rule:If the verb ends in a consonant with a vowel before it,double the consonant and add-ed.The rabbit hopped.Past TenseTeacherJeanell2015visit visited watch watched love loved bake

30、bakedstop stopped hop hoppedRules:Add-ed to most verbs.Add-d to verbs that end in-e.If the verb ends in a consonant with a vowel before it,double the consonant and add-ed.Past Tense VerbsTeacherJeanell2015The future tense tells about an action that is in the future.It will rain tomorrow.Rule:Use wil

31、l or shall with the base form of the verb.Future TenseTeacherJeanell2015The verb tense tells when the action of the verb takes place.Future Tense The action will happen in the future.Present Tense The action is happening now.It rained yesterday.It is raining.It will rain tomorrow.Past Tense The acti

32、on already happened.Verb TensesTeacherJeanell2015I Past TensePresent TensewasamFuture Tensewill beSubject-Verb Agreement(verb“to be”)TeacherJeanell2015Past TensePresent TensewasisFuture Tensewill bePast TensePresent TensewereareFuture Tensewill beSubject-Verb Agreement(verb“to be”)Singular Subjects

33、Plural Subjects we,they you-(singular subject)he,she,itTeacherJeanell2015Past TensePresent TensehadhasPast TensePresent TensehadhaveSubject-Verb Agreement(helping verbs)Singular Subjects Plural Subjects we,they he,she,ityou,I-(singular subjects)TeacherJeanell2015Singular Subjects Past TensePresent T

34、ensePlural Subjects Past TensePresent TenseSubject-Verb Agreement(helping verbs)we,they you,I-(singular subjects)he,she,itdiddoesdiddoTeacherJeanell2015Past TensePresent TensewentgoesPast TensePresent TensewentgoSubject-Verb Agreement(irregular verbs)Singular Subjects Plural Subjects we,they you,I-(

35、singular subjects)he,she,itTeacherJeanell2015Past TensePresent TensePast TensePresent TenseSubject-Verb Agreement(irregular verbs)sawseessawseeSingular Subjects Plural Subjects we,they you,I-(singular subjects)he,she,itTeacherJeanell2015Past TensePresent TensePast TensePresent TenseSubject-Verb Agre

36、ement(irregular verbs)saidsayssaidsaywe,they you,I-(singular subjects)he,she,itSingular Subjects Plural Subjects TeacherJeanell2015Past TensePresent TensePast TensePresent TenseSubject-Verb Agreement(irregular verbs)we,they you,I-(singular subjects)he,she,itcamecomescamecomeSingular Subjects Plural

37、Subjects TeacherJeanell2015Past TensePresent TensePast TensePresent TenseSubject-Verb Agreement(irregular verbs)we,they you,I-(singular subjects)he,she,itranrunsranrunSingular Subjects Plural Subjects TeacherJeanell2015Past TensePresent TensePast TensePresent TenseSubject-Verb Agreement(irregular ve

38、rbs)we,they you,I-(singular subjects)he,she,itsangsingssangsingSingular Subjects Plural Subjects TeacherJeanell2015Past TensePresent TensePast TensePresent TenseSubject-Verb Agreement(irregular verbs)we,they you,I-(singular subjects)he,she,itgavegivesgavegiveSingular Subjects Plural Subjects Teacher

39、Jeanell2015A pronoun takes the place of a noun.Rule:A pronoun must agree with the noun it replaces.Mom said she loves me.PronounsTeacherJeanell2015I he she it youPluralSingularSubject PronounsObject Pronounsme him her it you they we youSubject PronounsObject Pronounsthem us youSubject and Object Pro

40、nounsTeacherJeanell2015my your his her its our theirPossessive AdjectivesPossessive Pronounsmine yours his hers its ours theirsPossessive adjectives and possessive pronouns show ownership.That kite is mine.That is my kite.Possessive Adjectives and Possessive PronounsTeacherJeanell2015A reflexive pro

41、noun refers back to the subject of the sentence.I am teaching myself to jump rope.singular-herself,himself,itself,myself,yourself plural-ourselves,themselves,yourselvesReflexive PronounsTeacherJeanell2015An adjective describes a noun or a pronoun.Adjectives tell what kind,how many,or which one.She i

42、s a cute cat.what kindI have two bears.how manyThis beachball is my favorite.which oneAdjectivesTeacherJeanell2015A sensory word tells what a noun or pronoun looks,sounds,smells,tastes,or feels like.The dip is spicy.nounsensory word Sensory WordsTeacherJeanell2015Indefinite ArticlesI ate an apple fo

43、r lunch.Use before a general singular noun that starts with a consonant sound.I ate a banana for lunch.Use before a general singular noun that starts with a vowel sound.An article is a special adjective.aanDefinite ArticletheUse before a specific singular or plural noun.The sun was very bright today

44、.ArticlesTeacherJeanell2015tall taller old older safe safer large largerhot hotter big biggerRules:Add-er to most adjectives.Add-r to adjectives that end in e.Double the consonant and add-er to adjectives that end in a single consonant with a vowel before it.A comparative adjective compares two noun

45、s.Comparative Adjectives(one syllable words)TeacherJeanell2015careful more carefulhappy happier busy busierRules:Add the word more.A comparative adjective compares two nouns.If the adjective ends in a consonant and y,change the y to i and add-er.Do not use-er with the word more.Comparative Adjective

46、s(two or more syllable words)TeacherJeanell2015tall tallest old oldest safe safest large largesthot hottest big biggestRules:Add-est to most adjectives.Add-st to adjectives that end in e.Double the consonant and add-est to adjectives that end in a single consonant with a vowel before it.A superlativ

47、e adjective compares three or more nouns.Superlative Adjectives(one syllable words)TeacherJeanell2015careful most carefulhappy happiest busy busiestRules:Add the word most.A superlative adjective compares three or more nouns.If the adjective ends in a consonant and y,change the y to i and add-est.Do

48、 not use-est with the word most.Superlative Adjectives(two or more syllable words)TeacherJeanell2015An adverb tells more about a verb,adjective,or another adverb.Adverbs tell us how,when,where,and why.The cat played loudly.The very talented cat played the violin.The cat plays quite loudly.adjectivea

49、dverbadverbadverbadverbverbAdverbsTeacherJeanell2015Rule:Use only one negative word in a sentence.Two negative words make a positive.A negative means no.It expresses a meaning that is the opposite of positive.no-any never-evernothing-anything nobody-anybodyno one-anyone nowhere-anywhereI never saw n

50、othing.I never saw anything.Negativenegative positiveTeacherJeanell2015A compound word is made up of two or more words.firemanfiremanCompound WordsTeacherJeanell2015Synonyms are words that have the same or almost the same meaning.jump/leapkid/childneat/tidySynonymsTeacherJeanell2015Antonyms are word