2021届全国新高考英语冲刺复习 高考阅读能力提升-整体阅读和文体结构.pdf

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1、2021届全国新高考英语冲刺复习高考阅读能力提升整体阅读与文体结构探究一、学情分析：培养学生的阅读能力是高中英语教学的重要任务之一。本课旨在培养学生良好的阅读习惯、方法，使其掌握高级阅读技能，提高阅读水平。新课标明确指出要能识别不同文体的特征；考纲要求考生读懂公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章.考生应能：理解主旨和要义；（简称主旨）（2）理解文中具体信息；（简称细节）根据上下文推断生词的词义；（简称猜词）作出简单判断和推理；（简称推理）（5）理解文章的基本结构；理解句子、段落之间的逻辑关系（简称结构）（6）理解作者的意图、观点和态度。（简称意图）。从近年高考答题情况发现

2、，考生在理解文中具体信息方面的能力较好。相对来说，根据所读内容做出判断和推理以及理解作者意图、观点和态度的能力较弱。因此本节课着重训练学生这些较高层次处理信息能力：利用文体结构特点，利用句子主干，跟随作者，抓住文意，抓住作者的意图。二、整体设计思路：高考英语命题原则：突出语篇，强调应用，注重实际，即：“三语”原则：语境、语篇、语感。本课重点定位在语篇上，力求培养语篇领悟能力和解析能力。本课将利用多个语篇，分析示范，灌输对各种文体结构分析的方法和技巧，然后学生输出运用，训练自身分析篇章结构，把握文章逻辑关系，找准文章主题、中心思想、段落大意以及作者意图和态度的能力。三、教学目标（一）语言素养技能

3、目标1 .提高阅读和整理信息的能力。2 .提高学生对语篇文体结构的认识和理解3 .能根据文体用多样化的方法处理语篇。（二）品格培养目标1 .能与同伴合作探究，有合作意识并会合作2 .能认真观察，独立思考，从模仿出发，发散思维，能创造性的使用各种分析语篇方法。四、教学重难点教学重点：使学生能够模仿并自主使用多样化方法处理语篇。教学难点：培养学生语篇结构分析能力，培养学生从整体阅读到细节阅读能力，找准逻辑关系，找准中心句，找准段落大意和作者意图的能力。五、教学过程S t e p I ：L e a d-i nWhat would you do when you are trying to write

4、 an article?Passage Tree J Five kinds of structures:首段（先立论后摆事实讲道理）一正三角形（）-总分结构尾段（先摆事实，后作结论）-倒 三 角 形（）分总结构文中（先引入话题，中间分析，最后总结）一-棱 形（）-总分总结构文中（次要-主要-次要）-一沙漏形X）分总分结构主旨不明显，隐含在段意中，可根据已知细节归纳中心思想-矩 形（）一形散神不散（故事类文章）I I.L e a rni ng a nd re a d i ng:How to make fast-reading?文 章 f 题 目/首 段（核心词）一一文章话题中心一一确立文体（应用

5、文/议论文/说明文）和结构I 支撑段或扩展段读出四要素-确立记叙文和结构段落结构 f 主题句（Topic Sentence）,即本段话题中心（常为段首句）支撑句或扩展句（Developing D etails）If there is one thing Im quite sure about,it is that in a hundred years from now we still be readingnewspapers.Not those newspapers are a necessity.Even now some people get most of the news from

6、thetelevision or have the radio switched on in the background or in the car.Many buy a paper only on Saturday orSunday.But for most people a newspaper has become a habit passed down from generation to generation.The nature of what is news may change.What essentially（本质上）makes news is whataffects our

7、 lives-the big political stories,the coverage of the wars,earthquakes and other disasters,willcontinue much the same.I think there will be more coverage of scientific research,though.It?s already happeningin areas that may directly affect our lives,like genetic engineering.In the future I think ther

8、e will be morecoverage of scientific explanations of why we feel as we do-as we develop a better understanding of how thebrain operates and what our feelings really are.Its quite possible that in the next century newspaper will be transmitted electronically from Fleet Street andprinted out in our ow

9、n homes.In fact,Im pretty sure that that is how it will happen in the future.YouHprobably be able to choose from a menu,making up your own newspaper by picking out the things you want toread-sports and international news etc.I think people have got it wrong when they talk about the competition betwe

10、en the different media.They actually feed off each other.Some people once foresaw that television would kill off newspapers,but thathasnt happened.What is read on the printed page lasts longer than pictures on a screen or sound lost in the air.And as for the Internet,its never really pleasant to rea

11、d something just on a screen.语篇分析：支持细节句整体阅读：本文共有 个自然段，各个段落之间为 结构，文体为 0Paral：Topic sentence：If there is one thing Im quite sure about,it is that in a hundred years from now westill be reading newspapers.讲述作者的观点，即一百年后人们仍要读报，为全文的中心段Para2：topic sentence：The nature of what is news may change.即新闻的本质会改变。Pa

12、ra3：讲述读者将会根据自己的兴趣编辑报纸。Para4：topic sentence：I think people have got it wrong when they talk about the competition between thedifferent media.即人们错误地谈论了媒体间的竞争。细节阅读Para4段落结构梳理：第一句是主旨句厂 第二句(They actually feed off each other.)讲各种媒体互相依靠，第三句(Some people once foresaw that television would kill off newspapers

13、,but that hasnthappened.)讲，有些人预测电视会使报纸消失,但是这并没有发生，、第四句(What is read on the printed page lasts longer than pictures on a screen or soundlost in the air.)讲，打印的材料比电视上的图片和声音延续的时间要长，第五句(And as for the Internet,its never really pleasant to read something just on a screen.)讲至l于说到网络，人们不会只满足于阅读屏幕上的材料,还需要看报纸来

14、迎合个人的习惯。阅读思路总结：整体阅读-细节阅读：全文(中心)一段落(分层)一单句(联络)整体阅读：结构，文体，中心话题，上下文关系解题：1.What is the best title for the passage?A.The Best Way to Get New B.The Changes of MediaC.Make Your Own Newspaper D.The Future of Newspaper2.In he writers opinion,in the future,.A.more big political affairs,wars and disasters will

15、 make newsB.newspapers will not be printed in publishing houses any longerC.newspapers will cover more scientific research D.more and more people will watch TV3.What will probably be on in the newspaper made by yourself?A.Sports and international news.B.A menu of important news.C.The most important

16、news.D.What you are interested in.4.From the passage,we can infer.A.newspapers will win the competition among the different mediaB.newspapers will stay with us together with other mediaC.television will take the place of newspaper D.the writer believe some media will die out5.The phrase feed off in

17、the last paragraph means.A.depend on B.match with C.fight with D.kill off(Answe亡 DCDBA)IV.Further learning(不同文体的文章结构特点、命题特点探究。)故事类阅读理解技巧点拨一记叙文短篇故事-描述：事情的发生发展及结局-四要素：人物、时间、地点和事件结构：故事+情感，议论和抒情夹杂其中一划出体现作者观点或思想的语句目的明确：或阐明某一观点，或赞美某种品德，或抨击某种陋习注意:r故事的情节、人物或事件之间的关系抓住情节发展的主线i.2.3.4.以人物或事物为线索以事件发展为线索以主人公思想感情变

18、化为主线以一句富有寓意的话为主线。作者的议论和抒情、文章结尾揭示文章中心，表明作者态度（提示：标题通常就是文章的线索。）作者的态度及意图、故事前因后果的推测、故事的主旨大意Zachariah Fike has an unusual hobby.He finds old military（军队的）medals for sale in antique stores andon the Internet.But unlike most collectors,Zac tracks down the medals rightful owners,and returns them.His effort t

19、o reunite families with lost medals began with a Christmas gift from his mother,a Purple Heartwith the name Corrado A.G.Piccoli,found in an antique shop.Zac knows the meaning of a Purple Heartheearned one himself in a war as a soldier.So when his mother gave him the medal,he knew right away what heh

20、ad to do.Through the Internet,Zac tracked down Corrado s sister Adeline Rockko.But when he finallyreached her,the woman flooded him with questions:Who are you?What antique shop?However,whenshe hung up,she regretted the way she had handled the call.So she called Zac back and apologized.Soon shedrove

21、to meet Zac in Watertown,N.Y.At that point,I knew she meant business,Zac says.To drive eight hoursto come to see me.The Piccolis grew up the children of Italian immigrants in Watertown.Corrado,a translator for the Armyduring WWII,was killed in action in Europe.Before hearing from Zac,Adeline hadnt r

22、ealized the medal was missing.Like many military medals,theone Zacs mother had found was a family treasure.This medal was very precious to my parents.Only on specialoccasions（场合）would they take it out and let us hold it in our hands,Adeline says.As a child,Adeline couldnt understand why the medal wa

23、s so significant./zBut as I grew older;Adeline says,and missed my brother more and more,I realized that was the only thing we had left.Corrado Piccolis PurpleHeart medal now hangs at the Italian American Civic Association in Watertown.21.Where did Zac get a Purple Heart medal for himself?A.In the ar

24、my.B.In antique shop.C.From his mother.D.From Adeline Rockko22.What did Zac realize when Adeline drove to meet him?A.She was very impolite.B.She was serious about the medal.C.She suspected his honesty.D.She came from a wealthy23.What made Adeline treasure the Purple Heart?A.Her parents,advice.B.Her

25、knowledge of antiques.C.Her childhood dream.D.Her memory of her brother.语篇分析：整体阅读：本文共有 个自然段，各个段落之间为 结构，文体为。Paral：讲述作者的观点，即一百年后人们仍要读报，为全文的中心段Topic sentence：If there is one thing Im quite sure about,it is that in a hundred years from now we still bereading newspapers.Para2：topic sentence：The nature of

26、 what is news may change.即新闻的本质会改变。Para3：讲述读者将会根据自己的兴趣编辑报纸。Para4：topic sentence：I think people have got it wrong when they talk about the competition between thedifferent media.即人们错误地谈论了媒体间的竞争。Parti引出说明对象，激发读者阅读兴趣Part2阐述说明对象，重点说明事物特征Part3对说明对象做总结，概况事物特征21.A 22.B 23.D（二）科普类阅读理解技巧-说明文文体特点-1.专业术语、复合词、缩

27、略词及利用前后缀构成的派生词2.句子结构复杂，长难句较多，考生对其望而生畏，不知如何下手特别提醒：内容简单的文章，题目的思维含量高，难度大，如故事类。内容庞杂、生词术语较多的文章，题目却相对会简单。（命题者调控试卷难度的手段）切入点：篇章结构特点：结构严谨，层次分明，段落清晰，逻辑性强。事物说明文-总分式，其 中“分”的部分又常按并列方式安排 事理说明文-递进式，一层一层剖析事理。I 科普说明文-总分总，即-解题技巧：1.运用Skimming（略读法）和 Scanning（查读法）阅读技巧，巧妙解答细节a.采用略读法，快速整体阅读，要重点留意文章的开头、结尾以及段落的首句和段尾句，把握主题思想

28、与段落大意。b.摸清文章结构后，读阅读问题，抓住题干中的关键词，到短文中圈定大致的答题范围。c.确定大致答题范围后可采用查读法到原文中查找特定的细节信息。2.精读首尾两段或段落首尾句，准确解答主旨大意和结构题V.Practice time:The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research.Recent studieshave found positive effects.A study conducted in Youngstown,Ohio,for example

29、,discovered that greener areasof the city experienced less crime.In another,employees were shown to be 15%more productive when theirworkplaces were decorated with houseplants.The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology（MIT）have taken it a step further changing theactual composition of

30、 plants in order to get them to perform diverse,even unusual functions.These includeplants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when theyre short of water and a plant that candetect harmful chemicals in groundwater.Were thinking about how we can engineer plants to replacefunctions of

31、the things that we use every day,n explained Michael Strano,a professor of chemical engineering atMIT.One of his latest projects has been to make plants grow（发光）in experiments using some commonvegetables.Stranos team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours.The light,abo

32、utone-thousandth of the amount needed to read by,is just a start.The technology,Strano said,could one day beused to light the rooms or even to turn tree into self-powered street lamps.in the future,the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leavesin a one-of

33、f treatment that would last the plants lifetime.The engineers are also trying to develop an on andoffH switch where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.Lighting accounts for about 7%of the total electricity consumed in the US.Since lighting is often farremoved from the power source（电源）such

34、as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remotehighway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission（传输）.Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.32.What is the first paragraph mainly about?A.A new study of different plants.B.A big fall in crime rates.C.E

35、mployees from various workplaces.D.Benefits from green plants.33.What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineer?A.To detect plants lack of water B.To change compositions of plantsC.To make the life of plants longer.D.To test chemicals in plants.34.What can we expect of t

36、he glowing plants in the future?A.They will speed up energy production.B.They may transmit electricity to the home.C.They might help reduce energy consumption.D.They could take the place of power plants.35.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A.Can we grow more glowing plants?B.

37、How do we live with glowing plants?C.Could glowing plants replace lamps?D.How are glowing plants made pollution-free?（三）新闻类阅读理解技巧点拨消息报道类新闻-即刻告诉读者发生了什么事情主要内容高度概括在前面-前三段或者第一段，再一一讲解前因后果切入点：熟悉新闻类的倒金字塔结构如：（第一段）London s newest skyscraper（摩天大楼）is called the Shard and it cost about 430 millionpounds to buil

38、d.At a height of almost 310 metres,it is the tallest building in Europe.The Shard has completelychanged the appearance of London.However,not everyone thinks that it is a change for the better.58 Which would be the best title for the passage?A.The Shard:Cheers and Claps B.The Shard:Work of a Great Ar

39、chitectC.The Shard:New Symbol of London?D.The Shard:A Change for the Better?（四）社会现象类阅读理解技巧点拨议论文：对某一社会现象或热点的揭示和分析，或表达作者对某一社会现象的观点和态度，其主要目的是反映问题，揭露矛盾，揭示事物发展的规律，向人们提供经验教训和改进办法。篇章结构三部 分:现 象（phenomenon）分 析（analysis）和 结 论（conclusion）A.引入话题，陈述现象一具体话题 分 率 一 一分论点具体结论，总结意义和作用=作者的观点（总结论）分论点二 一B.引入话题，陈述现象一提出建议、

40、观 点 分 论即二 论总结论分论点二C.开宗明义，提出观点（开头）-一分析-再次总结Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running,research shows,while most likely contributing tofewer injuries.It does,however,have its own problem.Race walkers are conditioned athletes.The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the50

41、-kilometer race walk,which is about five miles longer than the marathon.But the sports rules require that arace walkers knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact（接触）with theground at all times.Its this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive act

42、ivity,however,says JaclynNorberg,an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem,Mass.Like running,race walking is physically demanding,she says,According to most calculations,race walkersmoving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories（卡路里）per hour;

43、which is approximatelytwice as many as they would burn walking,although fewer than running,which would probably burn about1,000 or more calories per hour.However;race walking does not pound the body as much as running does,Dr.Norberg says.According to herresearch,runners hit the ground with as much

44、as four times their body weight per step,while race walkers,whodo not leave the ground,create only about 1.4 times their body weight with each step.As a result,she says,some of the injuries associated with running,such as runners knee,are uncommonamong race walkers.But the sports strange form does p

45、lace considerable stress on the ankles and hips,sopeople with a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport.In fact,anyone wishing totry race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique,she says.Ittakes some practice.28.Wh

46、y are race walkers conditioned athletes?A.They must run long distances.B.They are qualified for the marathon.C.They have to follow special rules.D.They are good at swinging their legs.29.What advantage does race walking have over running?A.Its more popular at the Olympics.B.Its less challenging phys

47、ically.C.Its more effective in body building.D.Its less likely to cause knee injuries.30 What is Dr.Norbergs suggestion for someone trying race walking?A.Getting experts opinions.B.Having a medical checkup.C.Hiring an experienced coach.D.Doing regular exercises.31.Which word best describes the authors attitude to race walking?A.Skeptical.B.Objective.C.Tolerant.D.Conservative.VI.Sunimary：VII.Homework: