单元八 介词(精讲案)——2024届高考英语解锁大单元一轮复习【配套新教材】.docx
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1、单元八 介词(精讲案)2024届高考英语解锁大单元一轮复习【配套新教材】一、表示时间和日期的介词1. in, on, atin用在表示年份、季节、月份,或泛指上午、下午或晚上的名词前on用在表示某一天或某一天的上午、下午或晚上的名词前at用在表示某一时刻或时间上的某一点的名词前例:We will have a meeting at 8 oclock in the morning on Sunday.我们将在星期天早上八点钟开会。2. for, during, through for后接一段时间,表示某事持续多久,多与完成时连用during表示在期间through表示一直,自始至终例:The n
2、ew boy looked at the teacher for a few seconds.这个新来的男孩看了老师几秒钟。I went to France during the summer holiday.暑假期间我去了法国。They worked hard through the winter.整个冬天他们都在努力工作。3. from, sincefrom表示时间的起点,意为从,多用于from.to/ till.中since表示自从以来例:I have been waiting here from morning till noon.我在这里从早上等到了中午。Great changes
3、have taken place in our school since Dec, 2015.自从2015年12月以来,我们学校发生了很大变化。注意:for和since都常与完成时连用,但for接时间段,since接时间点如:for two hours (持续)两小时;since last week 从上周直到现在4. before, by, till/ untilbefore表示在之前,与after相对by指不迟于,到时为止,在以前,by后接过去时间时,常与过去完成时连用;by后接将来时间时,常与将来完成时连用till/ until表示直到为止,在肯定句中,till/ until必须与延续性
4、动词连用;在否定句中,till/ until常与非延续性动词连用例:Please come before ten oclock.请在十点钟以前回来。September 30 is the day by which you must pay your bill.在9月30日之前,你必须支付账单。You must wait for him till/ until tomorrow.你必须一直等他到明天。5. after, inafter+一段时间:表示在之后,用于一般过去时;但当after后跟时间点时,可用于各种时态in+一段时间:表示以说话时为起点一段时间之后,与一般将来时连用;但表示在之内时,
5、可用于各种时态例:After eight it began to rain.八点后开始下雨。Jane is in a hurry because the train to the airport leaves in half an hour.简很匆忙,因为去机场的火车半小时内就发车了。二、方位介词介词意义例句in在之内The students are reading in the classroom.学生们在教室里读书。on在上面The boat is on the river.那条船在河上。over在(正)上方There are several bridges over the river.
6、河上有好几座桥。under在(正)下方The boat sailed under the river.船行驶在河上。above在上方The plane flew above the clouds.飞机在云上飞行。below在下方The sun sinks below the horizon.太阳沉没在地平线下。by在旁边Our house is by the river.我们的房子在河边。besideCome and sit beside me.过来坐在我旁边。near在附近I dont need a car because I live near the city centre.我不需要汽车
7、,因为我住在靠近市中心。next to紧挨My best friend sits next to me in class.上课时我最好的朋友坐在我的旁边。behind在后面Olive hid behind a tree.奥列弗藏在一棵树后面.before在之前He made a speech before a large audience.他在许多观众面前发表了讲话。outside在外面He parked his car outside the heater.他把汽车停在剧场外面。(a)round围绕All sat around the table.所有的人围绕着桌子坐。三、表示计量的介词1.
8、 at表示以速度,以价格例:He bargained with the assistant, trying to get this bicycle at a low price.他和店员讨价还价,试图便宜买下这辆自行车。2. for表示用交换,以为代价例:He sold his car for 500 dollars.他以五百美元把车卖了。3. by表示按计算,后跟度量单位。接具体单位时,该名词前用定冠词the;接具体度量名词时,该名词前不加冠词例:They are paid by the day.他们按天计算报酬。四、表工具、手段、方式的介词1. 表示出行方式的by, in, on(1) b
9、y 不涉及交通工具的名词且名词前不带冠词、物主代词例:by sea, by water, by land, by air 涉及交通工具的单数名词且该名词前不加冠词等修饰语例:by bike, by taxi, by plane, by ship/ boat, by train, by spaceship(2) in, on 当出行方式涉及特指的交通工具时,用on或in,名词前应有冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰语例:travel to New York on this plane, go to school in my car 步行、骑马、骑骆驼均用on例:on foot, on horseba
10、ck/ on a horse, on a camel2. with, in(1) with用于有形的工具或身体某些器官之前,其后的名词多被冠词、物主代词等修饰例:They are digging with a pick/ spade.他们正用一把镐/铲挖。(2) in后加原料、语言、钢笔、铅笔等;in后加大小写字母例:Please answer me in English.请用英语回答我。Please write in capital letters.请用大写字母写。3. 注意以下固定短语on/ over the telephone/ radio 通过电话/ 广播in this/ that w
11、ay 这样/ 那样by this/ that means 用这/ 那种方式with this/ that method 用这/ 那种方式五、表示除之外的介词1. besides表示包含,除之外还有。except表示排除,除之外,指整体里面排除部分,后面可接代词、副词、介词短语,还可接that从句或wh-从句。2. but表示排除,多与nobody,none,no one,nothing,anything,everyone,all,who等连用,其后可以接不定式。3. except for表示除之外,常在说明基本情况后,从细节上加以修正。4. apart from表示此外,除之外还有时,相当于b
12、esides/ as well as;表示撇开来说,除去时,相当于except (for)。5. in addition to表示除之外还有,相当于besides。例:Apart from going shopping, the old lady likes walking except when it rains.天不下雨时,这位老太太除了购物还喜欢散步。It is a beautiful city, except for its traffic.除了交通问题,它是一座美丽的城市。六、表示原因的介词1. for表示原因,常与sorry,famous,punish,praise,thank,b
13、lame等词连用例:The Smiths are praised for the way they bring up their children.史密斯夫妇因培养孩子的方式而受到了表扬。2. at指情感变化的原因,意为因听到或看到而例:He was surprised at the news.他对这个消息感到吃惊。3. from指外在的原因,如受伤、车祸、劳累等例:Suffering from overwork, she is out of shape.由于工作过度,她健康状况不好。4. of指内在的原因,如疾病、饥饿、年老等例:If they dont find enough bamboo
14、, pandas will die of hunger.如果找不到足够的竹子,熊猫会死于饥饿。5. with指生理上或情感上的由外界到内心的原因例:He was trembling with cold.他冷得发抖。6. by表示外部的,尤其是暴力的或无意中造成某种结果的原因例:She took your umbrella by mistake.她错拿了你的伞。七、of和to1. of + 抽象名词 = 形容词(1) of + great/ much + 抽象名词 = very + 形容词(2) of + no + 抽象名词 = not + 形容词例:The book is of great v
15、alue to our research.这本书对我们的研究有很大价值。This old machine is of no use.这台旧机器没用了。2. to + ones + 情感名词 = to the + 情感名词 + of sb.例:To our great surprise, the boy lied to the teacher.令我们非常吃惊的是,那个男孩对老师撒谎了。To my great amusement, his false beard fell off. 使我感到极其好笑的是,他的假胡子掉下来了。八、against的用法1.(表示方向)与方向相反;逆着;迎着;顶着。例:
16、against the wind 迎着风;逆着风2.(表示方位)紧靠着;倚靠着。例:against the wall 靠着墙3.(表示对比)和比;和对照;以为背景。例:against the blue sky 以蓝天为背景4.(表示对象)对不利;对有害;以为竞争对手;违反;违背。例:fight against 同战斗;against the natural law 违背自然规律It was a real race against time to get the project done. Luckily, we made it.完成这项工程的确是和时间的一场赛跑。幸运的是,我们做到了。九、be
17、yond的用法1. 表示(时间)过了,比晚,迟于。例:They arrived beyond nine oclock.他们过了9点才到。He delayed the matter beyond the fixed time.他把那件事拖过了规定的时间。2. 表示(位置)在的那边,在以外。例:The small village is 20 miles beyond the town.那个小村庄在离城20英里以外的地方。The village is beyond the mountain.村庄在山的那边。These students came from beyond the seas.这些学生来自
18、海外。3. 表示(范围)超过,为所不及。例:This book is beyond me.这本书我看不懂。He is living beyond his income.他的生活入不敷出。Her work is beyond praise.她的工作令人赞不绝口。Good health is beyond price.健康的身体是无价之宝。It was a case beyond the doctors skill.那位医生治不了这种病。十、with的用法1. 和在一起,和,同,跟例:Mr. and Mrs. Smith were there, with their three little ch
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