初中英语考试语法知识点.docx
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1、介词by的用法1.意为“在旁”,“靠近”。Some are singing and dancing under a big tree。Some are drawing by the lake。有的在大树下唱歌跳舞。有的在湖边画画儿。2.意为“不迟于”,“到时为止”。Your son will be all right by supper time。你的儿子在晚饭前会好的。How many English songs had you learned by the end of last term?到上个学期末你们已经学了多少首英语歌曲?3.表示方法、手段,可译作“靠”、“用”、“凭借”、“通过”
2、、“乘坐”等。The monkey was hanging from the tree by his tail and laughing。猴子用尾巴吊在树上哈哈大笑。The boys father was so thankful that he taught Edison how to send messages by railway telegraph。孩子的父亲是那么的感激,于是他教爱迪生怎样通过铁路电报来传达信息。4.表示“逐个”,“逐批”的意思。One by one they went past the table in the dark。他们一个一个得在黑暗中经过这张桌子。5.表示“
3、根据”,“按照”的意思。What time is it by your watch?你的表几点了?6.和take , hold等动词连用,说明接触身体的某一部分。I took him by the hand。我拉住了他的手。7.用于被动句中,表示行为主体,常译作“被”、“由”等。English is spoken by many people。英语被许多人说。(即“许多人讲英语。”)动名词doing动名词相当于名词,在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语等。1.作主语Fighting broke out between the South and the North。南方与北方开战了。2.作宾语
4、Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?请问你介意调小一点收音机的音量吗?3.作表语Babysisters job is washing,cooking and taking care of the children。保姆的工作是洗衣服,作饭和照看孩子。4.做定语a washing machine 一台洗衣机used to的用法used to 意为过去常常做某事。1.肯定句:used这个词没有人称的变化,to后面接动词原形。否定句是didnt use to。When I was a child, I didnt use t
5、o like apples。当我还是孩子的时候我不喜欢苹果。疑问形式是Did you use to?Where did you use to live before you came here?当你来这儿之前你住哪儿?2.含有used to 的句子的反意疑问句不要usednt + 主语,而用didnt + 主语。He used to smoke, didnt he?他过去常常吸烟,是吗?Yes, he did。/ No, he didnt。是的,他吸。/ 不,他不吸。被动语态被动语态由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成,助动词be有时态,人称和数的变化。被动语态的时态是由be的时态决定的,be
6、是什么时态,全句就是什么时态,be动词后面的过去分词不变。1.各种时态的被动语态结构如下:一般现在时的被动语态:主语+am / is / are (not)+过去分词一般过去时的被动语态:主语+was / were +过去分词现在完成时的被动语态:主语+have / has +been +过去分词一般将来时的被动语态:主语+will +be +过去分词过去将来时的被动语态:主语+would / should + be +过去分词过去进行时的被动语态:主语+was / were + being +过去分词过去完成时的被动语态:主语+had + been +过去分词情态动词的被动语态:情态动词+b
7、e+过去分词2.被动语态的用法(1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁,不用by+动作执行者短语。Football is played widely all over the world。全世界都广泛地踢足球。(2)强调动作的承受者。The bank was robbed yesterday afternoon。昨天下午这家银行遭到抢劫。(3)作客观说明时,常采用一种被动语态句型。It is reported that about twenty children have died of flu in the USA。据报道美国大约二十名儿童死于流感。3.主动语态的句子变为被动语态的步骤(1
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