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1、考点26 阅读理解主旨大意之段落大意（核心考点精讲精练）1. 2021-2023年三年高考真题考点分布考点题型段落大意阅读理解2023 试卷类型设问考点2023浙江1月高考C篇31What can we learn from the last paragraph?段落大意2023新高考I卷 D篇32.What is Paragraph 2 of the text mainly about?段落大意20222022新高考I卷阅读D14. What is paragraph 5 mainly about?段落大意2022全国甲卷 D阅读D32. What is the first paragrap

2、h mainly about?段落大意20212021年全国乙卷B篇24. What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us about mobile phones?段落大意2021年6月浙江卷 C篇10. What is the last paragraph mainly about?段落大意2. 命题规律及备考策略【命题规律】近3年新高考卷对于阅读理解中段落大意的考查共计6次，主要考查：根据阅读文章中的某一段落，概括段落大意。概括段落大意的方法：1.利用主题句；2.没有主题句，总结段落大意。【备考策略】系统归类段落大意的总结方法，尤其是主题句、同义句表达的技巧；熟练

3、掌握阅读技能。【命题预测】2024年阅读理解对段落大意的考查仍然是重点。【2024年高考命题预测】主旨大意之段落大意考点是高考中的必考点。一篇文章有多个段落，为什么把题出在其中的某个段落？因为这个段落在文章中起着至关重要的作用，这些段落或引出话题或承上启下或总结全文。命题者的意图是明确的，他们着眼于文章中起重要作用的段落进而设题。预测在2024高考中，段落大意题会继续在高考阅读理解中呈现。【主旨大意之段落大意考点指南】段落大意题常考问题： The main point /idea of the passage is The passage is mainly about The passage

4、 mainly discusses The last but one paragraph is chiefly concerned with? Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?近几年高考段落大意考查的特点：考查的段落一般没有主题句，这需要考生对整段进行归纳，找出段落的重点，总结段落大意。 2023新高考全国卷DOn March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which

5、illustrated what has come to be known as the“wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases,the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors are

6、nt always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors wont cancel each other

7、 out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that peoples estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, peoples errors become correlated or dependent,the accuracy of the estimate will go down.But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist(转折) on this classic

8、 phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the es

9、timates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend

10、 to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasnt the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they“shared arguments and reasoned together.”Somehow, these arguments and r

11、easoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.()32.What is Paragraph 2 of the text mainly about?A.The methods of estimation.B.The under

12、lying logic of the effect. C.The causes of peoples errors.D.The design of Galtons experiment.【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了两项关于“群体智慧”效应的研究。32.B段落大意题。根据第二段内容“This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors arent always the samethe accuracy of the estimate will go down.”可知,本段阐述了人

13、们所犯的错误不总是相同的,各不相同的误差平均在一起,相互抵消,就会产生更准确的估计,独立估计的平均因误差的消除而产生更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。【总结段落大意】【2023年1月浙江卷】CA machine can now not only beat you at chess, it can also outperform you in debate. Last week, in a public debate in San Francisco, a software program called Project Debater beat its

14、human opponents, including Noa Ovadia, Israels former national debating champion. Brilliant though it is, Project Debater has some weaknesses. It takes sentences from its library of documents and prebuilt arguments and strings them together. This can lead to the kinds of errors no human would make.

15、Such wrinkles will no doubt be ironed out, yet they also point to a fundamental problem. As Kristian Hammond, professor of electrical engineering and computer science at Northwestern University, put it: “Theres never a stage at which the system knows what its talking about.”What Hammond is referring

16、 to is the question of meaning, and meaning is central to what distinguishes the least intelligent of humans from the most intelligent of machines. A computer works with symbols. Its program specifies a set of rules to transform one string of symbols into another. But it does not specify what those

17、symbols mean. Indeed, to a computer, meaning is irrelevant. Humans, in thinking, talking, reading and writing, also work with symbols. But for humans, meaning is everything. When we communicate, we communicate meaning. What matters is not just the outside of a string of symbols, but the inside too,

18、not just how they are arranged but what they mean. Meaning emerges through a process of social interaction, not of computation, interaction that shapes the content of the symbols in our heads. The rules that assign meaning lie not just inside our heads, but also outside, in society, in social memory

19、, social conventions and social relations. It is this that distinguishes humans from machines. And thats why, however astonishing Project Debater may seem, the tradition that began with Socrates and Confucius will not end with artificial intelligence.31What can we learn from the last paragraph?ASoci

20、al interaction is key to understanding symbols.BThe human brain has potential yet to be developed.CAncient philosophers set good examples for debaters.DArtificial intelligence ensures humans a bright future.【文章大意】本文是一篇新闻报道，主要介绍的是在辩论中战胜人类的名为Project Debater的软件程序。31段落大意题。根据最后一段的“Meaning emerges through

21、 a process of social interaction, not of computation, interaction that shapes the content of the symbols in our heads. The rules that assign meaning lie not just inside our heads, but also outside, in society, in social memory, social conventions and social relations.(意义的产生是通过社会互动的过程，而不是计算的过程，这种互动塑造

22、了我们头脑中符号的内容。赋予意义的规则不仅存在于我们的头脑中，也存在于社会之外，存在于社会记忆、社会习俗和社会关系中。)”可知，从最后一段我们能了解到社会互动是理解符号的关键。故选A。规律方法：如何总结段落大意？段落大意即某一段的中心思想，通常中心思想会在首句体现出来，这就是常说的段落主题句。主题句具有鲜明的概括性，句子结构简单，段落中其他句子均用来解释、支撑或扩展主题句所表达的主题思想。主题句通常位于段首，也可位于段尾、段中。有时作者没有写出明显的主题句，要学会根据段落内容去概括主题句。【2023届安徽省A10联盟高考最后一卷】When I was a kid, a sycamore (枫树

23、) grew in front of my home. At the age of 10, I was just tall enough to reach its lowest branch and lift myself into its embrace. Sometimes two or three of my friends would join me in the sycamore, or in the maple down the street, or Mrs. DiMarcos old peach tree, some of whose stout horizontal branc

24、hes allowed us to sit shoulder to shoulder, eating sweet fruit.In my small town there are some kinds of trees, their branches spreading wide, open for business. But I have not yet seen a climber. Perhaps computer games have replaced tree climbing, or maybe the activity went the way of monkey bars, w

25、hich came to be viewed as too risky and have largely disappeared from playgrounds.It is a sad loss. I have always believed that, since low-hanging branches provide no benefit to the tree, they must be meant for the child. Robert Frost understood this when he wrote:When I see baches (桦树) bend to left

26、 and right,Across the lines of straighter darker trees,I like to think some boys been swinging them.My only disagreement with Frost is his inference that tree climbing is a gender-specific task. Both boys and girls make a joyful climb.The campus of the university where I teach has all sorts of trees

27、. During a recent walk, I found myself bending under the branch of an immense spruce (云杉). I grabbed the thing, and a moment later was sitting on a branch. Then the memories came flooding back. The old sycamore, the friends, and finally, the reluctance to return to earth when the parental call to su

28、pper came.I was so lost in my thoughts that I didnt hear the student calling to me from below. He asked what I was doing. I didnt waste time on explanations. “Come on up,” I said “The airs fine.” But he only laughed and waved me off. He didnt know what he was missing.4What does the underlined word “

29、stout” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?ASlim.BBent.CSmooth.DStrong.5What is the second paragraph mainly about?AWhy kids dont climb trees.BWhy monkey bars are dangerous.CWhy there is no business under trees.DWhy kids are addicted to computer games.6What does the author want to prove by mentioning Robert

30、s poem?ASome branches of trees are useless.BTrees are intended for kids to climb.CTrees are a source of inspiration for poets.DClimbing trees is a unique right of boys.7What did the author think the student had missed?AThe explanations to his question.BThe fresh air above the tree.CThe pleasure of c

31、limbing trees.DThe sense of safety on earth.【答案】4D 5A 6B 7C【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文。作者回忆了小时候爬树的经历，讲述了爬树的乐趣，感叹如今孩子们不再爬树的损失。4词义猜测题。根据第一段中“Sometimes two or three of my friends would join me in the sycamore, or in the maple down the street, or Mrs. DiMarcos old peach tree, some of whose stout horizontal branches

32、allowed us to sit shoulder to shoulder, eating sweet fruit.（有时，我的两三个朋友会和我一起去梧桐树下，或者去街尾的枫树下，或者去迪马科太太的老桃树下，那些横枝让我们可以肩并肩地坐在一起，吃着香甜的水果。）”可知，这些树干可以承受几个孩子们坐在上面吃水果。由此推知，这些树干应该是粗壮的、结实的，stout与strong词义一致。故选D项。5段落大意题。根据第二段“In my small town there are some kinds of trees, their branches spreading wide, open for

33、business. But I have not yet seen a climber. Perhaps computer games have replaced tree climbing, or maybe the activity went the way of monkey bars, which came to be viewed as too risky and have largely disappeared from playgrounds.（在我的小镇有一些种类的树，它们的树枝伸展得很宽，开放营业着。但我还没有看到一个爬树的人。也许是电脑游戏取代了爬树，或者是这项活动走上了单

34、杠的道路，单杠被认为风险太大，已经基本上从操场上消失了。）”可知，第二段主要描述了镇上已没有人爬树，作者推测了这个现象的原因。因此，A项“孩子们不再爬树的原因”符合段落大意。故选A项。6推理判断题。根据第三段中“I have always believed that, since low-hanging branches provide no benefit to the tree, they must be meant for the child. Robert Frost understood this when he wrote（我一直认为，既然低垂的树枝对树没有好处，那么它们一定是给孩

35、子的。罗伯特弗罗斯特明白这一点，他这样写道）”可知，作者认为罗伯特弗罗斯特的诗体现了树是给孩子们爬着玩的这一想法。故选B项。7推理判断题。根据作者描述的小时候爬树的乐趣，结合倒数第二段中“I grabbed the thing, and a moment later was sitting on a branch. Then the memories came flooding back. The old sycamore, the friends, and finally, the reluctance to return to earth when the parental call to

36、 supper came.（我抓住了那东西，不一会儿就坐在了一根树干上。然后记忆如潮水般涌上心头。老梧桐树、朋友，最后，当父母喊吃晚饭时对回到地面的抗拒。）”可知，作者在树上体味到了美好的回忆，想让学生一同体会爬树的快乐。由此推知，作者认为学生错过了爬树的乐趣。故选C项。基础过关（最新模拟试题演练）1.【2023届广东省部分学校高三5月联合考试模拟预测】As the costs of fuel, groceries and housing increase suddenly around the world, scientists are fighting inflation (通货膨胀) a

37、t the bench. Almost all items needed to conduct science are more expensive than they were just a year ago. And that means that nearly every researcher is feeling the pressure. “Nobody is immune to this economy,” says Tola Olorunnisola, who leads innovation in the lab at Avantor, an international sci

38、ence-management company in Pennsylvania. Olorunnisola visited labs in the Netherlands, Switzerland and Ireland to help researchers find ways to enlarge their budgets. “Scientists are becoming more conscious of costs,” she says. The increase in lab costs has forced scientists to make some difficult c

39、hoices. Scientific budgets are pretty fixed. If they pay double for something, it means theyre not buying something else. Scientists can keep their research projects moving forward, but to avoid overspending on their budgets, theyll probably need to adjust their buying habits and take steps to make

40、their labs more efficient. Julien Sage, a cancer researcher and geneticist at Stanford University in California, estimates that lab supplies historically account for roughly 20%of his overall budget, but he says that the balance is shifting. Without significant boosts in funding to keep pace with in

41、flation, its up to scientists to find creative ways to diminish costs. One option is to rethink experimental design. “It will probably take more than discounts from lab-supply companies to truly protect scientists from the impact of rising prices,” Sage says. “Unless something is done on a large sca

42、le to either stabilize costs or increase funding, science is likely to suffer. If you have less money, youre going to have fewer people or be less productive, which means youre going to have fewer grants (拨款) which means youre going to have fewer people. Thats probably happening to a lot of labs the

43、se days, and the question is: When is it going to stop?”12For what did Olorunnisola visit some labs in different places?ASeeing how researchers struggle against inflation.BProving everyone has to face the rising price.CLearning about the pressure of researchers.DHelping researchers overcome economic

44、 difficulty.13What is paragraph 2 mainly about?AThe cause of increasing lab costs.BThe effects of the rising lab costs.CThe tough choices of researchers.DThe ways of making labs efficient.14What does the underlined word “diminish” mean in paragraph 4?AReduce.BCalculate.CRestore.DKeep.15Which can be

45、a suitable title for the text?AScientists face many problemsBThe price of goods is rising quicklyCLabs have to tighten supplies budgetsDPeople hold different opinions of price【答案】12D 13B 14A 15C【文章大意】本文是说明文。随着世界各地燃料、商品和住房成本的激增，实验室的科研人员不得不削减成本以应对通货膨胀。12细节理解题。根据第一段“Olorunnisola visited labs in the Net

46、herlands, Switzerland and Ireland to help researchers find ways to enlarge their budgets.(Olorunnisola访问了荷兰、瑞士和爱尔兰的实验室，帮助研究人员找到扩大预算的方法)”可知，Olorunnisola访问了荷兰，瑞士和爱尔兰的实验室，其目的是帮助科研人员克服经济困难。故选D。13主旨大意题。根据第二段“The increase in lab costs has forced scientists to make some difficult choices. Scientific budget

47、s are pretty fixed. If they pay double for something, it means theyre not buying something else. Scientists can keep their research projects moving forward, but to avoid overspending on their budgets, theyll probably need to adjust their buying habits and take steps to make their labs more efficient

48、.(实验室成本的增加迫使科学家们做出了一些艰难的选择。科学预算是相当固定的。如果他们花双倍的钱买东西，这意味着他们没有买别的东西。科学家们可以继续推进他们的研究项目，但为了避免预算超支，他们可能需要调整他们的购买习惯，并采取措施提高实验室的效率)”可知，本段主要讲述了实验室成本的增加给科研人员带来的一系列问题及其影响。故选B。14词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Without significant boosts in funding to keep pace with inflation, its up to scientists to find creative ways to”可知，如果不大幅增加资金以跟上通货膨胀的步伐，那么科研人员就必须找到创造性的方法来削减成本。故划线词意思是“减少”。故选A。15主旨大意题。根据第一段“As the costs of fuel, groceries and housing increase suddenly around