考点01 名词（核心考点精讲精练）-备战2024年高考英语一轮复习（学生版）.docx

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1、考点01 名词（核心考点精讲精练）1. 三年真题考点分布题型语法填空高考考点名词新高考I卷2023tasty（taste）2022populations（population）2021humans（human）新高考II卷2023（arrive）arrival（interview）interviews2022sons（son）2021representative（represent）2. 命题规律及备考策略【命题规律】近3年新高考卷对于名词的考查共计7次，主要考查：1给出名词提示词，考查名词的数；2给其他词性形式(通常为动词、形容词)提示词，填写名词；3. 名词所有格；4名词的固定搭配。【备考

2、策略】熟练掌握名词单数变复数的基本规则，根据句意或主谓一致原则确定名词的数；明确形容词与名词、冠词与名词之间的修饰关系以及在句中所作成分，确定名词的恰当形式。另外，在学习过程中，要注意一词多义和旧词新义。【命题预测】语法填空对名词的考查仍然会成为高考的重点，主要集中在给出词根进行词类转化，根据习惯用法或固定短语确定名词，名词的复数形式，所有格形式的变化。主谓一致一般会与名词、动词的时态和语态放在一起考查。考点一、名词单数变复数的用法（1）名词变复数的规则一般情况下在词尾直接加-smouthmouths,househouses以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾的名词在词尾加-esglassglas

3、ses,matchmatches以辅音字母+-y结尾的名词变y为i再加-escountrycountries,factoryfactories以元音字母+-y结尾的名词在词尾直接加-sholidayholidays,monkeymonkeys以o结尾的名词一般在词尾加-spianopianos,photophotos有些在词尾加-esheroheroes,potatopotatoes以-f,-fe结尾的名词一般要变f或fe为v加-esselfselves,wolfwolves少数直接加-sroofroofs,beliefbeliefs单复数同形deer, sheep, Chinese, mea

4、ns(方式,方法), series, species词形变化manmen, womanwomen, childchildren,toothteeth, footfeet, mousemice合成名词的复数将主体名词变为复数:passer-bypassers-by, looker-onlookers-on无主体名词时通常在最后一个词后加-s:grown-upgrown-ups, stand-bystandbys名词前有man/woman修饰man/woman和中心词都要变为复数形式。如:woman doctorwomen doctors, man teachermen teachers。1.（2

5、023新高考卷 语法填空）They also need to be ready to give 61. (interview) in English with international journalists. This is why they need an English trainer.2.（20231月新高考浙江卷 语法填空）Thanks to Beijings long history as capital of China, almost every hutong has its stories, and some are even associated with histori

6、c _ (event). 3.（2022新高考卷 语法填空）The GPNPs main goal is to improve connectivity between separate _62_ (population)and homes of giant pandas, and _eventually (eventual)achieve a desired level of population in the wild. 单句语法填空1.【2023河南省南阳市一中模拟】Unlike traditional paintings, onto which colors are “added,”

7、“knife painters” apply varied pressure on the paper in different _ (direction) to create different colors and tones.2.【2023江西省临川第一中学高三期末】They found one star that appeared to be affected by gravity from an unseen object nearby. Follow-up_(observation)confirmed that this object was a black hole. 3.【20

8、23安徽省安庆二中年高三质量检测】Far from being narrow-minded and hostile to _(foreign) ，people came up to talk to me the first time I went out on the street. 考点二、不可数名词的用法不可数名词用法（1）知识总结（2）通常只用作不可数名词的名词：advice建议，furniture家具，fun乐趣；information信息，news新闻，weather天气，progress进步，wealth财富，value价值等。（2023新高考卷 语法填空）Whenever I t

9、ell people that I teach English at the Berlin Zoo, I almost always get a questioning look. Behind it, the person is trying to figure out who exactly I teachthe animals?Since June 2017, right before the (arrive) of the two new pandas, Meng Meng and Jiao Qing, I have been helping the panda keepers at

10、the zoo to feel more comfortable and confident speaking English.1.There will be new _ (equip) for the sports club. 2.The invention would have wide _ (apply). 3.There are many ways to greatly increase agricultural _ (efficient) in the poorer areas of the world . 4.These paints can be used in _ (combi

11、ne). 5.Her novels have gained in _(popular) over recent years. 考点三、抽象名词具体化用法具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常考的有：单词抽象名词意义具体化名词意义success 成功成功的人或事pleasure乐趣令人高兴的事beauty美；美丽美丽的人或事物comfort安慰；慰藉令人感到安慰的人或事物danger危险危险的人或因素delight高兴令人高兴的事 failure失败失败的人或事物surprise惊奇令人惊奇的事情 shock震惊令人震惊的事情pride骄傲令人骄傲的事情Yo

12、ur contribution will certainly make the event a huge success.你的贡献一定会使这个事件很成功。物质名词具体化drink饮料two drinks 两杯饮料coffee咖啡a coffee一杯咖啡chalk 粉笔a chalk 一支粉笔hair 头发a hair 一根头发抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。例如：Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times.在那些艰难的时期，能够买得起一杯酒会是一件欣慰

13、的事。名词单复数的形式比较复杂，注意掌握好以下的情况1)有些名词一般不用复数形式，但可用复数形式来表达不同的类别fishes各种鱼；fruits各种水果；steels各种钢材2)有些名词的单复数形式表达不同的含义snow雪, snows积雪; two people两个人，two peoples两个民族3)glass一词作 “玻璃”解时，为物质名词，不可数The cup is made of glass. 作 “玻璃杯”解时，则为个体名词，可数；如I bought ten glasses this morning. 作 “眼镜”解时，须用复数形式glasses.如: a man with thi

14、ck glasses4)paper一词作“纸”解时，不可数write on paper; 作“报纸”“文件”“考卷”解时，则可数,如: hand in your test papers5)物质名词表示数量时，一般用表示数量的短语来表示。of之前的数量名词，要根据情况使用单数或复数形式a cup of tea; four pieces of bread; a cake of soap6)有些抽象名词的复数形式表示不同的含义time(时间)times( 时代，次，倍数) work(工作) works( 著作，工厂，工事)air(空气) airs( 气派，架子,姿态 ) look(看)looks(容

15、貌)custom(习惯) customs(海关) advice(劝告)advices(消息)arm(手臂)arms(军火) damage(损坏)damages(赔偿金)glass(玻璃)glasses(眼镜,玻璃杯) good(利益) goods(货物)green(绿色)greens(青菜) cloth(布) clothes(衣服)compass(指南针)compasses(圆规) manner(态度) manners(礼貌,习俗)paper(纸) papers(考卷,文件) sand(沙子) sands(沙滩)water(水) waters(水域) wood(木柴) woods(树林)1.（

16、2023全国甲卷 语法填空）The themes of traditional fables often deal with simple truths about everyday life. However, Carsons theme is a more weighty (warn) about environmental destruction. 2.（2020新课标II卷语法填空）Chinese New Year is a _ (celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring.（单

17、句语法填空）He is expected to give us a lively _ (describe) of the football match that was broadcast live last night. 考点四、名词所有格的用法要点精讲1：名词所有格：表示人或有生命的名词常在词尾加s或。表示两者各自所有关系时，分别在每个名词的词尾加s；表示两者共有，在最后名词词尾加s。如：my sisters telephone 姐姐的电话Jones room琼斯的房间 Nurses Day护士节Womens day 妇女节。表示店铺、办公室或某人家时，名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。如

18、：at the barbers在理发店at my uncles在我叔家Have you ever met Toms and Jims fathers before?汤姆父亲和吉姆父亲若一样东西为两人所有，只在后一个名词后加s。This is Tom and Jims father 汤姆和吉姆的父亲。2.of所有格无生命的名词常用of所有格表示所有关系；名词短语或定语修饰的有生命的名词用of所有格。the window of the room 房间的窗户3.双重所有格指名词of名词所有格或名词of名词性物主代词。a play of Shakespeares(莎士比亚的一个戏剧)a friend

19、of mine(我的一个朋友)主要用于表示有生命的人或物的所有关系。(1)一般是名词词尾加-s。如:Johns home约翰的家;(2)以-s或-es结尾的复数名词,只在词尾加-。如:students textbooks 学生们的课本;(3)词尾不带-(e)s的复数名词,仍加-s。如:childrens game 孩子们的游戏。表示无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系;名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格。如:the title of the article文章的标题;the name of the girl over there那边那位女孩的名字。双重所有格的构成为:

20、“名词+of+-s所有格”或“名词+of+名词性物主代词”。表示“其中之一”或“其中一部分”,名词前可用a,any,some,a few,two,this,that,these,those 等修饰,但不能用the。如:a picture of my mothers我母亲(拥有)的一张照片;this little cat of your sisters你妹妹的这只小猫。1.（2022新高考全国卷语法填空）OHe saved my _ (son) life, said Mrs. Brown. 2.（2021浙江卷语法填空）It is calculated by dividing a _ (pers

21、on) weight in kg by their height in meters squared, and a BMI of between 19 and 25 is considered healthy.1.Sometimes in my life, I felt my growth looked like my _ (grandma) flowers, which were loved and cared for.2.You dont have to live in China long to know the _ (country) most popular foods with s

22、tories behind them.3It is believed that _ (today) children and teenagers are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar, putting them at _higher risk of the disease. 4It is calculated by dividing a _ (person) weight in kg by their height in meters squared. 5She had views quite different fr

23、om her _ (father). 6She was at her _ (dentist) for two hours yesterday. 7The tourist center is far away from here indeed.Its two _(hour) walk. 8The _ (girl) shoes were covered with mud, so I asked them to take them off before they got into _ (Tom) car. 9A _ (student) college experience is his or her

24、 own, and the student must put his or her education first. 10We have two _ (week) vacation for Christmas. 考点五、动词/形容词变为名词的归纳与总结1：动词转化为名词的后缀后缀例词ion/tion/sion/ationcorrectcorrection改正 celebratecelebration庆祝concludeconclusion结论；结束 discussdiscussion讨论；论述decidedecision决定 admitadmission承认；准许加入permitpermiss

25、ion允许，许可 inviteinvitation邀请explainexplanation解释 graduategraduation毕业expectexpectation期望er/or sailsailor海员，水手 drivedriver司机；驾驶员gathergatherer收集者，采集者 teachteacher老师announceannouncer广播员 conductconductor指挥；售票员mentpunishpunishment惩罚 achieveachievement成就argueargument辩论；论据 treattreatment对待；治疗equip equipmen

26、t装备；设备 governgovernment政府astonishastonishment惊奇ance/enceappearappearance出现；外貌 guideguidance指引；指导performperformance表演；表现 existexistence存在；生存preferpreference偏爱 referreference参考，查阅ure/turefailfailure失败；倒闭 presspressure压力departdeparture离开；出发 mixmixture混合(物)inghearhearing听力，听觉 beginbeginning开始buildbuildi

27、ng建筑yrecoverrecovery恢复 discoverdiscovery发现 scarescarey害怕2：形容词转化为名词的后缀后缀例词ageshortshortage 短缺 percentpercentage 百分比cyefficientefficiency效率 fluentfluency流利 accurateaccuracy准确性 privateprivacy隐私domfreefreedom自由 wisewisdom明智；智慧encedifferentdifference差异 evident evidence 证据nessweakweakness虚弱；弱点 thickthickn

28、ess厚度kindkindness仁慈，友好 carelesscarelessness粗心大意thstrongstrength力气；优势 warmwarmth温暖；热情y/ty/itysafesafety安全 disabledisability缺陷；伤残responsibleresponsibility责任 honesthonesty诚实difficultdifficulty困难1.【2022全国甲卷】Cao and Wu also collected garbage along the road, in order to promote environmental _65_ (protect

29、).2.【2022全国高考乙卷】“As a main promoter of the International Tea Day, the birthplace of tea and the largest tea-producing country, China has a _45_ (responsible)to work with other countries to promote the healthy development of the tea industry.1. （2023福建省厦门第一中学高三下学期4月期中）Theres only one way to find out:

30、 Im rolling up my sleeves and training under the _ (guide) of senior stage masters in the field.2.（2023山东省实验中学高三一模）Up to now, the crosstalk has become a nationwide_ (entertain) loved by different walks of people.3.（2023山西省三重教育高三5月联考）Companies should improve product quality to raise competitiveness a

31、nd explore more_(cooperate) globally.4. （2023新疆一模）Each persons handwriting is unique and conveys an individuals_ (personal) and emotion.考点六、名词分类及句法功能名词分类精讲2：名词句法功能1.作主语The young woman played an important part in the matter. 那年轻女人在这件事上举足轻重。His grandpa joined the Red Army at the age of fifteen. 他爷爷十五岁

32、时参加红军。2.作宾语（1）作及物动词的直接宾语I met your elder brother in the street。我在街上碰见你哥哥了。Have you finished the letter to Jane?你写完给珍的信了吗？（2）作及物动词的间接宾语。I told my students a funny story. 我给学生们讲一个有趣的故事。She asked the doctor another question. 她问了医生另一个问题。（3）作介词的宾语。After 20 years traveling, he settled down in Liangxiang.

33、二十年的流浪后,他在良乡定居。Do you still ask your parents for money?你还向爸妈要钱吗？3.作表语Its a good idea to plant trees here . 在这里栽些树是个好主意。She is now a professor while her husband remains a worker. 也现在是教授而丈夫仍是个工人。4.作宾语的补足语They elected Tom head of the workshop. 他们推选汤姆当车间的头。（职务名词作宾补前面不加冠词）The old man called my uncle Xiao

34、 Li. 老人喊我叔叔小李。5.作定语（1）直接作定语, 通常用单数形式。college students大学生 girl friend女友 vegetable garden菜园 basketball match篮球赛Lets stop by the book store on the way home.回家的路上，我们的书店停一下吧！He bought the shoes in that shoe shop. 这双鞋他是在那个鞋店买的。（2）名词所有格作定语。students books学生用书 Chinas capital中国的首都 the worlds population世界人口（3）

35、man，woman，gentleman作定语man，woman，gentleman作定语时可以用单数和复数两种形式，但必须随所修饰名词的数而定。He said that two women doctors would come to our village the next day. 他说明天有两个女医生到我们村子来。There are many men teachers in our school. 我们学校有很多男教师。（4）某些常用复数的名词用作定语某些常用复数的名词，当它们用作定语时，也须用复数形式。arms production 武器生产 clothes shop服装商店 sales

36、 department营业部 a goods train货车 savings bank 储蓄所 foreign languages department外语系（5）单位名称、报纸、广播、电视等的标题中经常出现复数名词作定语。Learning Skills center学习技巧交流中心 The Boys Club 男孩俱乐部（6）表示类别时名词直接作定语还是用所有格作定语一定要严格遵守习惯。a peasant family/boy(peasant习惯直接作定语) a workers family(worker习惯用所有格作定语)（7）两种定语有时并存但意义不一样。women drivers女司机

37、 the womans driver这位妇女的司机girl friend女朋友 the girls friend 这女孩的朋友mother tongue母语 mothers tongue母亲的舌头（8）名词作定语强调被修饰成分的内容或职能，与其同根的形容词作定语则强调特点或属性gold watch 金表 (指手表是含金的) golden watch 金色的表 (指表是金色的，但不一定含金)6.作状语时间名词、数量名词、距离名词等有时可以作状语。The soldiers walked 50 kilometers at a night. 战士们一夜行军五十公里Your suitcase weigh

38、s 10 kilograms. 你的手提箱重10千克。1.（2021年全国乙卷语法填空） Ecotourism is commonly regarded as low impact(影响)travel to undisturbed places. It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler to become educated about the areas - both in terms of geographical conditions and cultural characteristi

39、cs, and often provides money for conservation and benefits the _62_(develop)of the local areas. 2. （2021年浙江卷语法填空） In 1844 they bought it for $1,200 and some land from Charles Dresser, who performed their _38_（marry）ceremony in 1842.1. （2023宁夏银川一中高三三模）The Chinese archaeologist who has spent more than

40、 half a century researching and preserving the caves at the heart of the ancient Silk Road in Gansu Province is known as the “Daughter of Dunhuang” in her field, though “protector” is probably a more fitting (describe).2. （2023四川省乐山市高三第一次调研）She was elected as National Academy of Sciences Foreign Ass

41、ociate in 2019 for her outstanding _(contribute)to research.3. （2023重庆一模）The project was completed so quickly because the workers had been arranged into seven units to undertake different _ _(task) at the same time.考点七、在语法填空中判断名词考点的运用方法1 根据修饰语判断名词单复数1. A cashier who has a changing sea of _ (customer

42、) every day will only remember names for a short amount of time. 【试题解析】因a sea of (许多；大量) 后的可数名词要用复数形式，所以customer要用复数。【参考答案】customers名词前有these、those、several、many、all、both、a pair of、a variety of、different、one of、among或数词等修饰时用名词复数形式。1. The festival is viewed as the end to a series of New Year _(celebra

43、tion) and is celebrated with the release of floating and flying lanterns. 2. Alipay achieved this remarkable success by motivating its users to choose from various low-carbon _ (option) in their daily lives方法2 根据主谓一致判断名词单复数3. However, safety _ (problem) arise.1. Second, there exist idiomatic _ (meth

44、od) of saying something specific in Chinese but it is extremely hard for us to put it into English properly. 2. _ (study) have shown that low levels of those chemicals might have the same effects as BPA. 方法3 根据上下文判断名词单复数1 . Later, _ (letter) appeared. However, it would take them days or even weeks to reach their destinations.1. Beijings autumn is extremely short,