重难点28阅读理解之议论文-2023年中考英语【热点·重点·难点】专练(全国通用)(解析版).docx

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1、专项五 中考题型 重难点28 阅读理解之议论文议论文阅读理解解题方法：一、重视文章标题，找准全文主题句，把握文章主旨 标题往往是全文的主题，审视标题，有利于理解全文，提高解题效率。主题句对全文起提示、启迪、概括、归纳之作用。根据主题句既可以知道文章议论的是什么，也可以知道作者希望读者了解主题方面的哪些内容。议论文题材偏难，但其框架一般都很清晰，多采用总分总的结构，交替使用正面和反面的论证方式。通常，先总说现象或观点；其次，正面陈述、反面论证；最后作者表明自己的态度，再次总结文章。通常主题句会出现在文章的首句或句末，在这些地方要多留意表示归纳的词汇，也可以在具体事例之后或之前的表示观点的陈述句中

2、寻找。 二、细读文章，注意文章细节理解 除主旨题外，细节理解题也是阅读理解题中的基础题，它主要考查学生对文中的具体事例、数字、时间、地点等的理解。经常出现排序题(按事情发展顺序排序)，图表题(按文章内容找出正确图形)，正误题(依据文章内容对所列的陈述进行正误判断) 。对这种题型，无论细节题如何变化形式，立足点都应是从文章中找出相应词句作为依据。虽然答案中有的细节在文中很清楚，但可能与问题无关。细节题的破解一般用寻读法，即先看试题，再读文章。对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、分析、对比，有根据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。假如问题采用的是反向思维，题中含有not或except等表示否定

3、意义的词，则需要更加留意。此法可以加强阅读的针对性，提高做题的准确率。做此类题目还要特别注意句子的逻辑关系。 三、理解整体语篇，掌握作者意图 做推理判断题要求考生在阅读理解整体语篇的同时，对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作正确的推理判断，站在作者的视角，而不是主观臆断、凭空想象，从而走入误区。英语文章讲究使用主题段与主题句，段与段之间通常有过渡性词语连接，承上启下，使文章行文连贯。有时文章还会在时间顺序、空间顺序或逻辑推理上运用较高级的手段进行组编。要想准确、深刻地理解文章，必须对文章的结构有所了解，把握全篇的文脉，即句内、句间和段落间的修辞手段或逻辑关系。作者往往在构思语篇前会进行预先设定

4、：读者知道什么，不知道什么，读者可能与自己共同拥有什么样的生活经验、思想见地和需求欲望等，然后设计一些隐藏在语篇深层的潜台词。因此，这类试题要求考生利用主题句进行推测，揣摩文字背后作者的意图，运用背景知识去挖掘文章的深层含义，从而正确理解作者的言外之意，同时认真体会文章的语气与感情基调。 四、多读多背，扩大词汇量，掌握猜词技巧 由于当今的阅读文章题材广泛，体裁多样，经常出现一词多义，甚至出现没学过的词汇。许多学生感到困扰很大，有的甚至烦躁得难以坚持阅读下去。要解决阅读中的生词问题，一是要扩大英语词汇量，二是要学习并掌握一些猜测生词词义的方法，如：利用同义、反义、上义、下义、词的集合、词的搭配等

5、关系；利用照应、替代、省略、定义、举例等情境关系；利用词缀、转化、合成等构词法；利用后置定语或同位语等语法结构；利用前后对比或因果推理法等。 总之，想要提高阅读能力，尤其是对考生来说难度较大的议论文阅读，学生应能从篇章和试题双方面入手。通过观察、体验、探究等积极主动的学习方法，优化阅读理解中议论文的解题思路和方法策略，提高学生自主学习的能力。议论文往往有观点，有事实，逻辑性强，命题往往从事实的有关细节及文章的主旨或作者的表达意图等方面着手，考查我们的思维能力和判断能力。所以考生要培养根据上下文猜词的能力，或者说根据情境能揣测作者的意图。议论文的阅读同其他体裁文章的阅读理解一样，可以有主旨大意、

6、细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测等几种出题方式。典例解析（2021陕西统考中考真题）Look at the Earth from space. Why does our planet look so blue? Its blue because water covers almost three quarters of the Earths surface. Water is not just an important part of our planet. It is an important part of our body, too. More than half of our total

7、body weight is water. Our body loses water whenever we exercise or go to the toilet. Thats why we need to drink plenty of water every day. We drink water. We use it to cook, clean, and carry waste out of our homes. Farmers use it to grow vegetables and crops like rice and corn; factories use it to m

8、ake products. Since the 1950s, the amount（数量）of water people use has increased by three times. But the water supply（供应）hasnt. Scientists worry that soon there wont be enough water for us, as well as for the animals and plants that share our world. What can we do to help? Use water wisely. Having eno

9、ugh water isnt our only problem. We also need it clean. Right now, ships and factories are putting wastes into seas, rivers and so on. Even chemicals that farmers use are running into rivers and lakes. All this pollution can make the water dangerous to drink. It can also harm fish and other water-li

10、ving lives. We must do something to stop pollution. Its the best way to protect our worlds most valuable natural resource（资源）.1How many important areas of water are mentioned in Paragraph 1?AOne.BTwo.CThree.DFour.2The underlined sentence “We also need it clean” in Paragraph 4 means” _.”AWe also need

11、 water to wash thingsBWe also need water that looks cleanCWe also need to keep water cleanDWe also need to discover clean water3This passage was written to _.Aask people to value waterBadvise people to drink more waterCintroduce the uses of waterDdescribe the situation of water supply【短文大意】本文介绍了水资源对

12、我们的重要性，以及它现在所面临的问题，呼吁人们要珍惜水资源。【答案解析】1细节理解题。根据“Water is not just an important part of our planet. It is an important part of our body, too”可知，水不仅仅是地球的重要组成部分，它也是我们身体的一个重要部分；一共提到了两个水资源的重要区域，故选B。2句意猜测题。根据下文“Right now, ships and factories are putting wastes into seas, rivers and so on”可知，下文讲述了水污染的情况，所以我们

13、必须要保持水资源是干净的，划线句子与C选项的句子同义，故选C。3主旨大意题。根据“We must do something to stop pollution. Its the best way to protect our worlds most valuable natural resource”可知，作者的目的是让人们珍惜水资源，故选A。（2022浙江衢州统考中考真题）Opinions on Life Skills EducationAlthough students are busy studying, it is important to remember another area

14、of study life skills, such as washing clothes and growing vegetables. They are useful in our daily life. Here are some opinions about life skills education.Mrs. BlairChildren need to learn most of the life skills at school. As parents, we can help them take part in activities around the house and in

15、 the neighbourhood.Li PingWe have life skills classes at school. Theyre quite useful. They help prepare for everyday real-life situations, from washing dishes to preparing a meal. These classes give us knowledge we need to live on our own.KevinIm not sure whether it is necessary because I havent tri

16、ed life skills classes yet. In my school, many students pay no attention to learning life skills. They dont think it will improve their chances of getting into college.MaryHaving life skills classes at school is important. Besides, there are other ways for us to learn life skills. We can watch video

17、s on the Internet. We can also learn from our parents and take part in the activities with them.1In Kevins opinion, many students pay no attention to learning life skills because _.Athey are not interested in itBits helpless for attending collegeCthey are not sure what to learnDits useless to improv

18、e living level2According to Li Ping, what can we get from life skills education?AKnowledge for college.BChances to help our neighbours.CKnowledge for living alone.DChances to learn from our parents.3Who have the same opinion on life skills education according to the text?ALi Ping, Kevin and Mary.BMr

19、s. Blair, Kevin and Mary.CMrs. Blair, Li Ping and Kevin.DMrs. Blair, Li Ping and Mary. 【短文大意】本文介绍几个人对于生活技能教育的看法。【答案解析】1细节理解题。根据“In my school, many students pay no attention to learning life skills. They dont think it will improve their chances of getting into college.”可知，许多学生不重视学习生活技能，因为他们认为这不会提高他们进

20、入大学的机会。故选B。2细节理解题。根据“These classes give us knowledge we need to live on our own.”可知，这些课程为我们提供了独立生活所需的知识。故选C。3细节理解题。根据“Mrs. Blair Children need to learn most of the life skills at school.”，“Li Ping Theyre quite useful.”和“Mary Having life skills classes at school is important.”可知，Mrs. Blair，Li Ping和Ma

21、ry有相同的看法，故选D。（2022四川绵阳统考中考真题）Do you compare yourself to other people? Perhaps your best friend receives something you really want, or youre not allowed to go to a concert but your brother or sister is. Even though comparisons are common and can sometimes be helpful, focusing(专注) on your own progress

22、 is important for your happiness. “We often compare ourselves to others who are doing better or not as well as ourselves.” says Dr. Jack. “But I suggest comparing yourself to your past self and your future self. This can make you feel proud of what youve achieved and excited about what you might do.

23、 Focusing on your own purposes is more worthwhile than always trying to come out on top.”Comparing yourself to those around you is natural and we often do it without realizing it. It can help us to be clear about our achievements and to form friendships with new people who have similar interests. Ho

24、wever, its important to remember that nobody is perfect in real life. Its also important to take note of how the comparison is making you feel. “If you begin to feel quite low, focus on your own strengths.” says Jack. In other words, you can ask yourself questions like “What can I do well in?”, whic

25、h can help you trust yourself. Maybe here you are wondering “What if all my friends are better than me?”. Dr. White says that jealousy(妒忌) is not bad but focusing on bettering your own work can help you feel just as successful. He also mentions that learning to celebrate your friends success can not

26、 only help to cheer your friends up but also help you feel good. It will encourage you to build each other up.4What does the writer tell us in Paragraph 1?AWe should compare with others.BWe should share things with brothers.CWe should enjoy concerts with sisters.DWe should focus on our own progress.

27、5Why should you compare yourself to your past self?ATo care about others.BTo change your purposes.CTo increase your excitement.DTo be proud of your achievements.6What does the underlined phrase “your own strengths” probably mean in Paragraph 3?Awhat youre good atBwhat youve understoodCwhat youre cra

28、zy aboutDwhat youve experienced7What does Dr. White suggest?ATrusting your friends.BCheering on tiny success.CCelebrating others success.DForming a deep friendship.8What would be the best title for the passage?APlan Your Own FutureBEnjoy Your Own HappinessCRun Your Own RaceDFollow Your Own Dream【短文大

29、意】本文建议我们不要与别人比较，要专注于自己。【答案解析】4细节理解题。根据“Even though comparisons are common and can sometimes be helpful, focusing on your own progress is important for your happiness.”可知，尽管比较很常见，有时也有帮助，但关注自己的进步对你的快乐很重要。故选D。5细节理解题。根据“But I suggest comparing yourself to your past self and your future self. This can ma

30、ke you feel proud of what youve achieved and excited about what you might do.”可知，把自己和过去的自己进行比较，会让你对自己所取得的成就感到自豪。故选D。6词句猜测题。分析“If you begin to feel quite low, focus on your own strengths. says Jack. In other words, you can ask yourself questions like What can I do well in?, which can help you trust y

31、ourself.”可知，如果你开始感觉很低落，关注自己的优势，找到自己的优势，可以帮助你信任自己。your own strengths指的是优势。故选A。7细节理解题。根据“He also mentions that learning to celebrate your friends success can not only help to cheer your friends up but also help you feel good. It will encourage you to build each other up.”可知，怀特博士建议学会庆祝朋友的成功不仅能让你的朋友高兴起来

32、，也能让你感觉良好，它会鼓励你们互相帮助。故选C。8最佳标题题。本文建议我们不要与别人比较，要专注于自己。选项C“走自己的路”符合主题。故选C。（2022山东菏泽中考真题）They say once you learn how to ride a bike, you never forget. Most of us learnt when we were kids, and many still shoot off for a ride around the streets. In recent times, cycling has seen a rise in popularity, so

33、the question is: what makes it so popular to people to ride their bikes once again? First, lets look at the good for health. Cycling can improve your health and burn extra body fat. Exercising your legs helps to increase your strength. And cyclings good isnt just physical, but mental(精神的) as well. A

34、 long ride in the countryside could help you to clear your mind, or lower your worry. But its not only about your body and mind, there are also some good sides for your wallets(钱包) health.Cycling can be a great way to go to work or go around town. By cycling, you save money instead of driving a car

35、or taking a bus. If you drive to work, sometimes finding somewhere to park can be a very difficult thing. However, finding somewhere to lock your bike can be much simpler. Then, on the bus, there are changes at stations and other passengers speaking loudly on their phones to deal with. Cyclists face

36、 neither of these problems. And if youre worried about safety, there are special cycle ways in many big cities. Wearing high-visibility(高能见度) clothing is another way to improve your safety when cycling on the roads.Finally, cycling can also be good for the environment. It can help you to reduce your

37、 carbon footprint(碳足迹). Not giving gases out into the air is better for the planet and your own environment.So, whether people want to cycle for their health, going around town, their wallet, the environment, or a combination(结合) of all of them, the popularity of cycling is on the rise.9What is the

38、purpose of the first paragraph?ATo explain a reason.BTo raise a question.CTo give an example.10What is the meaning of “wallets health” in Paragraph 2?ACycling saves money.BCycling wastes money.CCycling keeps your wallet safe.11Why is cycling good for the environment?AIt burns extra body fat.BIt is e

39、asy to lock a bicycle.CIt helps reduce carbon footprint.12What is the passage mainly about?ACycling for physical health.BCycling for safety on the road.CThe growing popularity of cycling.【短文大意】本文主要介绍了骑自行车再次受到欢迎的现象以及原因。【答案解析】9推理判断题。根据“In recent times, cycling has seen a rise in popularity, so the que

40、stion is: what makes it so popular to people to ride their bikes once again?”可知, 第一段的目的是引出话题：为什么骑自行车如此受欢迎。故选B。10词义猜测题。根据“By cycling, you save money instead of driving a car or taking a bus.”可知, 骑自行车可以省钱，因此“wallets health”指的是“骑自行车很省钱”。故选A。11细节理解题。根据“It can help you to reduce your carbon footprint. No

41、t giving gases out into the air is better for the planet and your own environment.”可知, 骑自行车对环境有好处是因为有助于减少碳足迹。故选C。12主旨大意题。根据第一段“what makes it so popular to people to ride their bikes once again?”与最后一段“So, whether people want to cycle for their health, going around town, their wallet, the environment,

42、 or a combination of all of them, the popularity of cycling is on the rise.”以及通读全文可知, 本文主要介绍了骑自行车再次受到欢迎的现象以及原因。C选项“骑自行车越来越受欢迎。”符合主题。故选C。（2022湖北鄂州统考中考真题）In my opinion, Chinas “Double Reduction” Policy（“双减”政策）aimed at easing（减轻）education-related pressure on parents and children is effective. Now take

43、my home as an example to show how it works. “Dad! Get up! You promised to take us to the zoo today!” my two daughters shouted together one recent Saturday morning. The clock had just struck seven, but our house had already gotten noisier than the monkeys in the zoo!For families with children, weeken

44、ds have become very different. In the past, my wife and I could at least sleep in（睡懒觉）. Then at 9 oclock, we had to wake up the kids. After throwing them into a tutoring class（辅导班）, we could enjoy several hours to ourselves. But now, these classes are gone altogether. Kids, of course, are happy abou

45、t this. Every Tuesday or Wednesday evening, my girls would ask me, “Where are we going to spend this coming Saturday?”Luckily, there are still some classes for them to attend. On Sundays, my girls go to learn ballet and chess. They really enjoy their time there. My elder daughter is old enough to re

46、ad quietly on her own. On lucky days, we can get her to read together with her sister. Still, a quiet “competition” is on. My girls sometimes talk about how their classmates have spent an exciting weekend. Its their way of complaining about my laziness. Weekends are more tiring now for parents, but

47、I think they are good for kids. After all, childhood should be more than just studying school subjects. It should be more colorful.13What is the aim of the “Double Reduction” Policy?ATo ease education-related pressure on parents and children.BTo make parents stay with their children at weekends.CTo

48、make parents have more time for themselves at weekends.DTo make children and their parents have a good time at weekends.14What did the writer do with his children one recent Saturday morning?AThey travelled to the countryside.BThey went camping.CThey went to the zoo.DThey went to a tutoring class.15When the tutoring classes are gone altogether, children are_.AtiredBsadChappyDsurprised16Which of