高考英语一轮复习（北京用B版）课件：专题八　信息还原.ppt

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1、专题八 信息还原高考英语高考英语(北京市专用)A A组自主命题组自主命题北京卷题组北京卷题组Passage1(2018北京)根据短文内容,从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。WhyDoWeGetAngry?Angerseemssimplewhenwearefeelingit,butthecausesofangerarevarious.Knowingthesecausescanmakeusexamineourbehavior,andcorrectbadhabits.Themainreasonswegetangryaretriggering(触发)events,

2、personalitytraits(特征),andourassessmentofsituations.1Triggeringeventsforangeraresomanythattodescribethemallwouldtakehundredsofpages.However,herearesomeexamples:beingcutoffintraffic,adeadlineapproaching,experiencingphysicalpain,andmuchmore.2Thereasonwhysomeoneistriggeredbysomethingandothersarenotisoft

3、enduetoonespersonalhistoryandpsychologicaltraits.五年高考Eachperson,nomatterwhotheyare,haspsychologicalimbalances.Peoplewhohavepersonalitytraitsthatconnectwithcompetitivenessandlowupsettolerancearemuchmorelikelytogetangry.3Also,sometimespre-angerdoesnothavetodowithalastingcondition,butratheratempo-rarys

4、tatebeforeatriggeringeventhasoccurred.4Sometimesevenroutineoccurrencesbecomesourcesofpre-anger,orangeritself.Some-timesignoranceandnegative(消极的)outlooksonsituationscancreateanger.5However,angercaneasilyturnviolent,anditisbesttoknowthereasonsforangertoappearinordertopreventitspresence.Withthesemainre

5、asonsinmind,wecanevaluateourlevelofangerthroughoutthedayandpreventcasesofoutburstsbycomprehendingthereasonsforourfeel-ings.A.Ourattitudeandviewpointonsituationscancreateangerwithinusaswell.B.Butsometypesofsituationscanhelpustogetridoftheoccurrenceofanger.C.Angerisrarelylookeduponasabeneficialcharact

6、ertrait,andisusuallyadvisedtoreduceit.D.Angerisaparticularlystrongfeelingandmaybepeoplethinkthattheyhavereasonstofeelan-gry.E.Havingthesepersonalitytraitsimpliesthepre-angerstate,whereangerisinthebackgroundofyourmind.F.Understandingthesereasonswillcontrolourownangerifwearewillingtoevaluateourselvesw

7、ithacriticaleye.G.Noteveryoneactsthesameinresponsetoevents,andthatiswhywhattriggersonepersonmayormaynottriggeranother.答案答案语篇解读语篇解读本文是一篇说明文。文章从三个方面向读者介绍了引起愤怒的原因,以帮助减少愤怒的出现。1.F本句是总结句。空格位于段尾,作者在该空之前先给出引起人们发怒的三个主要原因:triggeringevents(触发事件)、personalitytraits(个人性格特征)、assessmentofsituations(对形势的评估),然后就自然地引出

8、总结句:了解这些原因有什么用,故选择F项。2.G本句为细节句。第二段主要针对“triggeringevents(触发事件)”来展开。空格前作者先列举出几个生活中的事件,通常人们在遇到这些事之后的反应都是发怒;空格后作者介绍说“因为个人经历和心理特点的不同,所以面对某些事时,有人发怒但也有人不生气”。因此该空应该承上启下,应该说的是“人们对这些事件的反应是不尽相同的”,与G项一致。3.E本句为细节句。第三段主要的关键词是“personalitytraits(个人性格特征)”。空格前一句话提到争强好胜的人及忍耐度低的人更容易发怒;空格后介绍pre-anger(生气前兆)的特点,与E项的thesep

9、ersonalitytraits和pre-anger形成原词复现,故选E项。4.A本句为主题句。通读本段内容可知该段主要围绕“ourassessmentofsituations”展开。空后第二句话中的outlooksonsituations的意思是“对局势的判断”,与A项“Ourattitudeandviewpointonsituations”意思相近,故选A项。5.D本句为过渡句。由衔接词“However”可知,设空处内容与后文内容相反,故D项“发怒是一种特别强烈的情感,或许人们认为愤怒是情有可原的”放在此处最合适,因此选D项。Passage2(2017北京)Everyanimalsleep

10、s,butthereasonforthishasremainedfoggy.Whenlabratsarenotallowedtosleep,theydiewithinamonth.1Oneideaisthatsleephelpsusstrengthennewmemories.2Weknowthat,whileawake,freshmemoriesarerecordedbyreinforcing(加强)connectionsbetweenbraincells,butthememorypro-cessesthattakeplacewhilewesleephavebeenunclear.Suppor

11、tisgrowingforatheorythatsleepevolvedsothatconnectionsbetweenneurons(神经元)inthebraincanbeweakenedovernight,makingroomforfreshmemoriestoformthenextday.3Nowwehavethemostdirectevidenceyetthatheisright.4Thesynapsesinthemicetakenattheendofaperiodofsleepwere18percentsmallerthanthosetakenbeforesleep,showingt

12、hattheconnectionsbetweenneuronsweakenwhilesleeping.IfTononistheoryisright,itwouldexplainwhy,whenwemissanightssleep,wefinditharderthenextdaytoconcentrateandlearnnewinformationourbrainsmayhavesmallerroomfornewexperiences.Theirresearchalsosuggestshowwemaybuildlastingmemoriesovertimeeventhoughthesynapse

13、sbecomethinner.Theteamdiscoveredthatsomesynapsesseemtobeprotectedandstayedthesamesize.5“Youkeepwhatmatters,”Tononisays.A.Weshouldalsotrytosleepwellthenightbefore.B.Itsasifthebrainispreservingitsmostimportantmemories.C.Similarly,whenpeoplegoforafewdayswithoutsleeping,theygetsick.D.Theprocessestakepla

14、cetostopourbrainsbecomingloadedwithmemories.E.Thatswhystudentsdobetterintestsiftheygetachancetosleepafterlearning.F.“Sleepisthepricewepayforlearning,”saysGiulioTononi,whodevelopedtheidea.G.Tononisteammeasuredthesizeoftheseconnections,orsynapses,inthebrainsof12mice.答案答案语篇解读语篇解读本文为说明文。研究表明,睡眠期间脑细胞之间的关

15、联会减弱,从而使大脑为新的记忆腾出空间,但是对于重要的记忆,大脑则会对其加以保护。1.C细节句。上句指出,当不允许实验室的老鼠睡觉时,它们在一个月之内就死去了。本句是上句的延伸,由动物转移到了人类。C项符合语境,意为“同样,人几天不睡觉的话也会生病”。2.E细节句。上句指出睡眠有助于加强新的记忆,下文对此进行了解释。本句应该是对这个观点的回应,E项“那也就是为什么学生在学习之后如果有机会睡觉的话,他们就会考得更好”符合语境。3.F过渡句。下段首句指出“现在我们有最直接的证据证明他是正确的”,由此可知本句应指出某人的观点。结合本段提出的“睡觉期间神经元之间的关联减弱,从而为第二天要形成的新记忆腾

16、出空间”,可以判断F项符合语境。4.G过渡句。下句的synapses以及themice为关键线索。下文指出了老鼠在睡完一觉后和睡觉前“synapses”的不同,所以本句应该指出本次试验的内容,故G项符合语境。5.B细节句。上句指出,研究团队发现某些神经突触似乎得到了保护,并未发生变化,这正是对某些重要记忆的保护,故B项正确。高级语块高级语块1.foggyadj.模糊的;有雾的2.makeroomfor为腾出空间3.matterv.重要;要紧;有关系长难句长难句Weknowthat,whileawake,freshmemoriesarerecordedbyreinforcingconnectio

17、nsbe-tweenbraincells,butthememoryprocessesthattakeplacewhilewesleephavebeenunclear.我们知道,在醒着的时候,通过加强脑细胞之间的关联,新的记忆被记住,但在我们睡觉时发生的记忆过程还不清楚。连词but连接了两个并列分句,在前一分句中,谓语动词know后为that引导的宾语从句,whileawake作状语;在后一分句中,that为关系代词,代指先行词thememoryprocesses,whilewesleep为时间状语从句。Passage3(2016北京)TheScienceofRisk-SeekingSometi

18、meswedecidethatalittleunnecessarydangerisworthitbecausewhenweweightheriskandthereward,theriskseemsworthtaking.1Someofusenjoyactivitiesthatwouldsurpriseandscaretherestofus.Why?Expertssayitmayhavetodowithhowourbrainswork.Thereasonwhyanyofustakeanyrisksatallmighthavetodowithearlyhumans.Risk-takerswereb

19、etterathunting,fighting,orexploring.2Asthequalityofrisk-takingwaspassedfromonegenerationtothenext,humansendedupwithasenseofadventureandatoleranceforrisk.Sowhyarentwealljumpingoutofairplanesthen?Well,even200,000yearsago,toomuchrisk-takingcouldgetonekilled.Afewdaringsurvived,though,alongwithafewstay-i

20、n-the-cavetypes.Asaresult,humansdevelopedarangeofcharactertypesthatstillexiststoday.Somaybeyoulovecarracing,ormaybeyouhateit.3Nomatterwhereyouareontherisk-seekingrange,scientistssaythatyourwillingnesstotakerisksincreasesduringyourteenageyears.4Tohelpyoudothat,yourbrainincreasesyourhungerfornewexperi

21、ences.Newexperiencesoftenmeantakingsomerisks,soyourbrainraisesyourtol-eranceforriskaswell.5Fortherisk-seekers,apartofthebrainrelatedtopleasurebecomesactive,whilefortherestofus,apartofthebrainrelatedtofearbecomesactive.Asexpertscontinuetostudythescienceofrisk-seeking,wellcontinuetohitthemountains,the

22、wavesortheshallowendofthepool.A.Italldependsonyourcharacter.B.Thosearetherisksyoushouldjumptotake.C.Beingbetteratthosethingsmeantagreaterchanceofsurvival.D.Thus,thesewell-equippedpeoplesurvivedbecausetheywerethefittest.E.Thisiswhenyoustarttomoveawayfromyourfamilyandintothebiggerworld.F.However,weare

23、notallusingthesamereferencestandardtoweighrisksandrewards.G.Newbrainresearchsuggestsourbrainsworkdifferentlywhenwefaceanervoussituation.答案答案语篇解读语篇解读本文为议论文。文章就寻求风险展开了议论。1.F上句提到值得冒险,而下句说有一些活动让一些人感到享受,却让另一些人害怕,故此处是说衡量风险和回报的标准不同,所以选F项。2.C上句提到冒险者更擅长捕猎等。C项中的Beingbetterat是上句中的werebetterat的复现,故选C项。3.A由本段可知人

24、类形成了各种各样的性格类型。你或者喜欢某项冒险活动或者不喜欢。这都是取决于你的性格特点的。最后一句总结本段得出主旨。4.E上句提到:对冒险活动的热爱在青少年时期有所增长。设空处应该是对青少年时期的说明,故选E项。5.G由下句中的apartofthebrain可知选G。长难句长难句Fortherisk-seekers,apartofthebrainrelatedtopleasurebecomesactive,whilefortherestofus,apartofthebrainrelatedtofearbecomesactive.对于寻求刺激的人来说,大脑中与快乐相关的部分变得活跃起来,而对于我

25、们剩下的人来说,大脑中与恐惧相关的部分变得活跃起来。while连接两个并列分句,两个分句中的relatedtopleasure和relatedtofear都是过去分词短语作后置定语,修饰apartofthebrain。Passage4(2015北京)ThisWaytoDreamlandDaydreamingmeanspeoplethinkaboutsomethingpleasant,especiallywhenthismakesthemfor-getwhattheyshouldbedoing.Daydreamershaveabadreputationforbeingunawareofwhats

26、happeningaroundthem.Theycanseemforgetfulandclumsy.1Theyannoyusbecausetheyseemtobeignoringusandmissingtheimportantthings.Butdaydreamersarealsoresponsibleforsomeofthegreatestideasandachievementsinhumanhistory.2Canyouimaginewhatkindofworldwewouldhavewithoutsuchideasandinven-tions?Sohowcanyoucomeupwithb

27、rilliantdaydreamsandavoidfallingovertreerootsorotherwiselookinglikeafool?First,understandthatsomeopportunities(机会)fordaydreamingarebetterthanothers.Feelingsafeandrelaxedwillhelpyoutoslipintodaydreams.3Andifyouwanttoimproveyourchancesofhavingacreativeideawhileyouredaydreaming,trytodoitwhileyouareinvo

28、lvedinanothertaskpreferablysomethingsimple,liketakingashowerorwalking,orevenmakingmeaninglessdrawings.Itsalsoimportanttoknowhowtoavoiddaydreamsforthosetimeswhenyoureallyneedtocon-centrate.“Mindfulness”,beingfocused,isatoolthatsomepeopleusetoavoidfallingasleep.4Finally,youneverknowwhatwonderfulideami

29、ghtstrikewhileyourmindhasmovedslowlyaway.5Alwaysrememberthatyourbestideasmightcomewhenyourheadisactuallyintheclouds.A.Havinginterestingthingstothinkaboutalsohelps.B.Theystareoffintospaceandwanderbythemselves.C.Withoutwanderingminds,wewouldnthaverelativity,CokeorPost-itnotes.D.Atonetime,daydreamingwa

30、sthoughttobeacauseofsomementalillnesses.E.Itinvolvesslow,steadybreathingforself-controlthathelpspeoplestaycalmandattentive.F.Daydreamsareoftenverysimpleanddirect,quiteunlikesleepdreams,whichmaybehardtoun-derstand.G.Therefore,itsagoodideatokeepanotebookorvoicerecordernearbywhenyoureintheday-dreamzone

31、.答案答案语篇解读语篇解读文章介绍了做白日梦的人有时健忘、笨拙,但是伟大的思想和成就是和白日梦分不开的。1.B由前句和后句可知该句在描述做白日梦的人的情况。故选B项。2.C由前句的表述可知在人类历史上一些伟大的想法和辉煌的成就是由那些爱做白日梦的人带来的。C项中的relativity(相对论),Coke和Post-itnotes是列举的一些伟大想法和成就,故C项符合此处语境。3.A由前文可知本段在讲述如何做巧妙的白日梦,故选A项。4.E第五段叙述了在人们需要集中注意力时,如何避免做白日梦。由E项中的关键词attentive(专注的)可知选E项。5.G文章第六段第一句与G项为因果关系。高级语块高

32、级语块slipinto滑进,进入长难句长难句Daydreamingmeanspeoplethinkaboutsomethingpleasant,especiallywhenthismakesthemforgetwhattheyshouldbedoing.做白日梦是指人们想一些愉快的事情,尤其指那些能让他们忘记他们应该做什么的事情。本句话主句的主语是Daydreaming;means是谓语动词;means后是宾语从句,省略了that。when引导时间状语从句,从句中forget后接what引导的宾语从句。Passage5(2014北京)EvaluatingSources(来源)ofHealthI

33、nformationMakinggoodchoicesaboutyourownhealthrequiresreasonableevaluation.Akeyfirststepinbet-teringyourevaluationabilityistolookcarefullyatyoursourcesofhealthinformation.Reasonableevaluationincludesknowingwhereandhowtofindrelevantinformation,howtoseparatefactfromopinion,howtorecognizepoorreasoning,a

34、ndhowtoanalyzeinformationandthereliabilityofsources.1Gototheoriginalsource.Mediareportsoftensimplifytheresultsofmedicalresearch.Findoutforyourselfwhatastudyreallyreported,anddeterminewhetheritwasbasedongoodscience.Thinkaboutthetypeofstudy.2Watchformisleadinglanguage.Somestudieswillfindthatabehavior“

35、contributesto”oris“associatedwith”anoutcome;thisdoesnotmeanthatacertaincoursemustleadtoacertainre-sult.3Carefullyreadorlistentoinformationinordertofullyunderstandit.Useyourcommonsense.Ifareportseemstoogoodtobetrue,probablyitis.Beespeciallycarefulofinformationcontainedinadvertisements.4Evaluate“scien

36、tific”statementscarefully,andbeawareofquackery(江湖骗术).5Friendsandfamilymemberscanbeagreatsourceofideasandinspiration,buteachofusneedstofindahealthylifestylethatworksforus.Developingtheabilitytoevaluatereasonablyandindependentlyabouthealthproblemswillserveyouwellthroughoutyourlife.A.Makechoicesthatare

37、rightforyou.B.Thegoalofanadistosellyousomething.C.Besuretoworkthroughthecriticalquestions.D.Andexaminethefindingsoftheoriginalresearch.E.Distinguishbetweenresearchreportsandpublichealthadvice.F.Beawarethatinformationmayalsobeincorrectlyexplainedbyanauthorspointofview.G.Thefollowingsuggestionscanhelp

38、yousortthroughthehealthinformationyoureceivefromcommonsources.答案答案语篇解读语篇解读本文为说明文,题材为科普知识。作者针对如何识别正确的健康信息提供了一些建议。1.G根据文章第二段、第三段、第四段的首句可以看出作者提供了一些建议,因此本空引出了下文的多个建议,故选择G项。2.D根据第二段的第一句“Gototheoriginalsource.”可以看出D选项“Andexaminethefindingsoftheoriginalresearch.”与第二段内容匹配。3.F根据第三段第一句“Watchformisleadinglangu

39、age.”可以看出F项“Beawarethatin-formationmayalsobeincorrectlyexplained.”与本段内容匹配。4.B空格处前一句中出现的advertisements与B项中的ad对应,因此选择B项。5.A空格后的“.thatworksforus.”与A项“Makechoicesthatarerightforyou.”对应,故选择A项。高级语块高级语块1.contributeto促成,造成2.beassociatedwith与有关长难句长难句Findoutforyourselfwhatastudyreallyreported,anddeterminewhet

40、heritwasbasedongoodscience.亲自找出一项研究真正阐明的内容,并且判断它是否基于真正的科学。and连接的两个分句均为祈使句,Findout.后接what引导的宾语从句,determine后接whether引导的宾语从句。B B组统一命题、省组统一命题、省(区、市区、市)卷题组卷题组Passage1(2018课标全国)根据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。Colorisfundamentalinhomedesignsomethingyoullalwayshaveineveryroom.Agraspofhowtomanagecol

41、orinyourspacesisoneofthefirststepstocreatingroomsyoulllovetolivein.Doyouwantaroomthatsfulloflife?Professional?Orareyoujustlookingforaplacetorelaxaf-teralongday?1,coloristhekeytomakingaroomfeelthewayyouwantittofeel.Overtheyears,therehavebeenanumberofdifferenttechniquestohelpdesignersapproachthisimpor

42、tantpoint.2,theycangetalittlecomplex.Butgoodnewsisthatthererereallyonlythreekindsofdecisionsyouneedtomakeaboutcolorinyourhome:thesmallones,themediumones,andthelargeones.3.Theyrethelittlespotsofcolorlikethrowpillows,mirrorsandbasketsthatmostofususetoaddvisualinteresttoourrooms.Lesstiringthanpaintingy

43、ourwallsandlessexpensivethanbuyingacolorfulsofa,smallcolorchoicesbringwiththemthesignificantbenefitofbeingeasilychangeable.Mediumcolorchoicesaregenerallyfurniturepiecessuchassofas,dinnertablesorbookshelves.4.Theyrequireabiggercommitmentthansmallerones,andtheyhaveamorepowerfuleffectonthefeelingofaspa

44、ce.Thelargecolordecisionsinyourroomsconcernthewalls,ceilings,andfloors.Whetheryourelookingatwallpaperorpaint,thetime,effortandrelativeexpenseputintoitaresignificant.5.A.WhileallofthemareusefulB.WhateveryourelookingforC.IfyoureexperimentingwithacolorD.SmallcolorchoicesaretheonesweremostfamiliarwithE.

45、ItsnotreallyagoodideatousetoomanysmallcolorpiecesF.Soitpaystobesure,becauseyouwanttogetitrightthefirsttimeG.Colorchoicesinthisrangeareastepupfromthesmallonesintwomajorways答案答案语篇解读语篇解读本文为说明文,介绍了在家居装修时如何选择颜色。只需作出三个决定即可:抱枕、镜子等小物件的颜色选择;沙发、餐桌等中等物件的颜色选择;墙面、天花板、地板等大物件的颜色选择。1.B本句为细节句。上文指出,你是想要一个充满生机的房间呢?还是专

46、业的房间?或者你只是在寻找漫长的一天过后供你休息的场所呢?本句应该对上文的问题作出回应,B项符合语境,句意为“无论你在找什么样的房间,要想让房间给你想要的感觉,颜色至关重要”。B项中的lookingfor为原词再现。2.A本句为细节句。上句指出,在过去的这些年,有很多不同的技巧帮助设计者达到这重要的一点。本句应该对这些技巧作出回应,A项符合语境,句意为“虽然所有的技巧都有用处,但是它们有点儿复杂”。A项中的allofthem代指上句中的differenttechniques。3.D本句为主题句。上段末尾指出了需要作出的三个决定(thesmallones,themediumones,andthe

47、largeones)。根据最后两段首句(Mediumcolorchoices.和Thelargecolordecisions.)可知,这两段分别介绍了后两个决定,结合段落内容可知本段介绍第一个决定,故D项(Smallcolorchoices.)符合段落主题。4.G本句为过渡句。本段介绍了对家具这样的中等物件作出颜色选择。空格前的句子列举了中等物件的例子,空格后的由and连接的两个分句从两方面与小物件的颜色选择进行了比较,故G项符合语境。twomajorways与下句内容一致。5.F本句为细节句。上文指出,在对大物件的颜色作出选择时,付出的时间、精力和相关的费用都意义重大,F项为该话题的延续,符

48、合语境,意为“因为你想要第一次就选好,所以这肯定是划算的”。高级语块高级语块1.fundamentaladj.基本的;十分重要的2.approachvt.处理;对付plexadj.复杂的mitmentn.付出;投入长难句长难句Agraspofhowtomanagecolorinyourspacesisoneofthefirststepstocreatingroomsyoulllovetolivein.掌握在你的空间如何选择颜色的技巧是创造你喜欢居住的房间的首要步骤之一。本句的主干为Agraspisoneofthefirststeps,howto.结构作介词of的宾语,youlllovetoli

49、vein为定语从句,先行词为rooms,省略了在从句中作宾语的关系代词。Passage2(2018课标全国)根据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。Ifyouarealreadymakingthetimetoexercise,itisgoodindeed!Withsuchbusylives,itcanbehardtotryandfindthetimetoworkout.1Workingoutinthemorningprovidesadditionalbenefitsbeyondbeingphysicallyfit.Yourproductivityisi

50、mproved.Exercisingmakesyoumoreawakeandreadytohandlewhateverisaheadofyoufortheday.2Yourmetabolism(新陈代谢)getsaheadstart.3Ifyouworkoutinthemornings,thenyouwillbegettingthecalorie(卡路里)burningbenefitsforthewholeday,notinyoursleep.4Studiesfoundthatpeoplewhowokeupearlyforexercisesleptbetterthanthosewhoex-er