【译林版】高考英语复习一轮语法专题课件（1）名词和冠词（含答案）.pptx

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1、语法专题突破语法专题突破语法专题一名词和冠词语法专题一名词和冠词-3-高考感悟考点归纳1.(2016全国甲,语法填空)Recent(study)show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.2.(2016全国甲,语法填空)Then,handle the most important tasks first so youll feel a real sense of(achieve).3.(2016全国甲,语法填空)Give your body and brain a rest by

2、stepping outside for while,exercising,or doing something you enjoy.1.studies根据后面的谓语动词show可知,此处主语要用复数形式,用studies。以辅音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时需要将y变为i再加es。2.achievement考查名词。of为介词,后面用名词形式。3.afor a while“一会儿”,为固定搭配。-4-高考感悟考点归纳4.(2016全国乙,语法填空)The nursery team switches him every few(day)with his sister so that while o

3、ne is being bottle-fed,other is with mumshe never suspects.5.(2016全国乙,语法填空)But for tourists like me,pandas are its top(attract).6.(2016四川,语法填空)Any smell might attract natural(enemy)that would try to eat the little panda.4.days;the根据前面的修饰词few可知,第一个空用名词的复数形式。根据前面出现的代词one可知,第二个空用定冠词the修饰other,特指两个中的“另一

4、个”。5.attraction根据前面的两个修饰词its top可知,此处用名词形式。6.enemies熊猫的敌人不止一个,故用复数形式。注意enemy变为复数时要把y变为i,然后再加es。-5-高考感悟考点归纳7.(2015课标全国,语法填空)Id skipped nearby Guilin,a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River that/which are pictured by artists in so many Chinese(pai

5、nting).8.(2015课标全国,语法填空)The adobe dwellings(土坯房)built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even most modern of architects and engineers.7.paintings考查名词的复数形式。根据前面的修饰语so many可知,此处应用名词的复数形式,表示“画,绘画作品”。8.the由第一个空后的most modern以及语境可知,这里指“最现代的建筑师和工程师”,故用the,the most modern是最高级形式。-

6、6-高考感悟考点归纳9.(2015课标全国,语法填空)In addition to their simple beauty,what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their(able)to“air condition”a house without using electric equipment.10.(2014课标全国,语法填空)While there are amazing stories of instant transformation,for most of us the(change)are gradual and require

7、 a lot of effort and work,like cleaning up a polluted river.9.ability由空前的their可知,此处应用able的名词形式,指他们的能力。10.changes根据前面的the可知,这里用名词。change的复数形式直接加s。句意:虽然也有一些瞬间就能发生转型的故事,但是对于我们大多数人来说,这些变化都是逐渐的,需要付出大量的努力和劳动,就像净化一条污染了的河流一样。-7-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六一、可数名词的复数1.规则变化-8-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六-9-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六注意以-o结尾的下列名词要加-es

8、,它们是:黑人英雄在回声中吃土豆、西红柿,即Negroes,heroes,echoes,potatoes,tomatoes。但下列以-o结尾的名词既可以加-es,也可以加-s,它们是:mosquitos(mosquitoes)蚊子,volcanos(volcanoes)火山。以-f或-fe结尾的下列名词需要把f或fe去掉,加-ves。它们是:为了自己活命,小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和树叶站在架子上,把狼劈成两半,即selves,lives,thieves,wives,knives,leaves,shelves,wolves,halves。但有的以-f结尾的名词既可以去掉f加-ves,也可以直接

9、加-s,如:handkerchiefs(handkerchieves)手帕。名词前有man或woman修饰,变复数时,做定语的man或woman和后面的名词都要变成复数。如:woman doctorwomen doctors-10-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六2.不规则变化常见单复数同形的名词Chinese中国人;means方式;works工厂;sheep绵羊;deer鹿;series系列;fish鱼;fruit水果等。其中 fish,fruit表示种类时,可加复数词尾,即fishes,fruits。自身有特殊变化的名词child孩子childrenman男人menfoot脚,英尺feetto

10、oth牙teethmedium传播媒介mediamouse老鼠micephenomenon现象phenomena-11-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六3.有些名词通常只用作复数。如:glasses眼镜,clothes衣服,goods货物,trousers裤子,belongings所有物,wages工资,riches财富,surroundings环境,ashes灰尘,compasses圆规,cattle牛,congratulations祝贺等。有些固定搭配中的名词通常用复数。如:have words with sb.同某人吵架,in high spirits 情绪高昂,give ones rega

11、rds to sb.向某人问候,in rags衣衫褴褛,have good manners 有礼貌等。-12-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六二、不可数名词1.不可数名词没有单复数之分,它包括抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词。下列名词通常用做不可数词:fun,advice,weather,progress,information,bread,butter,baggage,clothing,equipment,furniture,homework,juice,luggage,luck,music,milk,meat,production,permission,practice,thought,rubbe

12、r,rice,soup,wealth,health,glass,wood,English,America 等。Wealth starts with a goal and saving a dollar at a time.财富始于一个目标,要一美元一美元地积攒。-13-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六2.有些名词既可以用做可数名词,也可以用做不可数名词,但意义不同。work当表示“工作”时为不可数名词,但当表示“作品;著作”时则为可数名词。room“空间”(不可数),“房间”(可数);experience“经验”(不可数),“经历”(可数);paper“纸”(不可数),“报纸、文件、试卷”(可数)

13、。-14-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六名词的所有格表示所属关系,它分-s所有格和of所有格两种形式。1.-s所有格多用来表示有生命的东西。Many students eyesight is getting poorer and poorer.很多学生的视力变得越来越差了。用and连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况,即表示各自的所有关系时,要分别在并列名词后加-s或;表示共同的所有关系时,只在最后一个名词后加-s或。-15-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六Toms and Jims rooms汤姆和吉姆(各自)的房间Tom and Jims room汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间表示店铺、办公室或某人的家

14、时,名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。at the barbers在理发店at the teachers在老师办公室-16-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六2.of所有格表示无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系;名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of 所有格。From the top of the hill,you can get a birds view of the city.从山顶上,你可以鸟瞰整个城市。3.双重所有格指名词所有格或名词性物主代词同of构成的所有格,即“of+名词所有格”。a play of Shakespeares莎士比亚的一个戏剧a friend of m

15、y wifes我妻子的一个朋友-17-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六1.动词变名词的后缀-18-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六-19-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六-20-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六2.形容词变名词的后缀-21-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六-22-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六不定冠词表示泛指,一般修饰可数名词单数。a用于以辅音音素或半元音音素开头的单词前,an用于以元音音素开头的单词前。例如:a pen 一支笔an old man 一位老人一、不定冠词的基本用法1.用在首次提到的人或物的可数名词单数前面,泛指某(一)个人或某(一)个事物。The“Chinese Dream”is a

16、 dream to improve peoples well-being and a dream of harmony,peace and development.“中国梦”是一个改善民生的梦,一个和谐、和平、发展之梦。-23-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六2.表示“一”,相当于one,如:Ill return in a day or two.3.表示“每”,相当于per,常用于表示时间、重量、长度等单位前。如:We have three meals a day.4.表示“同一性”,常构成“of+a/an+名词”形式,相当于the same,如:The children are of an ag

17、e.5.表示类指,意为“某类”,如:He wants to be a doctor.6.后面接人名可以表示“一个叫的人”,或是其作品。如:A Mr.Smith is asking to see you.7.与抽象名词连用,可以表示“一场、一次、一件”。a success一件成功的事或一个成功的人,a pity一件遗憾的事,an honour一个引以为荣的人/一件引以为荣的事。8.与物质名词连用,表示“一种、一阵、一份”。What a heavy rain!-24-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六9.序数词前使用冠词的情况“the+序数词”表示排序;“a/an+序数词”不表示排序,而表示“又一;再一

18、”。如:Mr.Li has decided to buy a second car.I have failed twice,but Ill try a third time.10.比较级和最高级前冠词的选择“a/an+比较级”表示“(众多人或事物中)比更的一个”,属于泛指;“the+比较级”表示“两者中较的一个”。“the+最高级”表示三者或三者以上的人或事物中“最的一个”;“a most+形容词”表示“一个很/非常”,此时后面没有比较范围,most只表示“很,非常”,如:Tom is the older of the two boys.The first unit is a most dif

19、ficult part but not the most difficult.-25-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六二、常用不定冠词的固定搭配all of a sudden突然 as a matter of fact事实上once a week每星期一次 at a loss不知所措,茫然be on a visit参观,拜访be/go on a diet节食give sb.a lift让某人搭便车have a gift for.在方面有天赋have a good time玩得开心have a word with.与谈话in a hurry匆忙地in a way从某种意义上说make a livin

20、g谋生 take a walk散步take an interest in.对感兴趣take/have a rest休息一会儿-26-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六一、定冠词的基本用法1.特指上文提到过的、特定的人或事物,或双方都明确的人或事物I have a car.The car is red.Pass me the book,please.2.表示某一类人或物。如:The bike is a useful means of transportation.3.用于世上独一无二的事物名词前。如:the universe,the moon,the Pacific Ocean4.用于西洋乐器前。如:

21、play the violin,play the guitar5.表示“一家人”或“夫妇”。如:Could you tell me the way to the Greens,please?Sorry,we dont have a Green here in the village.-27-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六6.用于表示国家、党派等以及江、河、湖、海、山川、群岛等名词前。如:The United States,the Communist Party of China7.用于表示发明物的单数名词前。如:The compass was invented in China.8.在逢十的复数

22、数词之前,指世纪的某个年代。如:in the 1990s(在20世纪90年代)9.用于表示度量单位的名词前。如:I hired the car by the hour.(对比I hired the car by time.)10.用于形容词和分词前表示一类人。如:the rich,the living,the wounded-28-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六11.用于方位名词、身体部位名词前。如:The sun rises in the east.hit sb.on the head12.用于普通名词转化而来的专有名词前。如:the Great Wall,the West Lake13.与比

23、较级和最高级连用。如:比较级+and+比较级,表示“越来越”。The more,the better.表示两者间“较的一个”,比较级前加the。Who is the taller of the two boys?三者或三者以上相比较,表示最高程度时,用“the+最高级”的结构表示。这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语。如:Mary is the tallest child in her family.-29-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六二、常用定冠词的固定搭配at the moment此刻,目前at the same time同时by the way顺便说一下on the spot当场mak

24、e the best/most of.充分利用in the distance在远处in the end最终in the habit of有的习惯the other day前几天on the one hand.,on the other hand.一方面,另一方面to the point中肯,切题-30-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六一、零冠词的基本用法1.专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词表示一般概念时,其前不用冠词。Beijing is the capital of China.Kindness is virtue.Snow dissolves into water.-31-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四

25、五六2.表示季节、月份、星期、节假日、棋类、球类、学科、一日三餐、语言、运动等的名词前一般不加冠词。Spring is the best season of the year.I have been studying in this college since July,2015.We have a seven-day holiday on National Holiday.Tom enjoys playing chess.The boys like playing football after class.They can choose other subjects like Art and

26、 Computer Science.Do you have breakfast at home or at school?-32-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六3.称呼语、自己的家庭成员及表示头衔、职务的名词做表语、补足语及同位语时,一般不加冠词但用做主语或宾语时要用冠词。Sam has been appointed manager of the engineering department to take the place of George.Im captain of the class team at school.The chairman declared the meeting op

27、en.4.当by与表示交通工具的名词连用表示方式时,名词前不用冠词。Id rather travel by bus than airplane.-33-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六二、常用零冠词的固定搭配in fact事实上for example例如in danger在危险中 with pleasure高兴地in time及时in fear恐惧地at work在上班at dinner在吃饭after school放学后 at first起初at last最终by hand手工做的pay attention to注意set fire to放火take pride in以为豪 take care

28、of照顾-34-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六take office就职take part in参加in town在城里keep.in mind牢记in trouble处在麻烦中on foot步行leave word留言on time按时catch sight of看见 do harm to对有害lose weight减肥-35-.单句填空1.I had no(choose)but to prepare for it,though.(2016河北“五个一名校联盟”质量监测)2.It is used in products from(cup)that keep your drinks hot or

29、 cold to packaging materials.(2016河南八市重点中学质量检测)3.More and more students would drop out of school if their personal(safe)could not be guaranteed.(2016福建五校毕业班统考)1.choicehave no choice but to do sth.为固定搭配,故用名词choice。2.cups分析句子结构可知,空后that引导的定语从句中的谓语动词为keep,是复数形式,故名词也应用复数形式cups。3.safety根据空处前的their person

30、al可知,空处应填名词safety。-36-4.Like university students,the US high school students have the(free)to choose the courses that most interest them.(2016石家庄调研检测)5.When Sammy looked up,the train was just a couple of(foot)away.(2016合肥第一次质检)6.Actually with my(confident)built up,I now turn out to be a great speake

31、r.(2016河北“五个一名校联盟”质量监测)4.freedom由定冠词the可知,此处应用名词,即freedom。5.feeta couple of后跟可数名词的复数形式。故填foot的复数形式feet。6.confidence由形容词性物主代词my可知,此处应用名词形式,即confidence。-37-7.Art creates(aware)of social issues.(2016山西考前质检)8.Dogs are very popular pet.(2016石家庄一模)9.Four boys were taking walk in the woods near Montaigne.(

32、2016郑州第二次质量预测)7.awarenesscreates是动词,后面应用名词做宾语。故填awareness。8.a由本句中的very popular pet可知,此处应用不定冠词a,表示泛指。9.atake a walk为固定短语,意为“散步”,故用不定冠词a。-38-10.Experts hope whole society pays more attention to the mental health of adolescents.(2016福建五校毕业班统考)11.elderly man,Jean Papich,eighty-four,sat in the drivers se

33、at.(2016合肥第一次质检)12.Solving problem of plastic pollution is important.(2016河南八市重点中学质量检测)10.thethe whole society意为“全社会”,为固定用法,故填the。11.Anman在文中第一次提到,应用不定冠词,且elderly的读音以元音音素开头,故填An。12.the因problem后有of plastic pollution做后置定语,表示特指,故填the。-39-13.I dont remember the first two operations very well,but I do re

34、call third.(2016山东潍坊第一次统考)14.Art is means of communication.(2016山西考前质检)15.My parents had moved to England from India during 1970s.(2016福建毕业班单科质检)13.the序数词前一般用定冠词the修饰,表示第几的概念。14.a此处表泛指,艺术是一种交流的方式。故填a。15.thethe 1970s为固定用法,意为“20世纪70年代”;表示“某世纪某年代”时应在数字前加the。-40-.单句改错1.Could you please give me some advi

35、ces on how to behave properly?(2016河南百校联盟5月质检)2.There goes a old saying,“When in Rome,do as the Romans do.”(2016河南百校联盟5月质检)3.We talked about what measure should be taken to improve the situation.(2016河北衡水中学金卷一)1.advicesadviceadvice是不可数名词,没有复数形式。2.aanold是元音音素开头的单词,其前要用不定冠词an。3.measuremeasurestake mea

36、sures to do sth.“采取措施做某事”,measure要用复数形式,指“措施”。-41-4.But I call on all the people to take action and put end to the low-quality food.(2016河北衡水中学金卷一)5.English has become a global language,so Im convinced that learning English is of great useful.(2016山东威海二模)6.Hotpot is the delicious choice.(2016山西省际名校5

37、月押题)4.end前加anput an end to“结束”,是固定短语。5.usefulusebe of great use=be useful 意为“有用的”。6.thea这里choice是泛指,表示“一个选择”,因此要把the改为a。-42-7.Its common for a man to sit cross-legged on the floor,but its not considered acceptable for woman to do so.(2016郑州第三次质检)8.Then we visited lecture hall behind the lab building

38、.(2016济南5月针对性训练)7.woman前加awoman是单数可数名词,这是泛指“一位妇女”。8.lecture前加the这里特指实验楼后的报告厅,因此用定冠词the。-43-9.In the centre we saw a group of student playing musical instruments.(2016济南5月针对性训练)10.There is a park just outside our building,so we have a pleasant view of grass and trees from our living room with two win

39、dow.(2016济南5月针对性训练)9.studentstudentsstudent是单数可数名词,其前有a group of,因此要用复数形式students。10.windowwindows根据其前的two 可知,window要改为复数形式。-44-.语法填空Villages in developing countries often lack many things:books,clean water,electricity.These shortages are easy to see.But 1.different kind of shortage is not easy to s

40、ee.That is 2.shortage of experts.Many villages have no doctors,engineers or scientists.They have no one who knows how to treat unusual medical 3.(problem)or design a new expert system.There is a way to ease 4.problems.They can do it with 5.1.a此处表示泛指,指另一不同种类的缺乏。2.the此处特指“专家的缺乏”,故用定冠词the。3.problemspro

41、blem是可数名词,这里指医疗方面的问题,故用复数形式。4.the此处特指上文提到的这些问题,故用定冠词the。puters/a computer从后文的computer scientists以及后文的关于计算机的陈述可知,这里是用计算机解决这个问题。-45-In 6.past few years,computer scientists around the world have developed what they call“expert systems”.An expert system is a special kind of computer program.In some situ

42、ations,it can take 7.place of 8.human expert.For example,an expert in the medical system can help to take care of a sick person.After asking a few 9.(question)of the patient,it can tell what medicine or other 10.(treat)is needed.6.thein the past few years“在过去的几年里”为固定结构,故用the。7.thetake the place of“代

43、替;取代”为固定搭配。8.a根据句意“它能取代一个人类专家”,表示泛指,又因空格后的单词以辅音音素开头,故用不定冠词a。9.questions此处表示向病人提问几个问题。10.treatment由other可知,这里用动词treat的名词形式。-46-.短文改错(2016河北唐山三模)Dear Tom,Im glad to hear that you are coming for a holiday in our city the next month.Im such happy that you will stay in my house.There have been greatly ch

44、anges in the last three year in my home.First,we have rebuilt your house,which now has four private rooms.You can choose any of them to live when you come.Second,my parents have set up a small restaurant in our village,that you can eat healthily.Im really willing to be your guide to make your journe

45、y interested and meaningful.If you had any requests,dont hesitate to let me know.Looking forward to hear from you.Yours,Li Hua-47-48-49-1.去掉thethis,that,last,next等修饰的名词做状语时,其前不用介词。2.suchsohappy是形容词,其前用副词so修饰,such修饰名词。3.greatlygreatchanges是名词,故用形容词great修饰。greatly是副词。4.yearyears由前面的three可知,这里应该用复数形式ye

46、ars。5.yourour根据语境可知,这里是为“我们”自己重盖房子,因此用our。6.live后加in前面叙述的是房子,这里指住在房子里,因此不及物动词live后加in,与any of them构成动宾关系。-50-7.thatwhere先行词是a small restaurant,逗号后面是一个非限制性定语从句,故不能用that。分析定语从句可知,引导词在句中做地点状语,因此把that改为where。8.interestedinteresting这里要用interesting说明journey的情况。interested 常用来描述人的心理状态。9.hadhave文章的基础时态是现在时,又根据后面的dont hesitate可知,这里也要用现在时have。10.hearhearinglook forward to中to是介词,后接名词或者动词-ing做宾语。