【课件】Unit+3+Learning+about+Language+课件人教版（2019）选择性必修第四册.pptx

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1、人教版（人教版（2019）选择性必修四）选择性必修四Unit 3 Sea ExplorationLearning About LanguageBuild up your vocabularyLearning objectivesBy the end of this section,you will be able to:1.identify words based on their meaning in English;2.grasp some phrases,including their meanings and usages;3.use words and phrases you hav

2、e learned to complete a passage;4.learn about Zacs adventure and analyze his spirit.Retell the essay we have learned.silk roadDu Huans Record of My TravelsZheng Hes voyages to the Western seas21st Century Maritime Silk roadreach out across the sea farComplete the passage using the words from the tex

3、t.There are many t_ and legends about how seamen explored the oceans in the past.But how many of them are reliable?The fact is that they needed multiple ways to keep safe after s_ sail.1.Using nature to help is the first and most useful form of exploration.This includes the North Star,Sun and clouds

4、.2.Using the weather.Experienced captains could see the b_ between weather and dangers.Either they withdrew the fleets or e_ their voyage.3.Using the sea.Skillful sailors could use tides and currents to carry ships back to the shore or pass through narrow c_.These skills helped seamen explore the se

5、as and discovered new lands.They needed not only the instruments but also courage and luck.alesettingondsxtendedhannelsWrite down the word that matches each definition.Then find the sentences containing these words in the text.taleroyalnegotiatewithdrawextendbondleaguechannelbondleagueextendedtalesU

6、nderline as many phrases as possible in the essay we have read.form the foundation“形成基础”find ones way“找到出路”a sight to behold“壮观的景象”in return“作为回报”in hand“在手头；可供使用”reach out across the sea“跨越海洋”Complete the sentences with the correct forms of the phrases in the box.a sight to beholdin handwithdraw fr

7、omin return1.Henry Norman Bethune devoted his life and profession to helping people without expecting anything .2.Last summer we visited an island in the Indian Ocean,whose rocky coastline and long golden beaches were .3.The tennis player several tournaments due to injury.4.With lots of food and dri

8、nk ,they set off for their picnic.in returna sight to beholdwithdrew fromin handComplete the passage below with the correct forms of the words in the box.find ones way boredom reach out across the sea set sail form the foundation tale motivateIn 1519,Ferdinand Magellan,a Portuguese adventurer,made t

9、he first voyage around the world.On 14 June 2008,nearly 500 years later,a 16-year-old American boy,Zac Sunderland,_ on a similar journey.After 13 months,he returned with a new world record:the youngest person ever to sail around the world.Zac grew up on a boat and learnt how to sail when he was four

10、,which _ of his success.As a child,Zac read a book about Robin Lee Graham who had sailed around the world alone as a teenager in 1965.Zac was greatly inspired by Grahams _.After his 16th birthday,Zac started making plans for his journey.Using his own money,Zac bought a boat and set off._ is often a

11、mixture of danger and _.Zac had to _ through heavy storms and get by on little sleep on his journey.It was boring to stay on a boat all day,so Zac read lots of books!He also emailed his family using his laptop,telling them about his experiences around the world.When the journey ended,Zacs adventure

12、received widespread media coverage.At his press conference,he talked about how passion and courage made his dream come true.In his opinion,theres so much that people can achieve with the right _ and ambition.Just go for it!set sailformed the foundationtaleReaching out across the seaboredomfind his w

13、aymotivationRead the passage again.Then answer the questions.What problems did Zac meet in his journey?What made Zacs journey successful?Compared to the great voyages in history,is Zacs voyage meaningful?Why?Review useful structuresLearning objectivesBy the end of this section,you will be able to:1.

14、find examples of infinitives in the essay you have learnt and identify the purpose of their use;2.review the usage of the infinitive;3.use infinitives to complete some exercises and understand the purpose of their use;4.use infinitives to write an ending for The Little Mermaid.What can an infinitive

15、 function as?Review.Lead-inthe infinitivePAs the predicativeSAs the subjectAdAs the adverbial OAs the objectAttrAs the attributiveOCAs the object complementWhat are the forms of infinitives?Review.时态时态形式形式含义含义例句例句一般式主动：to do表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后之后。we agree to meet at the cinema.被动：to be don

16、eThe patient asked to be operated on at once.完成式主动：to have done表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前之前。I happened to have seen the film.被动：to have been doneHe is pleased to have been praised.进行式to be doing表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时同时发生。He pretended to be sleeping.Find all the sentences containing infinitives in the reading passage.

17、Then mark their functions.PresentationSOCAdPOAttrSAttrAttrAttrOAttrAdAttrOCJoin the words to make sentences using infinitives.Then decide the function of each infinitive.1.He encouraged me to participate in the surfing competition.2.The storm seems to be getting closer.3.Magellan was the first perso

18、n to sail around the world.4.The UN peacekeeping force aims to maintain peace and prevent armed conflicts.5.The crowd stood to applaud scientists for their important ocean research work.6.It is a good idea to tax plastic bottles so that people use them less.7.The Jiaolong manned submersible is said

19、to be able to reach 7 km underwater.8.It remains to be seen whether or not his capsule can work.(OC)(P)(Attr)(O)(Ad)(Attr)(O;O)(O)Infinitives as the subject一、动词不定式（短语）作主语的主谓一致原则动词不定式（短语）作主语的主谓一致原则1.单个动词不定式（短语）作主语，谓语用单数。To improve English is the most urgent thing for me now.提高英语对现在的我而言是最紧急的事。2.两个或两个以

20、上的动词不定式（短语）作主语，若语义一致或基本一致，或动词不定式（短语）作为一个整体，谓语用单数。To love and to be loved is sweet to us.爱与被爱对我们来说都是甜蜜的。3.两个或两个以上的动词不定式（短语）作主语，若语义不一致，谓语用复数。To improve peoples lives and to speed up social construction are two important tasks.改善人们的生活和加快社会建设是两项重要任务。二、动词不定式（短语）作主语时，往往放在谓语之后，用动词不定式（短语）作主语时，往往放在谓语之后，用it作形

21、式主语作形式主语 1.It is+形容词（+for sb.）+to do sth.It is easy for me to learn how to drive.学会如何开车对我而言很容易。2.It is+形容词（+of sb.）+to do sth.It is clever of him to leave that company.他很聪明，离开了那家公司。3.It is+名词（a pleasure/a pity/an honor.）+to do sth.Its our duty to take care of the old.照顾老人是我们的责任。4.It takes/took sb.+s

22、ome time+to do sth.It takes me an hour to do homework every day.我每天花一个小时写作业。Infinitives as the object用法用法1.不定式短语作宾语时，往往放在下列动词（短语）之后：afford,decide/determine,learn,want/expect/hope/wish,refuse,manage,pretend,offer,promise,choose,plan,agree,ask/beg,fail,happen,strive,threaten,would like等。He has promise

23、d to take care of the matter on his own.他已经答应自己处理这件事。I am expecting to share the experience with you right now.我期待着现在就和你分享这段经历。2.在 某 些 动 词，如find,think,consider,feel,make,believe后，常 用it作 形 式 宾 语，构 成“find/think.+it+adj./n.+to do sth.”结构。I find it challenging to fit in with the team.我觉得融入这个团队很有挑战性。We t

24、hink it our duty to protect the environment.我们认为保护环境是我们的责任。注意：下列动词或词组既可以接动词不定式作宾语，也可以接动名词作宾语，但意义上有区别forget/remember to do sth.忘记/记得去做某事forget/remember doing sth.忘记/记得做了某事regret to do sth.对要做某事感到遗憾regret doing sth.后悔做了某事try to do sth.努力去做某事try doing sth.尝试做某事mean to do sth.打算做某事mean doing sth.意味着做某事s

25、top to do sth.停下来去做某事stop doing sth.停止正在或经常做的事go on to do sth.接着做另一件事go on doing sth.继续做某事3.固定结构do/have/其他动词+sth.+but/except(to)do sth.中的不定式用法。此结构要遵循“前有实义 动词do，but后则无to，反之则有to”的原则。She had no choice but to face the embarrassment.她别无选择，只能面对尴尬。The two brothers did nothing but blame each other.这两兄弟除了互相指

26、责外，什么也没做。Infinitives as the object complement用法用法1.在某些动词后都可以用动词不定式作宾语补足语，如ask,want,expect,invite,beg,encourage,order,warn,remind,prefer,get,force,allow,permit,forbid,persuade,cause,advise,teach,wait for,call on,depend on等。Please remind me to attend the meeting on time.请提醒我准时参加会议。2.下列动词（短语）接省略to的动词不定

27、式作宾语补足语：一感（feel），二听（hear,listen to），三使（let,have,make），四看（see,notice,observe,watch），半帮助（help），但在变为被动语态时需加to。The thief was observed to enter the bank.有人看见小偷进了银行。3.with+宾语+宾补的复合结构中。With many problems to settle,we should hold another meeting.有许多问题要解决，我们应该再开一次会。Infinitives as the predicative一、结构结构：主语+am/

28、is/are/was/were+不定式The purpose of education is to develop a fine personality in children.教育的目的是培养儿童良好的性格。二、表意功能及主要用法表意功能及主要用法1.当句子的主语是不定式时，系动词后可接不定式作表语，用于解释主语所描述的行为或说明该行为带来的结果。类似用法还包括一些格言警句：To ask him such questions is to irritate him.问他这样的问题会激怒他。To see is to believe.眼见为实。2.当不定式作表语时，能够担当句子主语的名词比较有限，

29、它们大多用于表示某种情形或状况，如advice,aim,ambition,custom,business,desire,difficulty,duty,experience,habit,happiness,hope,idea,intention,job,method,plan,principle,problem,purpose,reason,risk,role,task,thing,wish等。My ambition is to become a scientist.我的理想是成为一名科学家。3.不定式结构作remain的表语：remain to be done“有待于被做”。There ar

30、e so many things remaining to be done.有许多事情要做。4.有时，根据表达的需要，在作表语的不定式前，还可添加疑问代词或疑问副词，包括what,who,how,when,where等。The problem was how to begin.问题是如何开始。5.当主语包含定语从句且其先行词为代词all或形容词最高级形式the least、the most时，后可接“系动词+不定式”作句子的表语。All he wanted was to be left alone.他只想一个人待着。The least I can expect is to have this

31、day all to myself.至少我能期待这一天只属于自己。6.当不定式作表语时，句子的主语还可以是what引导的主语从句。What I want to do now is(to)have a rest.我现在只想休息。7.省略to的用法（1）all作主句主语，其后的定语从句含有实义动词do的某种形式时。All we need to do is live each day with hope.我们所需要做的就是带着希望生活每一天。（2）what引导的从句作主语，从句中含有实义动词do的某种形式时。What I want to do is take a holiday right away

32、.我想马上去度假。（3）（主句）主语被only,first,one,last或形容词最高级修饰，且其后作定语的从句或短语中含有实义动词do的某种形式时。In the evening the only thing he did was read the newspaper.晚上，他唯一做的事就是看报纸。Infinitives as the attribute一、位置位置：动词不定式作定语，一般位于所修饰词的后面，可扩展为一个定语从句。We are looking for an apartment to live in.=We are looking for an apartment that w

33、e can live in.我们正在找一个可以居住的公寓。二、用法用法1.动词不定式作定语可表示还未发生的动作。All the teachers to attend the opening ceremony tomorrow should wear the uniforms.明天将要出席开幕式的所有老师都应该穿制服。The competition to be held next year will surely attract many international tourists.明年要举行的比赛肯定会吸引许多国际游客。2.序数词、形容词最高级和the last/the only/the n

34、ext等词语后或被这些词修饰的名词后常用动词不定式作定语。The next train to arrive was from New York.下一趟抵达的火车是从纽约开来的。He is always the first to come and the last to leave.他总是第一个来，最后一个离开。3.抽象名词ability,chance,opportunity,way,right(权利),courage,decision,hope,wish等后常用动词不 定式作定语。Thanks to your encouragement,I finally got the courage to

35、 face the challenge.多亏了你的鼓励，我最终有了迎接挑战的勇气。Starting a new school term is always exciting.It is a good chance to see your friends again.开始一个新学期总是很令人兴奋，这是一个再次见到你朋友们的好机会。4.something,nothing,anything等不定代词后常用动词不定式作定语。We have nothing to fear but fear itself.人最害怕的就是害怕本身。5.在there be句型中，作主语的名词后可接动词不定式作定语，被修饰的中

36、心词是不定式的逻辑宾语时，不定式用主动式或被动式均可。There is nothing to worry about/to be worried about.没什么可担心的。注意：在there be句型中，如果动词不定式有逻辑主语，则动词不定式只能用主动形式。三、构成动词不定式的动词与被修饰词之间的关系构成动词不定式的动词与被修饰词之间的关系1.主谓关系：主谓关系指的是被修饰词是构成动词不定式的动词的逻辑主语。此时的动词不定式在意义上相当于一个定语从句。We need someone to help with the work.=We need someone that can help wi

37、th the work.我们需要有人来帮忙做这项工作。2.动宾关系：动宾关系指的是被修饰词是构成动词不定式的动词的逻辑宾语，所以作定语的不定式不能带宾语。Do you have anything to send?你有什么东西要寄吗？3.同位关系：同位关系指的是不定式对所修饰的名词的内容起解释、说明作用。这类被修饰词有两类，一种是由动词派生出来的抽象名词，如plan,decision等，另一种是如campaign,evidence,opportunity,position,power,project,reason,right等的抽象名词。My plan to go abroad has fail

38、ed.我出国的计划没能实现。We dont have enough evidence to prove that he was wrong.我们没有充足的证据来证明他是错的。Infinitives as the adverbial功能例句1.表示目目的的，可以放在句末，也可以放在句首。目的状语还可用in order to或so as to。He worked day and night to get the money.2.表示结结果果，往往是与预期愿望相反的结果，常放在never,only等词后。结果状语还可用so as to,such as to,enough to,too to,only

39、 to 等结构来表示。He hurried to the station only to find the train had gone.3.表示原原因因，常放在形容词后面。不定式在作表语/补语的形容词后面作状语，用主动形式表被动意思。They were very sad to hear the news.4.表示程度程度，常用结构是too.to.,enough to.。Its too dark for us to see anything.5.作作独独立立成成分分。有些不定式短语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常见的有：To tell you the truth（说实话），To

40、 make a long story short（长话短说），To make matters worse/To make things worse（更糟糕的是），To sum up/To conclude（总而言之）。To tell you the truth,I dont like the way he talked.Complete the dialogues with the correct forms of the words in brackets.Practice1.A:Will your parents be back from their holiday tomorrow?B:

41、No,they decided _(extend)their trip.2.A:Have you got the test result on the new medicine?B:Yes,it has proved _(be)somewhat effective,but further testing remains _(do).3.A:Wow!I didnt expect Pete _(be)such a good swimmer!B:_(spend)the past summer practising almost every day,he is now able _(swim)much

42、 faster than before.4.A:What happened?You were supposed _(be)in Beijing by now!B:I overslept and rushed to the airport,only _(find)that the check-in counter had closed.5.A:Which season do you like most?B:Winter.Because the city looks very beautiful when _(cover)with snow.6.A:Who is considered _(be)t

43、he father of the computer:Charles Babbage,Alan Turing,John Vincent Atanasoff,or John von Neumann?B:Well,they are all believed _(make)important contributions to computer science.to extendto beto be doneto beHaving spentto swimto have been(to be)to findcoveredto beto have madeWorkbookTell the function

44、 of the infinitive in each sentence.Then translate them into Chinese.1.To be or not to be,that is the question.2.It is better to give than to take.3.Youre never too old to learn.4.To know everything is to know nothing.5.To save time is to lengthen life.生存还是毁灭，这是一个值得考虑的问题。(S)施比受有福。(Ad;Ad)活到老学到老。什么都知道

45、等于什么都不知道。节约时间就是延长生命。(Ad)(S;P)(S;P)WorkbookRead the beginning of The Little Mermaid and use the proper forms of the verbs in brackets to fill in the blanks.What do you think happens next?Far out in the ocean,where the water is as clear as glass,lives the Sea King.The ocean is too deep _(measure).We m

46、ay imagine there is nothing except yellow sand under the sea,but actually it is not rare _(see)the most unique flowers and plants _(dance)in the fast-moving water.In the deepest spot of all stands the Sea Kings castle,which has walls of coral and a roof _(form)of beautiful shells.The mother of the k

47、ing,a wise woman who is proud _(be)born into the royal family,takes care of his six daughters.Among the six sea-princesses,the youngest is the prettiest.Although she has delicate skin like a rose-leaf and eyes as blue as the to seeto measuredancingdeepest sea,she has no feet but a fish tail just lik

48、e her sisters.The most common way for the princesses _(play)all day long is _(swim)in the halls of the castle or among the flowers growing out of the walls,feeding and touching the fish _(swim)up to their hands through the windows.They seem _(not worry)about anything,except for the youngest,who.to h

49、ave been formedto playswimming/to swimswimmingnot to worryRead again and discuss the following questions.What is the Sea Kings castle like?What is the life like in the Sea Kings castle?What is the most common way for princesses to play?You may all know the ending of The Little Mermaid.Please write a

50、 totally different one now.For example,what if the mermaid met a biology scientist or a deep-sea submersible called Jiaolong?What help will she get?Complete the news report below with the appropriate forms of the verbs in brackets.What else do you know about Jiaolong?WorkbookNamed after a mythical d