高考英语-阅读理解重难点之说明文(解析版).docx

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1、重难点 阅读理解之说明文【命题趋势】最近五年，说明文的出现变化不大，一直很稳定，选材通常是各学科的前沿问题；高科技领域的科研成果；人们比较关心的社会问题；人文方面的经典。由于阅读理解题的设置采用渐进式，即由简到难的方式，因此说明文是高考试卷中阅读理解题中相对比较难的，通常后置。说明文的词汇和句式的运用较别的体裁的文章难度更大。词汇运用灵活，同一词的不同词性的用法交替出现，未列入考纲的生词较多，通常达到了4-5%。不过考生可以通过说明文的语言特点来帮助理解语篇，例如，下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以及标点符号（如破折号、冒号都有表示解释和说明）等。【满分技巧】高考阅读理解中，说明文

2、为主要体裁之一。高考阅读理解题的设问主要围绕以下四方面：细节事实题、主旨大意题、推理判断题、猜测词义题。其中，说明文主要以细节事实、主旨大意和猜测词义三方面问题为主。一、词义猜测类题型阅读理解题中常要求学生猜测某些单词或短语的意思。词义的猜测还是贯穿在文章的阅读理解之中。解这类题目一般是通过上下文去理解或根据构词法去猜测。判断一个单词的意思不但离不开句子，而且还需要把句子放在上下文中，根据上下文提供的线索加以猜测。运用构词法,语境等推测关键词义，可以根据以下几种方法猜测：（一）内在逻辑关系根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻辑关系推断生词词义

3、。1. 通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词2. 根据因果关系猜测词义3. 通过定义或释义关系来推测词义4. 通过句法功能来推测词义5. 通过描述猜词（二）外部相关因素外部相关因素是指篇章（句子或段落）以外的其他知识，有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时，就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。例如：The snakes lithered through the grass.根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识，我们可以推断出slither词义为爬行。（三）构词法在阅读文章时，我们总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意，而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用，此时，如掌握了一些常用的词根、前

4、缀、后缀、合成等构词法知识，这些问题便不难解决了。二、主旨大意类题型主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全面理解和概括的能力，提问的内容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。怎样把握主旨大意题呢？通常有以下几种方法：（一）阅读文章的标题或副标题文章的标题是一篇文章的题眼，通过阅读标题或副标题可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。（二）寻找文章的主题句分析篇章结构，找出文章主题。在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过仔细阅读短文的第一句或第二句，即文章的主题句来归纳出文章的主题.若短文由若干段组成。通常文章的中心思想包含在文章的首句，有时也在文章的末句，其他句子都是

5、用来说明和阐述主题句。因此，在确定文章的中心思想时，要求学生重视阅读文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常贯穿在全文中，因此要求学生综观全文，对段落的内容要融会贯通，对文章透彻理解后归纳总结。主题句的特点是：1. 相对于其他句子，它表达的意思比较概括；2. 主题句一般结构简单；3. 段落中其他句子必定是用来解释，支撑或发展主题句所表达的思想的。【热点话题】 说明文热衷话题有：科普类，环保类。【限时检测】（建议用时：每篇7分钟）A（2021广西柳州一模）话题：文章介绍了在高温地区撒哈拉沙漠生存的银蚂蚁及其特征，它们的生存方式给研究人员带来了很多发明灵感。难度：建议用时：6分A recen

6、t issue of National Geographic magazine described one of the wonders of the earth, the tiny silver ants of the Sahara desert. These ants live in areas where temperatures reach up to 57, as the article described it, an environment “where shoes melt.”These tiny ants are amazing. In the Sahara desert,

7、where most creatures avoid going out in the middle of the day to avoid high temperatures,the Saharan silver ants have evolved(进化)a number of adaptations to do just that. Scientists have discovered that several unique features of the Saharan silver ants permit them to grow well in a scorching climate

8、. These ants have longer legs than other ants, which keep their bodies critically greater distance away from the hot desert sand. The ants run 108 times the length of their own bodies every second at a speed of just over 3kph. And they keep track of the position of the sun, so that they always know

9、the most direct route back to the nest, thus lowering their time spent in extreme heat. Their bodies produce proteins that resist heat. Some other creatures produce such proteins after they come in contact with extreme heat. But since the silver ants only exit the nest for a few minutes at a time no

10、t long enough for the protein to take effect they produce the protein while still in the nest before they go out, or they would die before the protein could take effect.Researchers also discovered that the ants are covered on their tops and sides with the uniquely triangular(三角的)shape of the silver

11、hairs,which enable them to dissipate(消散)heat.The hairs help an ants body exchange its heat to a cooler area, even under full sun conditions. This discovery inspired the scientists, for it could lead to new materials and paints that can be applied to rooftops or cars to keep them cool. And it is also

12、 expected to be applied in clinical care, wearable devices,protective clothing and other fields.1. What does the underlined word “scorching”in Paragraph 2 mean?Aextremely chilly Bextremely cool Cextremely mild Dextremely hot2. Which statement can be inferred from the text?AThe Saharan silver ants ha

13、irs act like a tiny air-heating system.BThe Saharan silver ants are born with the ability to track the moon.CThe Saharan silver ants adaptations to the desert are to be discovered.DInspiration from the Saharan silver ants will bring up more new inventions.3. When do the Saharan silver ants produce t

14、he protein that resists heat?A. After coming in contact with extreme heat.B. Before traveling in the sun.C. While running under full sun condition.D. After coming back to the nest from outside.4. What would be the best title for the text?ASmall Ants Make a Big DifferenceBSmall Ants Hunt for Food Eas

15、ilyCSmall Ants Survive in the Saharan DesertDSmall Ants Jump the Fastest in the World【答案】1-4 DDBC【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了在高温地区撒哈拉沙漠生存的银蚂蚁及其特征，它们的生存方式给研究人员带来了很多发明灵感。1词义猜测题。根据第一段“These ants live in areas where temperatures reach up to 57, as the article described it, an environment where shoes melt.(这些蚂蚁生活在

16、文章描述的温度高达7的地区，这是一个“鞋子都会融化”的环境。)”，以及第二段“In the Sahara desert, where most creatures avoid going out in the middle of the day to avoid high temperatures,the Saharan silver ants have evolved(进化)a number of adaptations to do just that.”可知，银蚂蚁它们生长在温度很高的地方，由此可推知scorching意为“特别热的”，故选D项。2推理判断题。根据最后一段“This dis

17、covery inspired the scientists, for it could lead to new materials and paints that can be applied to rooftops or cars to keep them cool. And it is also expected to be applied in clinical care, wearable devices,protective clothing and other fields.”可知，来自撒哈拉银蚁的灵感将带来更多的新发明。故选D项。3细节理解题。根据第三段“But since t

18、he silver ants only exit the nest for a few minutes at a time not long enough for the protein to take effect they produce the protein while still in the nest before they go out, or they would die before the protein could take effect.(但是，由于银蚁一次只离开巢穴几分钟时间不足以使蛋白质发挥作用它们在外出前仍在巢穴中产生蛋白质，否则它们会在蛋白质发挥作用之前死亡。)

19、”可知，它们在出去太阳下行动之前就产生蛋白质，故选B项。4主旨大意题。根据第一段“A recent issue of National Geographic magazine described one of the wonders of the earth, the tiny silver ants of the Sahara desert. These ants live in areas where temperatures reach up to 57, as the article described it, an environment “where shoes melt.”(最近

20、一期国家地理杂志描述了地球上的奇迹之一，撒哈拉沙漠中的小银蚁。这些蚂蚁生活在文章描述的温度高达57的地区，这是一个“鞋子都会融化”的环境。)”，结合全文内容可知，本文介绍了在高温地区撒哈拉沙漠生存的银蚂蚁，所以C项“小蚂蚁在撒哈拉沙漠生存”符合文章主旨，适合作为本文的标题。故选C项。B（2021全国高考真题）话题：文章介绍了情商的定义以及对有关于情商未来研究的期望。难度：建议用时：7分Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional (情感的) intelligence. Many people

21、 now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a persons makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and “people skills.” Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qual

22、ities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence.We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best t

23、o help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person.Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publi

24、city have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and res

25、earchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is o

26、ur hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives (视角) from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction.5. What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intell

27、igence?A. It can be measured by an IQ test.B. It helps to exercise a persons mind.C. It includes a set of emotional skills.D. It refers to a persons positive qualities.6. Why does the author mention “doctor” and “cheater” in paragraph 2?ATo explain a rule.BTo clarify a concept.CTo present a fact.DTo

28、 make a prediction.7. What is the authors attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence?AFavorable. BIntolerant. CDoubtful. DUnclear.8. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence?AIts appeal to the public.BExpectations for future studies.CIts practica

29、l application.DScientists with new perspectives.【答案】5-8 DBAB【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了情商的定义以及对有关于情商未来研究的期望。5细节理解题。通过文章第一段“Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities ”可知，情商指的并不是一个人的积极品质。故选D项。6推理判断题。通过文章第二段“The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may

30、 be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims.”可推知，作者在文章第二段中提到“医生”和“骗子”是举例子来阐明下文的观点情商高并不一定能使一个人成为有道德的人。故选B项。7推理判断题。通过文章第三段“the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The popularization of emotio

31、nal intelligence has helped both the public and researchers (宣传的总体效果一直是利大于弊。这种普及最积极的方面是雇主、教育者和其他对促进社会福利感兴趣的人对情感进行了新的、迫切需要的强调。情商的普及帮助了公众和研究人员)”可推知，作者认为情商普及是对人们有利的。故选A项。8推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is ou

32、r hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives from which to study how people manage their lives. ”可推知，本段主要谈了对未来关于情商研究的期望。故选B项。C（2021浙江台州一模）话题：文章主要介绍了哈佛大学科学家的一项新研究发现，办公室里的空气质量会对员工的认知功能产生重大影响。难度：建议用时：7分Feeling inactive at work? Indoor pollution might play a part. A new

33、 study by scientists at Harvard has found that the air quality inside an office can have a significant impact on employees cognitive (认知的) function.The limited amount of previous studies on indoor settings focused on measures like thermal (热的) comfort and satisfaction, rather than on cognitive outco

34、mes, Jose Guillermo Cedeno Laurent, a researcher told AFP.Jose and his colleagues designed a study that followed 302 office workers across six countries over a period of a year, all of whom were aged between 18 and 65 and worked at least three days in an office building. Their workspaces were fitted

35、 with an environmental sensor to monitor real time concentrations of PM2.5. The participants were given a custom-designed app on their phones to carry out the cognitive tests, which they were reminded to take at prescheduled times or when PM2.5 levels fall below or rise beyond certain thresholds (临界

36、点).There were two tests for the participants. The first required them to correctly identify the color of displayed words that spelled out another color. This evaluated cognitive speed. The second test involved basic calculation with long numbers to assess cognitive speed and working memory.Results s

37、howed that an increase of 10 micrograms per cubic meter of PM led to about a one percent reduction in response times, and more than a one percent reduction in accuracy.While past studies have shown that prolonged exposure to PM2.5 damages the central nervous system and causes long-term neuro disease

38、s, this is the first to show short-term effects on peoples cognitive abilities, Jose told AFP.For employees returning to in-person office work, it is time to open a window for fresh air. If the outdoor air quality isnt good, adding high quality portable air cleaners is a good choice.9. Whats the fun

39、ction of the environmental sensor?ATo monitor indoor air quality.BTo evaluate workersjob performanceCTo improve working environment.DTo develop workers memory accuracy10. What method did Jose mainly use in his study?AGiving examples.BAnalyzing causes.CMaking comparisons.DConfirming assumptions.11. I

40、t can be concluded from the passage that_.Apolluted air destroys ones nervous systemBan air cleaner is a must in an office buildingCindoor setting determines a persons productivityDfresh air contributes to a persons cognitive accuracy【答案】9-11 ACD【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了哈佛大学科学家的一项新研究发现，办公室里的空气质量会对员工的认知功能产

41、生重大影响。9细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“Their workspaces were fitted with an environmental sensor to monitor real time concentrations of PM2.5.”可知，环境传感器的功能是监测室内空气质量。故选A项。10细节理解题。根据第四段第一句“There were two tests for the participants.（对参与者进行了两项测试。）”可知，在这项研究里主要使用做比较的方法。故选C项。11推理判断题。根据第一段第二句“A new study by scientists at Har

42、vard has found that the air quality inside an office can have a significant impact on employees cognitive function.（哈佛大学科学家的一项新研究发现，办公室里的空气质量会对员工的认知功能产生重大影响。）”可知，新鲜空气有助于一个人的认知准确性。故选D项。 D（2021云南曲靖一中一模）话题：文章介绍了在疫情大环境下出行时需要注意的事项。难度：建议用时：7分When going out in public, it is important to stay at least 6 fee

43、t away from other people and wear a mask to slow the spread of COVID-19. Consider the following tips for practicing social distancing when you decide to go out.Know Before You Go: Before going out, know and follow the guidance from local public health authorities where you live.Prepare for Transport

44、ation: Consider social distancing options to travel safely when running errands or commuting to and from work, whether walking, bicycling, wheelchair rolling, or using public transit, rideshares, or taxis. When using public transit, try to keep at least 6 feet from other passengers or transit operat

45、ors for example, when you are waiting at a bus station or selecting seats on a bus or train. When using rideshares or taxis, avoid pooled rides where multiple passengers are picked up, and sit in the back seat in larger vehicles so you can remain at least 6 feet away from the driver. Follow these ad

46、ditional tips to protect yourself while using transportation.Choose Safe Social Activities: It is possible to stay socially connected with friends and family who dont live in your home by calling, using video chat, or staying connected through social media. If meeting others in person (e.g., at smal

47、l outdoor gatherings, yard or driveway gathering with a small group of friends or family members), stay at least 6 feet from others who are not from your household. Follow these steps to stay safe if you will be participating in personal and social activities outside of your home.Keep Distance at Ev

48、ents and Gatherings: It is safest to avoid crowded places and gatherings where it may be difficult to stay at least 6 feet away from others who are not from your household. If you are in a crowded space, try to keep 6 feet of space between yourself and others at all times, and wear a mask. Masks are especially important in times when physical distancing is difficult. Pay attention to any physical guides, such as tape markings on floors or signs on wa