高考英语-阅读理解之主旨大意题备战高考英语微专题(全国通用).docx

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1、阅读理解之主旨大意题主旨大意题旨在考查考生通过对原文快速浏览正确获取语篇的大意，并对文章的主题、标题、段落、中心思想加以归纳理解以及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力。要求考生在阅读短文时，能够提炼文章的中心情节，体会作者的主要意图，充分运用逻辑概括能力，透过字里行间获取文章最具代表性的观点、中心论点及作者的情感倾向。在高考阅读理解中，针对短文主旨常见的命题形式如下：（1） What would be the best title for the text? /What is the topic of the text?（2） The main topic / subject of the pass

2、age is _.（3） The main idea/The general idea is/The main theme of this passage is（4） The last paragraph ends the passage with an emphasis on _.（5） What is mainly discussed in the text?（6） What is the main idea of the passage?（7） Whats the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph?

3、（8） The purpose of this passage is.（9） Which of the following statements is best supported by the text?（10） Which of the following best summarized the passage?（11） The passage mainly focuses on.从上述命题形式可以看出，此类阅读测试题主要可概括为两大类，即怎样理解段落及文章整体的中心思想和怎样拟定或选择恰当的标题。主旨大意题的分类1.从考查对象上划分，主旨大意题可分为两种篇章主旨：针对全文的主题进行提问。

4、主题句出现在首段的居多，其次是末段或为几段主题的综段落主旨：针对某一段或几段的主题提问。主题句可能是段落的首句、末句，也可能需要从上下文中寻找或总结。2.从考查内容上划分，主旨大意题可分为三种主题类（内容），考查文章或段落的主旨大意；目的类，考查文章或段落的写作目的；标题类，要求考生选出文章的最佳标题。设问特点：1. 考查全文主旨或段落大意。2. 正确选项概况范围大小恰当，主旨判断准确。3. 错误选项的特点常常是太大、太窄或者偏离主题，主观臆断。4. 常以main idea, best idea, subject, mainly discuss 等词提问。常考问题：（1）中心思想类 The m

5、ain point /idea of the passage is The passage is mai nly about The passage mainly discusses The last but one paragraph is chiefly concerned with? Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?（2）标题类 Which of the following is the best title of the passage? The best tit

6、le for the passage would be （3）目的类 The authors main purpose in writing the passage is to The passage is meant to . In writing this passage, the author mainly intends to怎样理解段落及文章整体的主旨大意文章是由段落组成的。段落是发展一个主题的一群句子，段落围绕着中心思想展开，而段落的中心思想又是为文章整体的中心思想服务的。寻找具体段落的中心思想的方法是：通过分析篇章结构，找出每小段的主题句，通过主题句找出文章的主题。找准文章的主题

7、句是确定文章主旨大意的关键。主题是文章要表达的中心思想，文章的主题句通常都有一个话题，它是文章的核心。“主题句定位法”是一种行之有效的方法。但是由于文章的不同，表现的手法也各有不同，主题句出现的位置也不是一成不变的。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过寻找短文的主题句来归纳出文章的主题。主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况：开头、中间、结尾（含在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题句）。因此，仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键。做主旨大意类试题多采用浏览法（skimming），浏览时，一般不需逐句细读，只选读文章的首段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句，重点搜索主题线索和主

8、题信息。文章主题常常可以通过文章的写作方法来体现，有以下五种情况：1. 中心主题句出现在文首开门见山，提出主题，随之用细节来解释、支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。这是英语中最常见的演绎法写作方式，即由一般到特殊，先提出观点，后举例论证，主题句则出现在段首的写作方法。新闻报道通常就采用这种写法。新闻报道的首句通常称为“新闻导语”，“导语”实际上就是主题句，是对全文内容的高度概括。大意题、标题一般可在第一句话找到答题依据。【典例示例】（2018新课标卷I）Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in rec

9、ent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly knit （联系） groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to te

10、n million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centres, trade, industrialization, the development of the nation-state and the

11、spread of universal compulsory education. Especially glbalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many Languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English. Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.At present, the world has about 6,800 languages.

12、The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages. Often spoken by many people while hot. wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 Languages: the Americas about 1,000. Africa 2 400; and Asia a

13、nd the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number（中位数） of speakers is a mere 6.000, which means that half the worlds languages are spoken by fewer people than that.Already well over 400 of the total of, 6,800 languages are close to extinction

14、（消亡）, with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon （eight remaining speakers）, Chiapaneco in Mexico（150）. Lipan Apache in the United States（two or three） or Wadjigu in Australia （one, with a question-mark）: none of these seems to have much chance of survival.31. What is

15、the min idea of the text?A. New languages will be created.B. Peoples lifestyles are reflected in languagesC. Human development results in fewer languagesD. Geography determines language evolution.【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述了随着社会的发展人类语言越来越少及其原因。【答案】C【解析】主旨要义题。根据文章第一段中的主题句Languages have been coming and going

16、for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going.可知，语言的产生和消失进行了几千年，但最近时代语言产生的少，消失的太多。故选C。2. 主题句出现在文尾在细节后，归纳要点、印象、结论、建议或结果，以概括主题。这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式，即细节表述的句子在前，概括性的句子居后，主题句则常位于末段。【典例示例】The famous American gorilla（大猩猩） expert Diane Fossey had a completely new wa

17、y to study gorillas she pretended to be one of them. She copied their actions and way of life eating plants and getting down on her hands and knees to walk the way a gorilla does. It was a new relationship.Diane Fossey was murdered in Rwanda in 1985 and her story was made into the popular film Goril

18、las in the Mist. It was a long way from King Kong, which is about a gorilla as a monster（a frightening animal）, and helped to show a new idea: the real monster is man, while the gorilla is to be admired.Today there are thought to be around 48,000 lowland gorillas and maybe 400450 mountain gorillas i

19、n the wild. From the Congo in West Africa, to Rwanda and Uganda further east, they are endangered by hunting and by the cutting down of their forest homes.Some time ago, I found in my letterbox a little magazine from the World Wide Fund for Nature. It had two photos side by side. One was of a young

20、gorilla. “This is a species of mammal（哺乳类动物）,” said the words below it. “It is being destroyed by man. We must save it for our own good.” The other photo showed a human baby. The words also read, “This is a species of mammal,” but then went on: “It is the most destructive（破坏性的） on earth. We must ret

21、rain it for its own good.”56. The text mainly talks about _.A. Diane Fossey B. the gorillas in RwandaC. the protection of the gorillas D. the film Gorillas in the Mist【答案】C【解析】文章第一段谈到Diane Fossey对大猩猩的研究；第二段谈到根据她的事迹所拍摄的影片；第三段谈到了大猩猩数量减少的原因；最后一段谈到保护大猩猩的宣传的措施。前面三段都是为最后一段做铺垫的，从最后一段的“It is being destroyed

22、 by man. We must save it for our own good.”可知，最主要的目的还是要人们保护大猩猩。3. 首尾呼应的写作方法为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结尾时再次点出主题，这种首尾呼应的写作方式也较为多见。通常，前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复，后面的往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。【典例示例】Lacrosse（曲棍球） is a popular sport in Canada. The Indians in Canada invented it. They used it to train for war. They invented this game befor

23、e Columbus arrived in the New World. People play lacrosse outdoors. The lacrosse field is seven meters long. At each end of the field there is a goal. The goal is a net. There are ten players on each team. Each player has a stick called “cross”. The player hit a ball into the net as many times as po

24、ssible. Lacrosse is a very fast game because the players can catch and pass the ball at a high speed with their sticks. Players often get great fun it playing lacrosse. There are many lacrosse clubs and lacrosse teams all over Canada. Every night Canadians can watch the lacrosse games on TV or liste

25、n to the lacrosse games over the radio. At one time lacrosse was the national summer sport in Canada. Today it is still popular with Canadians.1. The passage is mainly about _.A. How to Play Lacrosse B. Lacrosse in Canada C. The History of Lacrosse D. LacrosseA Popular Game in Canada 【答案】D【解析】作者先后两次

26、提到“长曲棍球在加拿大很受欢迎”，显然选项D最符合短文的主题。4. 中心主题隐含在全文之中，没有明确的主题句阅读这样的文章，就要求考生根据文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从而推导出文章的主旨。分析的方法是，先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几个方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。该类型的试题则迎刃而解。【典例示例】【2019全国卷II，C】Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beachs Bar Louie counter by herself, quietly reading her e-book as she waits for her sa

27、lad. What is she reading? None of your business! Lunch is Bechtels “me” time. And like more Americans, shes not alone.A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America. More than half（53 percent） have breakfast alone and nearly half（46 percent） have lunch by themselves. Only at dinne

28、rtime are we eating together anymore, 74 percent, according to statistics from the report.“I prefer to go out and be out. Alone, but together, you know?” Bechtel said, looking up from her book. Bechtel, who works in downtown West Palm Beach, has lunch with coworkers sometimes, but like many of us, t

29、oo often works through lunch at her desk. A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on the shoulder. She returns to work feeling energized. “Today, I just wanted some time to myself,” she said.Just two seats over, Andrew Mazoleny, a local videographer, is finishing his lunch at t

30、he bar. He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom hes on a first-name basis if he wants to have a little interaction（交流）. “I reflect on how my days gone and think about the rest of the week,” he said. “Its a chance for self-reflection. You return to wor

31、k recharged and with a plan.”That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone. There was a time when people may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one，but those days are over. Now, we have our smartphones to keep us company at the table. “It doesnt feel as alone as it m

32、ay have before al the advances in technology,” said Laurie Demerit, whose company provided the statistics for the report.31. What is the text mainly about?A. The trend of having meals alone.B. The importance of self-reflection.C. The stress from working overtime.D. The advantage of wireless technolo

33、gy.【语篇解读】本文通过一份调查结果显示，很大比例的人选择独自用餐，原因很多，比如逃离工作氛围，或者反思自己，但是独自用餐正慢慢成为一种趋势。31. A 【解析】主旨大意题。本文通过一份调查结果显示，很大比例的人选择独自用餐，原因很多，比如逃离工作氛围，或者反思自己，但是独自用餐正慢慢成为一种趋势，故选A。5. 主题句出现在文章的中间通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出，而后又作进一步的解释、支撑或发展。【典例示例】The Sahara Festival is a celebration of the very recent past. The three

34、-day event is not fixed to the same dates each year, but generally takes place in November or December. It is well attended by tourists, but even better attended by locals.During the opening ceremonies, after the official greetings from the government leaders, people who attend the festival begin to

35、 march smartly before the viewing stands, and white camels transport their riders across the sands. Horsemen from different nations display their beautiful clothes and their fine horsemanship. One following another, groups of musicians and dancers from all over the Sahara take their turn to show off

36、 their wonderful traditional culture. Groups of men in blue and yellow play horns and beat drums as they dance in different designs. On their knees in the sand, a group of women in long dark dresses dance with their hair: their long, dark, shiny hair is thrown back and forth in the wind to the rhyth

37、m of their dance.67. This passage mainly tells readers _.A. what happens on the opening day of the Sahara FestivalB. how people celebrate during the three-day Sahara FestivalC. what takes place at the closing ceremonies of the Sahara FestivalD. how animals race on the first and the last days of the

38、Sahara Festival【答案】A【解析】从文中第二段第一句话“During the opening ceremonies,”可以看出，本文主要是介绍“撒哈拉节”开幕式上的活动。答案选A。怎样给阅读文章整体加注标题高度概括法对文章主旨大意的考察，不仅可以直接以理解段落及文章的主旨大意的形式出现，而且也可以用选择或拟定文章标题的形式出现。因此，选择文章标题，首先可以按照主旨大意的确定方式，先弄清文章的主旨大意，再定标题。标题位于文章之首，用来高度概括文章内容，点明文章主题。它是段落中心思想最精练的表达形式。标题可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容，抓住文章的中心，把握作者的观点和意图。那

39、么如何选择文章的标题呢？首先，要考虑标题对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何。一般要求能覆盖全文内容，体现文章主旨。要避免下列三种情况：概括不够（多表现为部分代整体，从而导致范围太小）；过度概括（多表现为脱离本文章内容的发挥）；以事实、细节替代抽象具体的大意。其次，要考虑标题的针对性，即标题范围要恰当，针对性强。要在阅读原文的基础上，仔细考虑所选标题与文章主题是否有密切的关系。既不能太大，也不能太小，太大则中心就不突出，太小也发挥不了应起的作用；精确度高，不能随意改变语言的表意程度及色彩。它可以是单词、短语，也可以是句子。再次要注意标题的醒目性，标题的选择要简洁、突出、新颖，标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章

40、的灵魂和门面。标题的好坏往往影响了文章的可读性，读者常常从标题上决定文章的阅读取舍。故标题一般比较醒目，甚至比较离奇，以此来吸引读者对文章的兴趣。最后要注意，要恰当地选好标题，还需要了解标题的基本拟定方法。一般说来，拟定标题是以话题为核心，与控制性概念的词按一定的语法浓缩为概括主题句或中心思想的词组。比如某一文章的中心句为：CHINA issued the first set of stamps depicting the top 128 Chinese family names on Thursday Nov. 18th 2004 in Beijing.话题：Stamps控制性概念：CHIN

41、A issued the first set of stamps depicting the top 128 Chinese family names标题：China issued 1st set of stamps on family names【典例示例】 August 8, was Earth Overshoot Day. Calculated annually by the environmental advocacy（支持，拥护） group, Global Footprint Network（GFN）, it is the day when human has consumed a

42、ll the natural resources produce, meat, fish, water, and wood that our planet can regenerate（再生） in a single year. This means that for the rest of 2016, we will be using natural resources that are impossible to replace.For those that are a little confused, it is similar to spending your entire years

43、 allowance by August and then borrowing money from friends, knowing fully well that you cannot repay the loan. GFN says that the same thing happens in the case of the Earth. The date of Earth Overshoot Day varies each year. In an ideal, fully sustainable world, we should only spend what we have. Thi

44、s means that Earth Overshoot Day would fall on December 31, or perhaps even spill into the following year, indicating that we are saving some resources for a rainy day. That did happen in 1961, when we only consumed three-quarters of what the planet produced. Unfortunately, the day has been going up

45、 rapidly since 2014 when it fell on August 19. In 2015, it was August 13, and this year, the earliest so far August 8! The only way to sustain this demand would be to have 1.6 earths, which as we all know, is not possible.Fortunately, experts say that the situation is not as grim as it sounds. Many

46、countries are already taking steps to reduce carbon emissions, which accounts for 60% of our ecological footprint, by switching to solar or wind-generated power.Individuals can also help by eating less meat, walking, biking, or taking public transportation, as well as adopting the three Rs: Reduce,

47、Reuse, and Recycle. If we all work together, we can help push back Earth Overshoot Day to December 31, or even beyond!27. What is the best title for the passage?A. A Warning: Earth Overshoot Day B. A Celebration: Earth Overshoot Day C. A Reminder: Reduce, Reuse, and RecycleD. An Advertisement: Globa

48、l Footprint Network【文章大意】 本文是一篇环保类说明文。文章介绍了Earth Overshoot Day。今年在八月八号我们就已经消耗掉今年全年的可再生资源，接着又介绍了Earth Overshoot Day的计算方法。通过介绍Earth Overshoot Day，作者呼吁人们减少资源浪费。【答案】A【解析】今年的Earth Overshoot Day是八月八号，即我们今年在八月八号就已经消耗掉我们今年全年的可再生资源。本文通过介绍Earth Overshoot Day告诉人们要减少资源浪费，所以最佳标题应是A项。【检测训练】1Regardless of how famous they are, and despite the star treatment they receive, many celebrities make it a point to give back to charities. Some have even set up their own private foundations. Thei