高中英语——非谓语动词.docx
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1、高中英语语法非谓语动词非谓语动词包括不定式(to do)、动名词(ing)、现在分词(ing)与过去分词(ed)。它们不受主语人称和数的限制,在句子中不能充当谓语,但可以充当句子的其他成分,并且有时态和语态的变化。对比项目动词不定式(to do)动名词(doing)现 在 分 词(doing)过去分词(done)意义相当于名词、形容词、副词,往往有将来意味相当于名词,指经常性、习惯性的动作相 当 于 形 容词、副词,往往有现在意味相当于形容词、副词,本身兼有被动、完成意义充当句子成分主语、宾语、表语、宾补、定语、状语主语、宾语、表语、定语表语、宾补、定语、状语表语、宾补、定语、状语形式主动一般
2、式to dodoingdoingdone被动式to be donebeing donebeing done主动完成式to have donehaving donehaving done被动完成式to have been donehaving been donehavingbeendone简单高中生否定式在上述各种非谓语动词形式之前直接加 not动词不定式主动形式被动形式一般式to doto be done定义:动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种,它没有人称和数的变化,在句子中不能独立作谓语,但它仍保持动词的特点,可以有自己的宾语和状语。完成式to have doneto have been done
3、进行式to be doing无完成进行式to have been doing无 简单高中生一.不定式的意义1. 不定式的一般式:一般式表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词表示的动作或状态的同时或之后。当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动式(to be done).e.g. He seemed to be tired.The building to be finished next month is for our teachers.2. 不定式的进行式:进行式表示动作正在进行,与谓语的动作同时发生。e.g. When I went to his home, he
4、happened to be traveling around the world.3. 不定式的完成式:如果不定式所表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词所表示动作或状态之前,就用完成式;若是在此基础上的被动含义,就用完成被动式( to have been done).e.g. He is said to have written a novel about the Long March.He is said to have been taught French when he was a child.4. 不定式的完成进行式:如果不定式的动作是在谓语所表示的时间之前一直在进行或有可能继续进行的动作
5、,就要用完成进行式.e.g. Were happy to have been working with the experts all the month.二.不定式的用法1. 不定式做主语:不定式做主语一般表示具体的某次动作。而动名词 doing 表示习惯的,经常的动作。1)不定式作主语时,谓语用单数To do such things is foolish. 2)主系表结构 To see is to believe.3)it 形式主语。当主语较长,谓语较短时,常用 it 做形式主语,将不定式放到谓语的后面。常用于下列结构中:(1) It is/was +adj.+(of sb.) to do
6、(如 good/ kind/ nice/ clever/ foolish/ selfish)(2) It is +adj.+(for sb.)+to do( 如 easy / difficult / hard / / unwise / possible/ necessary)(3) It is +a/an +名词+ to do.(如 a pity/ a shame / a pleasure /ones duty / an honor ) (4)It takes (sb.) some time / courage / patience to do(5)It requires courage /
7、patience / hard work to do2. 不定式做表语:不定式作表语常表示将来的动作或状态。简单高中生3. 动词不定式作宾语:ask, agree, care, choose, demand, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish 等只能用动词不定式作宾语*注意:某些及物动词可用-ing 也可用动词不定式作宾语但意义不同 stop/ go on/ remember/ forget/ regret/ tr
8、y/ mean某些及物动词 think, believe, consider, feel, find, make 等后常用 it 作形式宾语4. 动词不定式做定语:当不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时,要用主动表被动。不定式作定语需要后置。作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词或代词存在着三种主要的逻辑关系,即被修饰的名词和代词是不定式的逻辑主语 (逻辑上的主谓关系)或逻辑宾语(逻辑上的动宾关系)或修饰性关系(同位关系)。5. 宾语补足语:e.g. He wants you to be his assistant.I saw her cross the street.注意 1 如果谓语动词为感官动词或使役动
9、词,则作宾补的不定式不可带 to,这些动词有 see, hear, feel, watch, notice; have, make, let 等。但如果句子是被动语态, 则 to 不可省略。e.g. He was made to clean the windows as a punishment.Someone was heard to come up the stairs.注意 2 help 后可以直接用带 to 或不带 to 的不定式作宾语。6. 不定式做状语:不定式做状语修饰动词、形容词、副词等,表示目的、原因、结果、条件等,其逻辑主语就是句子的主语。e.g.To learn a for
10、eign language well, you must try your best.(主语一致) I rushed to the airport, only to find that John had gone.7. 同位语:e.g. Is this your purpose, to avoid being punished? 8.独立成分:e.g. To tell you the truth, I dont like you.类似的有:to be frank 坦率地说,to cut a long story short 长话短说,等等三.不定式的否定式:通常是在不定式前加 not,表示较强
11、的否定意义时可用 never。e.g. I told him not to touch the equipment.You must promise never to do that again.四.动词不定式的“省略” 1.不定式省 to1) 在 had better, would rather, would rather.than, would sooner.than( 宁愿 而不), cannot but(不得不、只好), why (not)等结构后面的不定式符号 to 通常被省略。2)动词不定式短语作介词 but, except, besides 的宾语,且介词之前有行为动词 do 或
12、它的其它形式时,不定式符号 to 通常被省略。3) 两个或多个不定式短语表示并列关系时,后面不定式短语的不定式符号 to 通常被省略;如果表示对比关系,则不定式中的不定式符号 to 通常要保留。e.g. They didnt tell me whether to go on or to stop.(对比关系) 他们没有告诉我是继续下去还是停止。She told the child to stay there and wait till she came back.(并列关系) 她让孩子待在那里等她回来。4) 在某些感官动词或使役动词(如 hear, listen to, notice, obs
13、erve, see, watch, make 等)之后充当宾语补足语的不定式中,不定式符号 to 总是被省略,但在被动语态的句子中,不定式符号 to 通常要保留。2. 不定式省 do 留 to1) 为了避免重复, 在 hope, wish, want, like, love, decide, plan, mean, prefer, want, have to, be able to, be going to, used to, ought to 等动词及习语后面出现与上文相同的不定式时,常保留不定式符号 to,而把其它部分省略。 简单高中生e.g.Ms King lied to us beca
14、use she had to.注意:在特定的上下文中,为了避免重复,如果不定式为一般式 to be.或完成式to have done 时,则不定式符号 to 和 be 或 have 常一并保留,be 或 have 之后的部分通常要省略。如:Arent you the headmaster? 你难道不是校长吗?No, and I dont want to be.我不是,而且我也不想当。Hasnt he finished writing the report? 难道他还没写完报告吗?No, but he ought to have. 是的,但他本来应该写完。2) 当不定式在 ask, advise
15、, persuade, wish, allow, permit, tell, expect, force, invite, beg 等动词后面充当宾语补足语时,为了避免重复,常保留不定式符号,而把后面的动词省略。She wants to come but her parents wont allow her to. If he doesnt want to go there, dont force him to.He didnt come, though we had invited him to.动词ing1.-ing 的形式2.-ing 形式的基本用法(1)作主语:Seeing is be
16、lieving.眼见为实。(2)作表语:Her job is washing and cooking. (3)作宾语:作及物动词的宾语。 She likes drawing very much.作某些短语动词的宾语。 Mary is thinking of going back to New York. do限定词(my, some, any, the 等)v.-ing,表示“做事”之意,如:do some cleaning 打扫卫生 do some shopping 购物简单高中生作介词的宾语:Her sister is good at learning physics.作形容词 worth
17、, busy 等的宾语: This book is well worth reading. (4)作定语:The sleeping child is only five years old.(5) 作宾语补足语:We can see steam rising from the wet clothes.可以带有这种复合宾语的动词有 see, watch, hear, observe, feel, find, have, keep 等。(6) 作状语:时间状语:Seeing Tom, I couldnt help thinking of his brother.分词在句中作时间状语时,其前一般可加
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