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1、专题13 阅读理解议论文（原卷版）全国各地历年高考真题全收录一、 2023年高考真题（一） 2023全国乙卷DIf you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, h

2、as not. Writing is one of humanitys later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in ma

3、ny cases we simply cant. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cooks voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captains record of that terrible day. F

4、rom the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports.In addition to the pr

5、oblem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African p

6、eople of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these,

7、 all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects.12. What is the first paragraph mainly about?A. How past events should be presented.B. What humanity is concer

8、ned about.C. Whether facts speak louder than words.D. Why written language is reliable.13. What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2?A. His report was scientific.B. He represented the local people.C. He ruled over Botany Bay.D. His record was one-sided.14. What does the

9、 underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to?A. Problem.B. History.C. Voice.D. Society.15. Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from?A. How Maps Tell Stories of the World B. A Short History of Australia C. A History of the World in 100 Objects D. How Art Works Tel

10、l Stories 二、 2022年高考真题（二） 【2022全国乙卷】 BIn 1916, two girls of wealthy families, best friends from Auburn, N. Y. Dorothy Woodruff and Rosamond Underwood traveled to a settlement in the Rocky Mountains to teach in a one-room schoolhouse. The girls had gone to Smith College. They wore expensive clothes.

11、So for them to move to Elkhead, Colo. to instruct the children whose shoes were held together with string was a surprise. Their stay in Elkhead is the subject of Nothing Daunted: The Unexpected Education of Two Society Girls in the West by Dorothy Wickenden, who is a magazine editor and Dorothy Wood

12、ruffs granddaughter. Why did they go then? Well, they wanted to do something useful. Soon, however, they realized what they had undertaken.They moved in with a local family, the Harrisons, and, like them, had little privacy, rare baths, and a blanket of snow on their quilt when they woke up in the m

13、orning. Some mornings, Rosamond and Dorothy would arrive at the schoolhouse to find the children weeping from the cold. In spring, the snow was replaced by mud over ice. In Wickendens book, she expanded on the history of the West and also on feminism, which of course influenced the girls decision to

14、 go to Elkhead. A hair-raising section concerns the building of the railroads, which entailed (牵涉) drilling through the Rockies, often in blinding snowstorms. The book ends with Rosamond and Dorothys return to Auburn.Wickenden is a very good storyteller. The sweep of the land and the stoicism (坚忍) o

15、f the people move her to some beautiful writing. Here is a picture of Dorothy Woodruff, on her horse, looking down from a hill top: “When the sun slipped behind the mountains, it shed a rosy glow all around them. Then a full moon rose. The snow was marked only by small animals: foxes, coyotes, mice,

16、 and varying hares, which turned white in the winter.” 24. Why did Dorothy and Rosamond go to the Rocky Mountains?A. To teach in a school.B. To study American history.C. To write a book.D. To do sightseeing.25. What can we learn about the girls from paragraph 3?A. They enjoyed much respect.B. They h

17、ad a room with a bathtub.C. They lived with the local kids.D. They suffered severe hardships.26. Which part of Wickendens writing is hair-raising?A. The extreme climate of Auburn.B. The living conditions in Elkhead.C. The railroad building in the Rockies.D. The natural beauty of the West.27. What is

18、 the text?A. A news report.B. A book review.C. A childrens story.D. A diary entry.（三） 【2022全国乙卷】 BIn 1916, two girls of wealthy families, best friends from Auburn, N. Y. Dorothy Woodruff and Rosamond Underwood traveled to a settlement in the Rocky Mountains to teach in a one-room schoolhouse. The gi

19、rls had gone to Smith College. They wore expensive clothes. So for them to move to Elkhead, Colo. to instruct the children whose shoes were held together with string was a surprise. Their stay in Elkhead is the subject of Nothing Daunted: The Unexpected Education of Two Society Girls in the West by

20、Dorothy Wickenden, who is a magazine editor and Dorothy Woodruffs granddaughter. Why did they go then? Well, they wanted to do something useful. Soon, however, they realized what they had undertaken.They moved in with a local family, the Harrisons, and, like them, had little privacy, rare baths, and

21、 a blanket of snow on their quilt when they woke up in the morning. Some mornings, Rosamond and Dorothy would arrive at the schoolhouse to find the children weeping from the cold. In spring, the snow was replaced by mud over ice. In Wickendens book, she expanded on the history of the West and also o

22、n feminism, which of course influenced the girls decision to go to Elkhead. A hair-raising section concerns the building of the railroads, which entailed (牵涉) drilling through the Rockies, often in blinding snowstorms. The book ends with Rosamond and Dorothys return to Auburn.Wickenden is a very goo

23、d storyteller. The sweep of the land and the stoicism (坚忍) of the people move her to some beautiful writing. Here is a picture of Dorothy Woodruff, on her horse, looking down from a hill top: “When the sun slipped behind the mountains, it shed a rosy glow all around them. Then a full moon rose. The

24、snow was marked only by small animals: foxes, coyotes, mice, and varying hares, which turned white in the winter.” 24. Why did Dorothy and Rosamond go to the Rocky Mountains?A. To teach in a school.B. To study American history.C. To write a book.D. To do sightseeing.25. What can we learn about the g

25、irls from paragraph 3?A. They enjoyed much respect.B. They had a room with a bathtub.C. They lived with the local kids.D. They suffered severe hardships.26. Which part of Wickendens writing is hair-raising?A. The extreme climate of Auburn.B. The living conditions in Elkhead.C. The railroad building

26、in the Rockies.D. The natural beauty of the West.27. What is the text?A. A news report.B. A book review.C. A childrens story.D. A diary entry.三、 2021年高考真题（四） 2021年全国甲卷之D篇Who is a genius? This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.Lets state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face

27、is almost the international symbol for genius. But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself. Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us? And who are they? In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often whit

28、e men, of European origin. Perhaps this is not a surprise. Its said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the clubwomen, or people of a different color or beliefthey were unacknow

29、ledged and rejected by others.A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender(性别)are “really, really smart.” Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activit

30、ies said to be for children who are “really, really smart.” Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up? It doesnt take a genius to know the answer: absolutely not.Heres the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, were all positioned to see

31、 flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors(因素)like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance(毅力), and simple good fortu

32、ne, who are able to change the world.”12. What does the author think of victors standards for joining the genius club?A. Theyre unfair.B. Theyre conservative.C. Theyre objective.D. Theyre strict.13. What can we infer about girls from the study in Science?A. They think themselves smart.B. They look u

33、p to great thinkers.C They see gender differences earlier than boys.D. They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs14. Why are more geniuses known to the public?A. Improved global communication.B. Less discrimination against women.C. Acceptance of victors concepts.D. Changes in peoples social

34、positions.15. What is the best title for the text?A. Geniuses Think AlikeB. Genius Takes Many FormsC. Genius and IntelligenceD. Genius and Luck（五） 2021年3月天津卷之D篇There is something to be said for being a generalist, even if you are a specialist. Knowing a little about a lot of things that interest you

35、 can add to the richness of a whole, well-lived life.Society pushes us to specialize, to become experts. This requires commitment to a particular occupation, branch of study or research. The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less. There is a great de

36、al of pressure to master ones field. You may pursue training, degrees, or increasing levels of responsibility at work. Then you discover the pressure of having to keep up.Some people seem willing to work around the clock in their narrow specialty. But such commitment can also weaken a sense of freed

37、om. These specialists could work at the office until ten each night, then look back and realize they would have loved to have gone home and enjoyed the sweetness of their family and friends, or traveled to exciting places, meeting interesting people. Mastering one thing to the exclusion （排 除）of othe

38、rs can hold back your true spirit.Generalists, on the other hand, know a lot about a wide range of subjects and view the whole with all its connections. They are people of ability, talent, and enthusiasm who can bring their broad perspective （视角）into specific fields of expertise （专长）.The doctor who

39、is also a poet and philosopher is a superior doctor, one who can give so much more to his patients than just good medical skills.Things are connected. Let your expertise in one field fuel your passions in all related areas. Some of your interests may not appear to be connected but, once you explore

40、their depths, you discover that they are. My editor Toni, who is also a writer, has edited several history books. She has decided to study Chinese history. Fascinated by the structural beauty of the Forbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested to learn more about Chinese philosophy. I dont

41、 know where it will lead, but Im excited Im on this pursuit.These expansions into new worlds help us by giving us new perspectives. We begin to see the interconnectedness of one thing to another in all aspects of our life, of ourselves and the universe. Develop broad, general knowledge and experienc

42、e. The universe is all yours to explore and enjoy.51. To become a specialist, one may have to_.A. narrow his range of knowledgeB. avoid responsibilities at workC. know more about the societyD. broaden his perspective on life52. The specialists mentioned in Paragraph 3 tend to_.A. treasure their free

43、domB. travel around the worldC. spend most time workingD. enjoy meeting funny people53. According to the author, a superior doctor is one who_.A. is fully aware of his talent and abilityB. is a pure specialist in medicineC. should love poetry and philosophyD. brings knowledge of other fields to work

44、54. What does the author intend to show with the example of Toni?A. Passion alone does not ensure a persons success.B. In-depth exploration makes discoveries possible.C. Everyone has a chance to succeed in their pursuit.D. Seemingly unrelated interests are in a way connected.55. What could be the be

45、st title for the passage?A. Be More a Generalist Than a SpecialistB. Specialist or Generalist: Hard to DecideC. Turn a Generalist into a SpecialistD. Ways to Become a Generalist四、 2020年高考真题（六） 2020年天津卷之D篇After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference bet

46、ween men of great achievement and men of average performance curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together.Together, these deep human urges (驱策力) count for much more that ambition. Galile

47、o was not merely ambitious when he dropped objects of varying weights from the Leaning Tower at Pisa and timed their fall to the ground. Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why? Why? Why?”Fortunately, curiosity and discontent dont have to be learned. W

48、e are born with them and need only recapture them.“The great man,” said Mencius (孟子), “is he who does not lose his childs heart.” Yet most of us do lose it. We stop asking questions. We stop challenging custom. We just follow the crowd. And the crowd desires restful average. It encourages us to occupy our own little corner, to avoid foolish leaps into the dark, to be satisfied.Most of us meet new people, and new ideas, with hesitation. But once having met and liked them, we think how terrible it would have been, had we missed the chance. We will