高中英语语法：虚拟语气详解.pdf

《高中英语语法：虚拟语气详解.pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《高中英语语法：虚拟语气详解.pdf（14页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、虚拟语气1 陈述语气（the Indicative Mood）表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。Mood2 祈使语气（the Imperative Mood）用来表示说话人对对方的请求、邀请、命令、警告或劝告等。3 虚拟语气（the Subjunctive Mood）表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、虚拟假设或是不可能实现的与事实相反的愿望。一、条件句中的虚拟语气1.条件句中虚拟语气的形式从句中提出一种与客观现实不相符或根本不可能存在的条件，主句会产生的一种不可能获得的结果。条件句中的虚拟语气根据不同的时间有三种不同的形式。时间从

2、句谓语形式主句谓语形式将来动词过去式(be 用 were)should+动词原形were to+动词原形would/should/might/could+动词原形现在动词过去式(be 用 were)would/should/might/could+动词原形过去had+动词过去分词would/should/might/could have+动词过去分词2.条件中的虚拟语气的举例(1)将来时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如：If he should go to Qing Hua University,he would make full use of his time.如果他要上清华大学的话，他就会充分利

3、用他的时间了。If he were to come here,he would tell us about it.如果他要来的话，他会通知我们一声。(2)现在时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如：If he were free,he would help us.要是他有空的话，它会帮助我们的。If he studied at this school,he would know you well.如果他在这所学校学习的话，它会对你很熟悉。(3)过去时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如：If I had seen the film,I would have told you about it.我如果看过这场电影，我会

4、把电影内容告诉你了。If I had got there earlier,I would have met Mr.Li.如果我早点到那儿，我就会会到了李先生。3.运用条件句中的虚拟语气时，须注意的几个问题(1)当从句的主语为第三人称单数时，谓语动词若是系动词 be 时，可用 was 代替 were。但在倒装虚拟结构及 if I were you,as it were 中，只能用 were。如：Were I ten years younger,I would study abroad.要是我还年轻十岁的话，我会去国外学习。If I were you,I would try my best to

5、grasp the chance.要是我是你的话，我要尽力抓住这次机会。(2)有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句的动作若不是同时发生时，须区别对待（错综时间条件句)。从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。如：If I had worked hard at school,I would be an engineer,too.如果我在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在也会使工程师了If they had informed us,we would not come here now.如果他们通知过我们的话，我们现在就不会来这里了。从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。

6、如：If he were free today,we would have sent him to Beijing.如果他今天有空的话，我们会已经派他去北京了(from )。If he knew her,he would have greeted her.要是他认识她的话，他肯定会去问候她了。从句的动作与过去发生的情况相反，而主句的动作与现在正在发生的情况相反。如：If it had not been raining too much,the crops would be growing much better.如果天不下太多的雨的话，庄家会长得更好。If he had been workin

7、g hard,he would be working in the office now.要是他工作一直努力的话，他现在已进了办公室了。(3)当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有 were,should,had 时，if 可省略，而将 were,should,had等词置于句首。如：Should he agree to go there,we would send him there.要是他答应去的话，我们就派他去。Were she here,she would agree with us.如果她在这儿的话，她会同意我们的。Had he learnt about computers,we would h

8、ave hired him to work here.如果她懂一些电脑知识的话，我们会已经聘用他来这里工作了(from )。(4)有时，句子没有直接给出假设情况的条件，而须通过上下文或其他方式来判断。如：I would have come to see you,but I was too busy.我本该来看你了，然而我太忙了。But for his help,we would be working now.要不是他的帮助，我们还会在工作呢。Without your instruction,I would not have made such great progress.要是没有你的指导，我

9、不会取得如此大的进步。(5)有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句可以省略其中的一个，来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。省略从句He would have finished it.他本该完成了。You could have passed this exam.你应该会通过这次考试了。省略主句If I were at home now.要是我现在在家里该多好啊。If only I had got it.要是我得到它了该多好啊。二、其他状语从句的虚拟语气1.目的状语从句中的虚拟语气(1)在for fear that,in case,lest引导的目的状语从句中，若用虚拟语气时，从句谓语为：should+动词原形。

10、并且 should 不能省略She examined the door again for fear that a thief should come in.她又把门检查了一遍，以防盗贼的进入。He started out earlier lest he should be late.他很早就出发了以防迟到。(2)在 so that,in order that 所引导的目的状语从句中，从句中的谓语为：can/may/could/might/will/would/should+动词原形。如(from )：He goes closer to the speaker so that he can h

11、ear him clearer.他走近说话的人以便能挺得更清楚。He read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word.他把信读得很仔细以便不漏掉一个单词。2.让步状语从句中的虚拟语气(1)在 even if,even though 所引导的让步状语从句中，可用虚拟语气，主句、从句的结构与if 所引导的条件从句结构相同。如：Even if he were here himself,he should not know what to do.即是他亲自来也不知该怎么办。Nobody could save him e

12、ven though Hua Tuo should come here.及时华佗再世也就不了他。(2)在 whatever，whichever，whenever，whoever,wherever，however,no matter wh-word 等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为：may+动词原形(指现在或将来)。如：We will finish it on time no matter what/whatever may happen.不管发生什么事，我们都要按时完成。We will find him wherever/no matter where he may be.无论他在哪

13、里，我们都要找到他。I will wait for him no matter how late he may come.不管他来的多么晚，我都会等他。may+完成式(指过去)，主句结构不限。如：You mustnt be proud whatever/no matter what great progress you may have made.不管你取得了多么大的进步，你也不能骄傲(from )。We must respect him no matter what/whatever mistakes he may have made.不管他翻过什么错误，我们必须尊敬他。(3)在 thoug

14、h,although 等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为 should+动词原形，主句结构不限。如：Although/Though he should often be late,he is a good student.尽管他经常迟到，他还是个好学生。Although/Though he should be secretary,he must obey the rules.尽管他是书记，他也必须遵守规定。3.方式状语从句中的虚拟语气as if,as though 引导的方式状语从句常用虚拟语气。虚拟语气的结构为：表示所发生的时间虚拟语气结构发生在主句动作之前had+过去分词与主句动作

15、同时发生过去时(be 用 were)发生在主句动作之后would/could/might/should+原形动词例如：They began to talk warmly as if they had known each other for long.他们开始热烈的谈论起来就好像他们已相互认识很久了。He coughed twice as if someone should come.他咳嗽两声就好像有人要来了。4.原因状语从句中的虚拟语气amazed,angry,annoyed,astonished,disappointed,frightened,happy,pleased,proud,so

16、rry,surprised,upset 等后面的状语从句中常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：should+原形动词(指现在或将来)。如：He was angry that you should call him by name.他很生气，你竟然对他直呼其名。I was astonished that he should not answer such an easy question.我很惊讶他竟答不出如此简单的问题。should+完成式,指过去。如：Im very sorry that you should have failed the exam.我很遗憾，你这次考试竟然失败了。I was

17、 very surprised that Father should have known what I did yesterday.我很吃惊，父亲竟指导我昨天所作的事情(from )。三、宾语从句中的虚拟语气1 英语中，如：advise,ask,demand,desire,decide,insist(坚决要求),order,propose,request,suggest(建议)表示请求、要求、命令或建议等意义的动词所接的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：(should)+原形动词。如：The teacher advised that we should make good use

18、of every minute here.老师劝我们要好好地利用在这儿的每一分钟。The Party asked that we should serve the people with our heart and soul.党要求我们要全心全意地为人民服务。但是，当 insist 的意思为：坚决认为，坚持说；suggest 的意思为：表明，暗含，暗示等时，宾语从句一般不用虚拟语气。如：Tom insisted that he hadnt stolen the watch.汤姆坚持说他没有偷那块手表。His smile suggested that he had succeeded in th

19、is exam.他的微笑表明他在考试中成功了。2.believe,expect,suspect,think,imagine 等动词的否定句或疑问句中的宾语从句常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：should+原形动词。如：Can you believe that he should kill a tiger?你能相信他竟杀死了一只老虎？Can you imagine that he should take the first place in the long jump contest?你能想象得到他在跳远比赛中竟获得了第一名？3.英语中，wish 之后的宾语从句，表示一种没有实现或根本不可能实

20、现的愿望，常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为(from )：表示所发生的时间虚拟语气结构发生在主句动作之前(1)had+过去分词；(2)would/could/might/should+have+过去分词与主句动作同时发生过去时(be 用 were)发生在主句动作之后would/could/might/should+原形动词例如：I wish I learnt English well.我希望我已学好了英语。I wish I had been there with them last week.我希望上周跟他们一起在那儿。He wishes we could go and play games

21、with him.他希望我们能去跟他做游戏。4.英语中，would rather,had rather,would sooner 等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望，故使用虚拟语气。起虚拟语气的结构为：表示所发生的时间虚拟语气结构过去had+过去分词；现在过去时(be 用 were)将来过去时(be 用 were)例如：Id rather you had seen the film yesterday.我倒想你昨天看过了这场电影。Id rather you were here now.我倒想你现在在这儿。Wed rather you went here tomorrow.我么倒想

22、你明天去那儿。四、主语从句中的虚拟语气在表达惊异、惋惜、遗憾、理应如此等意义的主语从句中常使用虚拟语气，其虚拟语其的结构为：should+动词原形，主句中的谓语动词形式不限。句型：(1)It is admirable/dreadful/extraordinary/odd/remarkable/sad/advisable/annoying/disappointing/surprising/upsetting/frightening/better/best/curious/desirable/important/strange/peculiar/proper/necessary/natural t

23、hat(2)It is a pity/a shame/no wonder.that(3)It is suggested/requested/desired/proposed/.that(4)It worries me that如：It is important that we should do well in our lessons first.我们先把功课学好很重要。It is strange that he should not come.很奇怪，他竟没有来。It is a pity that we should not meet last night.真遗憾我们昨天晚上没有见过面。It

24、 worries me that we should be blamed for that.我们竟要受责备真让人烦恼。五、表语从句及同位语从句中虚拟语气英语中，表示请求、要求、命令、建议等名词 advice,desire,decision,idea,instruction,order,plan,proposal,recommendation,request,requirement,suggestion,wish 充当句子的主语而后面接表语从句或它们后面接同位语时，表语从表面上看几屗及同位语从句都须用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：(should)+动词原形。如：We followed his a

25、dvice that we should ask our teacher for help.我们接受了他的建议：我们应该请求老师的帮助(from )。He told us his idea that he should go to university.他告诉了我们他的想法：他想上大学。His suggestion is that we should do our work more carefully.他的建议就是我们的工作要更细心些。Their plan is that they should build a new factory in their hometown.他们的计划就是在家乡

26、建一座新工厂。六、定语从句中的虚拟语气英语中，表示：“早该做某事了”时，定语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：It is(high/about)time that+主语+动词的过去式/should+动词原形。如：It is time that I went to pick up my daughter at school.我该去学校接我的女儿了。It is high time you should go to work.你早该上班了。七.简单句中的虚拟语气1.说话时，为了表示客气、谦虚、委婉而有礼貌，言语常使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构形式常为：would/could/migh

27、t/should+原形动词。如：Would you mind my shutting the door?我把门关起来你介意吗？You should always learn this lesson by heart.你要把这个教训牢记于心。I should agree with you.我应该同意你的观点。2.表示“祝愿”时，常用“may+主语+动词原形+其他”。如：May you have a good journey!祝你一路顺风。May your youth last for ever!祝你青春永驻。3.表示强烈的“愿望”、“祝愿”时，常用动词原形。如：Long live the Com

28、munist Party of China.中国共产党万岁。God bless us.上帝保佑。4.习惯表达中常用的虚拟语气。(1)提出请求或邀请。如：Would you like to have a talk with us this evening?今天晚上来跟我们聊天好吗？Could I use your bike now?我可以用一下你的单车吗？(2)陈述自己的观点或看法。如：I should glad to meet you.见到你我会很高兴。I would try my best to help you.我会尽力帮助你。(3)提出劝告或建议。如：Youd better ask yo

29、ur father first.你最好先问一问你的父亲。You should make a full investigation of it first.你应该先全面调查一番。(4)提出问题。如：Do you think he could get here on time?你认为他能按时来吗？Do you expect he would tell us the truth?你期望他会告诉我们真相吗？(5)表示对过去情况的责备时，常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：“情态动词+have+过去分词”。如(from )：You should have got here earlier.你应该早就到这里

30、了。You should have returned it to him.你应该把他还给他了。另：虚拟语气的特殊形式，即用来表示要求、建议、命令、提议、意愿等的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟形式，其虚拟语气的构成往往是由 should(可省略)+动词原形 that 从句。A、用于表示意愿、建议、命令、提议、请求等动词后的 that 宾语从句中，这类动词有：ask 要求advise 建议arrange 安排beg 请求command 命令decide 决定demand 要求desire 渴望determine 决定insist 坚持intend 打算maintain 坚持主张m

31、ove 建议，动员propose 提议object 反对order 命令prefer 建议require 需要request 要求resolve 下决心recommend 推荐suggest 建议stipulate 约定，规定urge 强调，促进vote 公认，提议decree 颁布（法令）pray 请求注意：这类动词后面除了可接 that 虚拟句以外，也可以接 doing 或者 to do来表达，一般情况下，意思没有什么差别。She advised that we should keep the gate locked.（书面体）She advised us to keep the gate

32、 locked.（口语）She advised keeping the gate locked.(较随便)B、用于 It is+形容词或过去分词+主语从句中，这类形容词或分词有：advisable 合理的decided 决定的crucial 关键的appropriate 恰当的determined 决定的commanded 命令的arranged 安排的essential 紧要的，基本的complied 遵照anxious 焦急的imperative 迫切的 important 重要的desirable 合意的better 较好的，更好insistent 坚持的desired 想要asked

33、请求keen 渴望的incredible 难以置信的 adamant 坚定不移的natural 自然的insisted 坚持necessary 必要的suggested 建议urgent 紧迫的ordered 命令shocked 震惊的vital 极其重要的possible 可能的strange 奇怪的preferable（好一点）proposed 提议requested 要求的required 要求的recommended 推荐resolved 决定的probable（可能的）pity 可惜，憾事shame 遗憾注意：这类形容词后面除了可接 that 虚拟句以外，也可以 forto do来表

34、达，一般情况下，意思没有什么差别。It is essential that he should be prepared for this.It is essential for him to be prepared for this.C用于由表示建议、要求、命令、请示等含义的名词引导的表语从句和同位语从句中，这类名词常见的有：advice 忠告decision 决定demand 要求desire 要求、愿望insistence 坚持motion 提议necessity 必要性order 命令preference 偏爱proposal 提议pray 恳求recommendation 推荐request 要求requirement 要求resolution 决心suggestion 劝告、忠告例如：This is their resolution that extra-curriculum activities be made part of their school life.这是他们的决议：要使得课外活动成为他们学校生活的一部分。The motion that the remark of the last speaker be expunged from the record.该提议要求把最后一个发言的人的讲话从记录上除掉。