非谓语动词全讲解：不定式.docx

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1、非谓语动词全讲解：不定式一、非谓语动词的概述非谓语有三大方面的内容是需要学习和掌握的，即：它们在句中所能充当的成分、时态和语态的变化以及逻辑主语。二、非谓语动词有三种形式：1、不定式：可当作名词、形容词和副词来使用。不定式在句中能够充当除谓语之外的其它任何成分。2、动名词：动名词相当于名词，在句中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语。3、分词：分词相当于形容词和副词，在句中主要充当定语、状语、补足语和表语。非谓语动词作为动词的一种变化形式，仍保留有动词的特征。比如：有自己的主语、时态和语态的变化。因此学习非谓语动词有三个重要内容：充当句子成分，时态和语态的变化及逻辑主语。三、不定式的具体讲解非谓语之不定

2、式（to do）：不定式作为一种动词的变化形式，具有动词的一般特征，即有时态和语态的变化。不定式时态和语态的构成。四种体态主动被动一般式To do To be done完成式To have doneTo have been done 进行式To be doing 无完成进行式To have been doing 无1、不定式的形式（动词+to do作宾语结构）此结构中不定式可直接与一个及物动词连用表示将来、目的或不定式的动作发生在谓语之后，动词常为表意愿、目地、企图等的词。在句中若出现了不定式动作的执行者时，用不定式主动形式，若没有执行者或不定式所修饰的成份是不定式动作的承受者，用被动形式。例

3、：I want someone to take some photos. I want some photos to be taken.She asked to be given an easy assignment.The book is not allowed to be taken out of the library.I come to see you I hope to see you again 2、不定式的形式（it is +adj+to do 作主语）It is possible to give without loving,but it is not possible to

4、love without giving.It is important to master English well.3、特殊疑问词+to do (相当于一个名词短语）I do not know whether to answer his letter.I want to know what to do next.4、动词+it+宾语补足语+to do(不定式作宾语，不能直接放在动词后，要用it作形式宾语，不定式放在宾补后作真正的宾语）I find it difficult to learn English well.Allow sb to do sth advise sb to do sth

5、 (动词+宾语+to do )四、不定式作定语修饰名词1、宾语关系：指被修饰的名词在逻辑意义上充当不定式的宾语。例：I have a letter to write.To write修饰名词letter构成宾语关系，可以直接把letter 作write的宾语。I need a pen to write.To write修饰pen,构成宾语关系，但不能直接把pen作write的宾语，即说成write a pen。二者之间加一个介词才能表达出它们的逻辑关系，这里表示用钢笔，可以加with。说成 write with a pen。所以上句应该改成I need a pen to write with.

6、 I gave the kid a book to read.不定式to read 有了自己的逻辑宾语 a book.所以不定式后不能再加宾语了。2、主语关系：是指被修饰名词在逻辑意义上充当不定式中动词的主语。例：The man to help you is Liming.能帮你的人是李明。The man to help you 是名词短语作主语，相当于the man who can help you.从句子改后可知，to help 的逻辑主语是man.被修饰的名词与不定式之间存在主谓关系。 Have you got a key to unlock this door?The key to u

7、nlock this door是名词短语在句中作宾语，相当于the key that can unlock this door.从改写中可知to unlock 的逻辑主语是key,即被修饰名词与不定式之间存在主谓关系。3、同位关系：是指不定式短语的内容是对被修饰名词作进一步补充说明，因此名词与不定式短语构成同位关系。例：I do not wish to change. I have no wish to change.动词wish后需要接不定式to do,所以其名词wish也要接不定式，第二句中不定式to change作名词wish的同位语。 They were eager to help m

8、e. Their eagerness to help pleased me.形容词eager后接to do ,其名词eagerness也要接不定式。第二句的不定式to help作名词eagerness的同位语。注意：不是所有的名词与不定式连用都能够表示同位语关系，这样的名词有两类：一类是与动词相关的名词，一类是与形容词相关的名词。五、不定式用在形容词后的用法 不定式在句中作何种成分不重要，关键是要搞清楚不定式的逻辑语义关系。1、宾语关系（一）He is interesting to listen to.这句话在表层结构上he是句子主语，但是在逻辑结构上he是作listen to 的逻辑宾语。而

9、句子真正的主语是to listen to him 这件事，而不是he这个人。=It is interesting to listen to him=To listen to him is interesting.He is easy to fool=It is easy to fool him=To fool him is easyHe is difficult to understand=It is difficult to understand him=To understand him is difficult.Easy、difficult强调“事情”而不是强调“人”，所以我们一般不用“

10、人”充当它们真正意义上的主语。She is nice to talk to .=It is nice to talk to her=To talk to her is nice.Mary is easy to get on with=To get on with Mary is easy=It is easy to get on with Mary.English is difficult to speak=To speak English is difficult=It is difficult to speak English.This car is not safe to drive.=

11、To drive the car is not safe=It is not safe to drive the car.以上句子从表面结构看，通常“人”或“事物”作主语，但在句子逻辑结构中是“事件”或“活动”充当真正的主语，从逻辑语义上看，句子主语充当不定式的逻辑宾语。2、宾语关系（二）The food is ready to eat. 食物做好了，可以吃了。Eat 是及物动词，其后没有宾语，the food 充当其逻辑宾语。ready表示“食物”准备好了，而不是“吃东西”这件事准备好了。The water is warm to swim in.水很温暖，可以在里面游泳。Warm 表示“水”

12、 是温暖的，而不是“在水里游泳”这件事是温暖的The money is enough for you to buy books with.你买书的钱足够。Enough 表示“钱”是足够的，而不是“用钱买书”这件事是足够的。The book is interesting to buy.这本书有趣，可以买。Interesting 表示“书”有趣，而不是“买书”这件事有趣。注意：以上的形容词是表示句子主语的性质，而不是描述某件事情的特点，与宾语关系（一）相比本节句子中的形容词只能表示“事物”的特点，而不是“事件”的特点。而宾语关系（二）中的形容词用来描述“事件”的特点。例：Its fur is so

13、ft to touch.它的皮毛摸起来很软。Soft 是描述“事物（fur)”的特征，而不是描述“摸皮毛”这个动作。The book is interesting to buy.The book is interesting to read.The tea is too hot to drink.注意：在宾语关系（一）中不定式一般不能省，省后句子意思发生变化。例：He is easy to fool.He is easy ()在宾语关系（二）中不定式可以省去，而不改变句子核心意思。例：The food is ready to eat. =The food is ready()宾语关系中要看形容

14、词是描述“事物”特征还是“事件”特征，这是核心。但有些形容词都可以。例：The bed is comfortable to sleep in. =It is comfortable to sleep in the bed=The bed is comfortable.3、主语关系（一）：形容词对“人”的行为进行评价。He is kind to help us.he是句子主语，又是不定式to help us 的逻辑主语，句子主语与不定式构成“主语关系”4、主语关系（二）：形容词说明“人”的情感。He is glad to help us.he是句子主语，也是不定式to help us的逻辑主语，

15、he与不定式构成“主语关系”5、主语关系（三）：形容词是在逻辑语义上说明不定式动作的特点，可以把形容词变为副词直接修饰动词。He is slow to react. =He reacts slowly.六、不定式的延伸形式1、完成式（to have done)不定式的完成式的意思：一是表达一个发生在谓语动作之前的动作。二是表达过去虚拟。（1）不定式表示在谓语动作之前发生的动作。例：I am sorry to bother you about this,but that music is really loud. 说话人先说“sorry”然后再说”bother”,显然谓语am sorry 发生在

16、前，然后bother.即不定式to bother发生在谓语sorry之后。若不定式的动作或状态发生在谓语之后，此时不定式采用一般式（to do）I am sorry to have bothered you with so many questions on such an occasion.这里不定式的完成式 to have bothered表示问题已经问完。即是在问完问题之后说的这句话。若是还没有问对方问题则要说：I am sorry to bother you with some questions.注意：由以上例句可知，要判断不定式用一般式还是完成式，需要将它与谓语的动作或状态发生的时

17、间相比较；如果不定式的动作在谓语的动作之后发生，不定式用一般式；如果不定式的动作在谓语的动作之前发生，则不定式用完成式。例：i am sorry to keep you waiting.To keep 发生在 am sorry 之后。这句话在离开前说。I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long.不定式用完成式to have done表示动作已经发生，是一个过去的动作。“我”回来之后说这句话向大家道歉。We are happy to visit so many historic places in Beijing.We are happy to hav

18、e visited so many historic places in Beijing.2、进行式（to be doing) To be doing 常用来表示一个进行的动作。用于描写在我们谈论的时间（现在或过去）正在发生的动作，或者说与谓语的动作同时发生的动作。例：He pretended to be listening attentively when the teacher came by. =He pretended that he was listening attentively when the teacher came by.He pretended to be sleepi

19、ng when she came in. =He pretended that he was sleeping when she came in.He happened to be singing in the room when i came in this morning. =It happened that he was singing in the room when i came in this morning.3、完成进行式（to have been doing)不定式的完成进行式右以表示在谓语动作之前已经开始并且一直在持续进行的某一动作，其含义类似于一个完成进行时态。例：I seem to have been learning English for over ten years. They are said to have been collecting folk songs in Yunnan.