How to Get the Poor off Our Conscience1.ppt

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1、Lesson OneLesson OneHow to Get the Poor off How to Get the Poor off Our ConscienceOur ConscienceA RiddleA RiddleNopains,nogains.Whatcanbegotwithoutpains?Nothing to be got without pains but Nothing to be got without pains but povertypoverty.只有贫穷是可以不劳而获的东西。只有贫穷是可以不劳而获的东西。Questionsandanswer1.whichconti

2、nentisthepoorestoneintheworld?-Africa2.whichcountryisthepoorestone?-Ethiopia3.whoisthepoorestpersonintheworld?-?Lead-in questionsLead-in questions1.Doyouthinkyouarepoor?2.whatmakesthefactthatyouarepoor?/whoshouldberesponsibleforyourpoverty?3.ifyouareabillionaire,willyoufeelguiltyabouttheexistenceoft

3、hepoorpeople?Andhowtogetitoff?Class ProcedureClass Procedure1.About the author2.Guide to Reading&Relevant information3.Text learning 4.Exercises and testAbout the authorJohnKennethGalbraith(1908-2006)wasaneconomist,liberalthinker,author,professor,presidentialadvisorandambassador.Hewasalsoaproductive

4、writerandaneffectivecriticofmanypopularideasofhistime.Heclearlyinfluencedtheeconomicideasofmanypeople,includingpoliticiansandpresidents.JohnKennethGalbraithwasbornonafarmnearIonaStation,Canadain1908.YoungJohnfirststudiedagricultureatOntarioAgriculturalCollege.Buthesoonfoundeconomicsmoreinteresting.M

5、isterGalbraithbecameaninstructoratHarvardUniversity.In1937,hebecameanAmericancitizen.In1939,JohnKennethGalbraithbeganworkingforthegovernment.HejoinedtheNationalDefenseAdvisoryCommitteeinWashington.Later,hewasforcedtoresignfromthejobandstartedwritingforFortunemagazine.In1958,MisterGalbraithpublishedh

6、ismostfamousbook,TheAffluentSociety.HearguedthatwhileprivateindividualsinAmericawerebecomingwealthier,publicinstitutionsweregrowingpoor.HecriticizedtheAmericanculturethathesaidwasrichingoodsbutpoorinsocialservices.MisterGalbraithwasalsoinvolvedinpolitics,whichwasunusualforaneconomist.Hebecameatruste

7、dadvisertoPresidentJohnF.Kennedy.PresidentKennedyappointedhimambassadortoIndiain1961.Thirtyyearslater,MisterGalbraithreceivedIndiassecond-highestcivilianhonorforhisworktostrengthentiesbetweenIndiaandtheUnitedStates.Afterthetragedy,MisterGalbraithhadgoodrelationswiththenewpresidentLyndonJohnsonandbec

8、ameanadviser.ButlaterbrokewithhimontheissueofVietnamWar.HeopposedtheinvolvementoftheUnitedStatesinthewar.IntheyearsaftertheVietnamWar,KenGalbraithputhisenergyintowriting.In1996,hisbookTheGoodSocietywaspublished.ItwasanupdateofhisbookTheAffluentSociety.HepointedoutthattheUnitedStateshadbecomeevenmore

9、aplaceforthewealthy,orademocracyofthefortunate.JohnKennethGalbraithreceivestheMedalofFreedomfromPresidentBillClinton.JohnKennethGalbraithdiedin2006attheageofninety-seven.Yethisbooksremainexcellentexamplesofthinkingaboutsocialresponsibilityandethics.Keynesianeconomics主张国家采用扩张性的经济政策，通过增加需求主张国家采用扩张性的经济

10、政策，通过增加需求促进经济增长。促进经济增长。即扩大政府开支，实行财政赤字。即扩大政府开支，实行财政赤字。刺激经济。维持繁荣。刺激经济。维持繁荣。凯恩斯则认为对商品总需求的减少是凯恩斯则认为对商品总需求的减少是经济衰退经济衰退的的主要原因。由此维持整体主要原因。由此维持整体经济活动经济活动数据平衡的措数据平衡的措施可以在宏观上平衡供给和需求。因此，凯恩斯施可以在宏观上平衡供给和需求。因此，凯恩斯的和其他建立在的和其他建立在凯恩斯理论凯恩斯理论基础上的经济学理论基础上的经济学理论被称为被称为宏观经济学宏观经济学，以与注重研究个人行为的，以与注重研究个人行为的微微观经济学观经济学相区别。相区别。R

11、ocketingdefensebudget“星球大战计划”的出台背景是在冷战后期，由于苏联拥有比美国更强大的核攻击力量和导弹破防能力，美国害怕“核平衡”的形势被打破，需要建立有效的反导弹系统，来保证其战略核力量的生存能力和可靠的威慑能力，维持其核优势。同时，美国也是想凭借其强大的经济实力，通过太空武器竞争，把苏联的经济拖垮。这项计划于1984年由美国总统R.里根批准实施.计划由“洲际弹道导弹防御计划”和“反卫星计划”两部分组成。其预算高达1万多亿美元.。太空基地太空基地IronyIrony(反语反语):isafigureofspeechthatachievesemphasisbysayingt

12、heoppositeofwhatismeant,theintendedmeaningofthewordsbeingtheoppositeoftheirusualsense.Leechassertsthatirony“enablesaspeakertobeimpolitewhileseemingtobepolite.”Examples1.whatafineweather.2.Slowlytheoldladystoopedtopickit(thecheque)up.Herpresent,herlovelypresent.Withtremblingfingersshetoreitintolittle

13、bits.老太太慢慢地弯下腰，把支票从地上捡起来，她老太太慢慢地弯下腰，把支票从地上捡起来，她的礼物，她的可爱的礼物！用颤抖的手指把它撕的礼物，她的可爱的礼物！用颤抖的手指把它撕得粉碎。得粉碎。-adisappointingpresent3.ShewasnotsoyoungasIexpectedandinappearanceimposingratherthanattractive.她并不如我想象的那么年轻。她的外表与其说她并不如我想象的那么年轻。她的外表与其说吸引人，不如说是令人难忘。吸引人，不如说是令人难忘。-afatandbad-lookingladyOutlineOutline Part

14、I(1&2)opening:thesearchofwaysof“gettingthepooroffourconscience”hasbeenandcontinuestobeanintellectualpreoccupationPartII(3-9)fivehistoricalsolutionsPartIII(10-11)TransitionPartIV(12-20)fivecurrentdesignsPartV(21)conclusionText learningText learningPartI(1&2)opening:thesearchofwaysof“gettingthepooroff

15、ourconscience”hasbeenandcontinuestobeanintellectualpreoccupationParagraph 1Whatdoestheauthorwanttoreflecton?Theauthorwantstodiscusshowpeoplehavebeentryingnottofeelguiltyabouttheexistenceofthepoorpeople.Paragraph 2Whatdoestheauthormeanwhenheuses“perilously”?Theauthormusthaveinmindtheslaveuprisings,pe

16、asantuprisings,andworkersstrikes.Ifthedisparitybecomestoogreat,thepoorwillriseupagainsttherichandcausemuchdamage.An intellectual preoccupationTranslation:有思想有学问的人几百年来孜孜有思想有学问的人几百年来孜孜不倦思考探索的问题不倦思考探索的问题Themainidea:forcenturies,thosewithhighintellecthavebeensearchingforexplanationstojustifythecoexisten

17、ceoftherichandpoor.ForcenturiesHistorypresentFivehistoricalsolutionsfivecurrentdesignsContinuetobesoinourowntimePart II(39)Part II(39)Thispartdealswiththefivesolutionsthathadbeenofferedinhistory.Thesesolutionsarearrangedchronologically.Iftheyarepoorandalsomeek,theyeventuallywillinherittheearth.如果他们贫

18、穷但却温顺，他们将最终成为这个世如果他们贫穷但却温顺，他们将最终成为这个世界的主人。界的主人。Whyitisironical?IntheBible,theword“meek”isusedinapositivesense-patientandmildInthisstatement,thewordisusedinaironicalsense-submissiveWhydoestheauthorthinkitisanadmirablesolution?Becauseinthisway,therich_.whilethepoorwill_.will_notfeelguiltyandcanhappily

19、enjoytheirpresentlife.Willhavesomethingtolookforwardto-theirfuturefortune,andwillmeeklyaccepttheircurrentmisery.Doestheauthorreallythinkthatthisisanadmirablesolution?Whyorwhynot?No,hedoesnt.Hecallsitsobecausenowtherichcangetthepoorofftheirconscience.Itistherichscharacterofselfness.Heisbeingironicalh

20、ere.Utilitarianismju:tilitrinizm功利主义Correct actions are those that result in the greatest happiness for the greatest number people.正确的行为是那些能够给最大多数人带来正确的行为是那些能够给最大多数人带来最大幸福的行为最大幸福的行为JeremyBentham杰里米边沁Jeremy Bentham出生在一个律师家庭，三岁能读，五出生在一个律师家庭，三岁能读，五出生在一个律师家庭，三岁能读，五出生在一个律师家庭，三岁能读，五岁会拉小提琴，六岁开始学习拉丁语岁会拉小提琴，

21、六岁开始学习拉丁语岁会拉小提琴，六岁开始学习拉丁语岁会拉小提琴，六岁开始学习拉丁语和法语，和法语，和法语，和法语，1212岁进入牛津大学，岁进入牛津大学，岁进入牛津大学，岁进入牛津大学，1515岁取岁取岁取岁取得法律学位，获得律师从业资格。得法律学位，获得律师从业资格。得法律学位，获得律师从业资格。得法律学位，获得律师从业资格。边沁认为，人们一切行为的准则取决边沁认为，人们一切行为的准则取决于是增进幸福抑或减少幸福的倾向。于是增进幸福抑或减少幸福的倾向。社会全体的幸福是由组成此社会的个社会全体的幸福是由组成此社会的个人的幸福的总和。社会的幸福是以最人的幸福的总和。社会的幸福是以最大多数的最大幸

22、福来衡量的。如果增大多数的最大幸福来衡量的。如果增加社会的利益即最大多数的最大幸福加社会的利益即最大多数的最大幸福的倾向比减少的倾向大，这就适合于的倾向比减少的倾向大，这就适合于功利原理。功利原理。Translate:Theprinciplewhichapprovesordisapprovesofeveryactionwhatsoeveraccordingtothetendencywhichitappearstohavetoaugmentordiminishthehappinessofthepartywhoseinterestisinquestion.所谓功利主义原则，就是依照每次行动中，不管

23、所谓功利主义原则，就是依照每次行动中，不管怎样都依照涉及到的利益各方是受益还是受损的怎样都依照涉及到的利益各方是受益还是受损的趋势来决定赞同还是否决该项行动的原则。趋势来决定赞同还是否决该项行动的原则。Theprincipleofutilitymeansthatanactionisjudgedbywhetheritwillincreaseordecreasethebenefitsofthosewhoareaffectedbytheaction.Paraphrase:Virtue德行德行 is,indeed must be,self-centered.(para4)-Byrightaction,

24、wemeanitmusthelppromotepersonalinterest正确的行为是，而且的确必须是以自我为正确的行为是，而且的确必须是以自我为中心的。中心的。MalthusianismApessimisticviewpointonpopulationandworldresources,basedonthedoctrinesofThomasMalthus.Malthusianismholdsthatpopulationtendstoincreasefasterthanthesupplyoffood,thuspreventingthesteadyprogressofmankind.Malt

25、husadvocatedpremaritalchastity贞洁 ,latemarriage,andsexualabstinence禁欲禁欲aspartialsolutions.Paraphrase：(poverty)wasaproductoftheirexcessivefecundity(para5)Thepovertyofthepoorwascausedbytheirhavingtoomanychildren.Translate：Theirgrievouslyuncontrolledlustcausedthemtobreeduptothefulllimitsoftheavailablesu

26、bsistence生存生存令人遗憾的是，他们不能控制性欲，过度生育把令人遗憾的是，他们不能控制性欲，过度生育把地球具有的养活人口的能力推向极限。地球具有的养活人口的能力推向极限。ParaphraseTherichwerenotresponsibleforeitheritscreationoritsamelioration改善改善,改良改良,改改进Therichwerenottoblamefortheexistenceofpovertysotheyshouldnotbeaskedtoundertakethetaskofsolvingtheproblem.“Couplesinloveshouldr

27、epairtoR.H.Macysnottheirbedroom”一对对热恋的新一对对热恋的新婚夫妇应该上梅婚夫妇应该上梅西百货公司过夜，西百货公司过夜，而不是到他们的而不是到他们的新房新房WhatistheauthorsattitudetowardsReaganssuggestion?ThisridiculesReagansviewthatthebestformofpopulationcontrolcomesfromthemarket.Theauthorthinkssuchanideaiswideofmark.ReadPara7.WhatdoessocialDarwinismmean?Surv

28、ivalofthethefittestTheeliminationofthepooristhenatureswayofimprovingtherace.TheAmericanBeautyRosecanbeproducedinthesplendorandfragrancewhichbringcheertoitsbeholderonlybysacrificingtheearlybudswhichgrowuparoundit.美国这朵玫瑰花后美国这朵玫瑰花后,以其华贵与芳香让以其华贵与芳香让观众倾倒观众倾倒,赞不绝口赞不绝口,而她之所以能被而她之所以能被培植出来培植出来,就是因为在早期其周围的花就是

29、因为在早期其周围的花蕾给掐掉了蕾给掐掉了.Othercountrieshavebeenweakened;Americahasagoodchancetobecomeastrongestcapitalisticcountry,whichownswealthandsplendor.paraphraseItismerelytheworkingoutofalawofnatureandalawofGod.(para.8)Itisonlytheresultofeffectofthelawofthesurvivalofthefittestappliedtonatureortohumansociety这是自然规

30、律这是自然规律和上帝的意志在起作用和上帝的意志在起作用.PublicassistancetothepoorinterferedwiththeeffectiveoperationoftheeconomicsystemSomethingeconomicallydamagingabouthelpingthepoorWhatisthemainideaheldbyCalvinCoolidgeandHerbertHoover?Paraphrase:Itdeclinedinpopularity,andreferencestoitacquiredacondemnatorytone(para.9)Peopleb

31、eguntorejectSocialDarwinismbecauseitseemedtoglorifybrutalforceandopposedtreasuredvalueofsympathy,loveandfriendship.Therefore,whenitwasmentioned,itwasusuallythetargetofcriticism.PartIII.(10&11)Thispartisatransition.WhatistheRooseveltrevolution?Whatstheauthorsattitudetowardit?Foritoragainstit?Franklin

32、D.RooseveltTheRooseveltrevolutionreferredtothesocialwelfarepoliciesinitiatedbyFranklinD.RooseveltintheNewDeal.HewaselectedPresidentinNovember1932.ByMarchtherewerealready13,000,000unemployed,andalmosteverybankwasclosedduetotheGreatDepression.Inhisfirsthundreddays,Rooseveltproposed,andCongresspassedth

33、eSocialSecurityActtobringrecoverytobusinessandagriculture,relieftotheunemployedandtothoseindangeroflosingfarmsandhomes.Thiswasarevolutionarystepbecauseitbrokeawayfromthetraditionalconceptthatthefederalgovernmentwasnotresponsibleforsocialwelfare.By1935theNationhadachievedsomemeasureofrecovery,butbusi

34、nessmenandbankerswereturningmoreandmoreagainstRooseveltsNewDealprogramwhichfocusedonSocialSecurity,heaviertaxesonthewealthy,newcontrolsoverbanksandpublicutilities,andanenormousworkreliefprogramfortheunemployed.FranklinD.RoosevelthelpedtheAmericanpeopleregainfaithinthemselves.Hebroughthopeashepromise

35、dprompt,vigorousaction,andassertedinhisInauguralAddress,theonlythingwehavetofearisfearitself.Translate:Ithasagainbecomeamajorphilosophical,literary,andrhetoricalpreoccupation,andaneconomicallynotunrewardingenterprise.这一命题又一次成为哲学家这一命题又一次成为哲学家,文学家文学家,演说家们思考探索的问题，也成为他演说家们思考探索的问题，也成为他们收入不菲的一个重要行业们收入不菲的一

36、个重要行业.aneconomicallynotunrewardingenterpriseDoublenegativeforemphasisusedinanironicalsense,thatismoneycanbemadebycontributingtotheprocessofignoringthepoor.PartIV(12-20)fivecurrentdesignsInthispart,theauthormakesacriticalanalysisofthefivecurrentdesignstogetthepooroffourconscienceandpointsoutthatthefi

37、rstfourareinventivedescendantsfromBentham,Malthus,andSpencer.TheauthorfurthershowsthatthesedesignsareverypopularinWashingtonD.C.atthetimehewritesthearticleinthe1980s.Whatisthefirstdesigntogetthepooroffourconscience？Mostoftheassistancetothepoorhastobeundertakenbythegovernment,butthegovernmentisinesse

38、nceincompetentandineffectiveandwillmakeamessofthejob.Therefore,thegovernmentshouldnotbeaskedtoaidthepoor.proceed1.继续进行继续进行;继续做继续做(或讲或讲)下去下去(+to/with)Theoldmantookadrinkfromhiscupandproceededwithhisstory.老人拿起杯子喝了一口老人拿起杯子喝了一口,继续讲他的故事。继续讲他的故事。2.开始开始,着手着手,出发出发+to-vAftereveryonewasseatedthechairmanprocee

39、dedtoannouncehisplan.大家就坐后大家就坐后,主席开始宣布他的计划。主席开始宣布他的计划。3.发出发出,出自出自(+from)Thewholetroubleproceededfromamisunderstanding.整个麻烦起于误会。整个麻烦起于误会。proceed4.起诉(+against)Thedistrictattorneyproceededagainstthedefaultingdebtor.地方检查官起诉不履行债务的债务人。5.进行,开展Theprojectisproceedingasplanned.工程正在按计划进行。Paraphrase:sincethegov

40、ernmentisincapableandinefficient,itshouldnotbeaskedtoundertakethetaskofaidingthepoor.Otherwise,itwillmakeamessofthejobormakethesituationworse.bureaucrat：bjur,krt官僚，官僚，官官僚主义者僚主义者bureaucracy：bjurkrsi官僚制度，官僚制度，官僚主义，官僚作风官僚主义，官僚作风,官僚机构官僚机构Translation:对政府无能的指责，在我们这对政府无能的指责，在我们这个时代，是与对官僚的笼统谴责联系在一个时代，是与对官僚的

41、笼统谴责联系在一起的起的-与国防有关的人士又不在此列。与国防有关的人士又不在此列。Inparagraph13,theauthoragainmentionsthePentagonornationaldefense.Why?Whatistheauthorsattitude?Theauthorwantstopointouttheironicalfactthatallpeopleattackthegovernmentorthebureaucracyexceptthemilitarypeoplebecausetheywantthegovernmenttodolessin_butmoreon_.Theau

42、rhorishighlycriticalofsuchaview.(hugemilitaryexpenditures)socialwelfareNationaldefenseTheimplicationisthatmostformsofdiscriminationintheUnitedStatesarelegallyimpermissibletoday.ThisshowstheprogressmadeintheU.S.Buttheresstilloneformwhichisnotonlypermissblebutofficiallyencouraged.Arousesthereaderscuri

43、osityRevealstheauthorscriticalattitudeTheauthorsattitudetowardpublicserviceOnthewhole,theauthorispositiveaboutpublicservice&governmentemployees.HethinksthattheAmericangovernmenthasrecruitedmanytalentedanddedicatedpeople.Hiscriticismisdirectedatthemilitaryestablishment.wrench1.猛扭猛扭,猛拧猛拧OHewrenchedthe

44、knoboffwhenhewastryingtoopenthedoor.他开门时把门把手拧了下来。他开门时把门把手拧了下来。2.歪曲歪曲,曲解曲解Shewrenchedthemeaningofthepassage.她曲解了这段文字的意义。她曲解了这段文字的意义。3.扭伤扭伤Harrywrenchedhisanklewhenhejumpeddownfromthefence.哈里从围墙上跳下来时扭伤了脚踝。哈里从围墙上跳下来时扭伤了脚踝。TheessenceofthefirstdesignTotakeawaytheresponsibilitytoaidthepoorfromthegovernmen

45、tandputanendtothesocialwelfarepoliciesThegovernmentisinherentlyincompetentWhatistheseconddesigntoavoidtheresponsibility？AnyformofpublichelptothepooronlyhurtsthepoorReasons：1）Itdestroysmorale(destroythepoorsmotivation)2）Itseducespeopleawayfrompainfulemployment(makethemlazy)3）Itbreaksupmarriagesinflic

46、t使遭受，给予打击使遭受，给予打击 a blow a a blow a wound on upon a person wound on upon a person 予人以打予人以打击 伤害害 Does the author agree to the Does the author agree to the argument?argument?No,the author thinks that the No,the author thinks that the accusations are groundless.accusations are groundless.Thecaseismade-

47、andbelieved.Inspiteofthefactthatthereisnoprooftosuchargument,theargumenthasbeenputforthandacceptedbymany.ParaphraseandtranslateThisisperhapsourmosthighlyinfluentialpieceoffiction.Itisaverypopularstoryandhasbeenacceptedbymanybutitisnottrue.这种说法也许是我们最有影响的一个虚这种说法也许是我们最有影响的一个虚构的故事。构的故事。Whatisthethirddes

48、ignforrelievingourselvesofresponsibilityforthepoorPublic-assistancemeasureshaveanadverseeffectonincentive.Whenyougivepublicassistancetothepoor,youtakemoneyawayfromtherich(throughtaxes)andgiveittothepoor(intheformofpublicassistance).Therichbecomelesswillingtoworkhardandcreatewealthandthepoorareencour

49、agedtoremainidle.incentive./incentive./in in in in sentivsentivsentivsentiv/对对行行动动等的等的 刺激刺激,动动机机供供给学派给学派(Supply-sideEconomics)主要代表人物包括美国南加州大学的拉弗教授、哈主要代表人物包括美国南加州大学的拉弗教授、哈佛大学的费尔德斯坦教授等。佛大学的费尔德斯坦教授等。供给学派认为，美国经济衰退的主要原因是由于资本供给学派认为，美国经济衰退的主要原因是由于资本形成不足和储蓄率偏低，而资本形成不足和储蓄率偏形成不足和储蓄率偏低，而资本形成不足和储蓄率偏低的原因来自低的原因来自

50、过高的边际税率过高的边际税率。因为边际税率越高，。因为边际税率越高，人们人们通过工作和投资提高收入的积极性就越低通过工作和投资提高收入的积极性就越低，从而，从而导致储蓄率下降，投资减少。在经济政策方面供给学导致储蓄率下降，投资减少。在经济政策方面供给学派主张：大幅度派主张：大幅度减税减税刺激人们工作的积极性，增强储刺激人们工作的积极性，增强储蓄和投资引诱；采取相对紧缩的货币政策，使货币供蓄和投资引诱；采取相对紧缩的货币政策，使货币供给量的增长与经济长期增长潜力相适应；减少国家对给量的增长与经济长期增长潜力相适应；减少国家对经济生活的干预，缩小政府开支，经济生活的干预，缩小政府开支，大规模削减社