(8.4.2)--Ch_02-Computer计算机组成原理.ppt

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1、 计算机组成原理 -双语教学课件双语教学课件William Stallings Computer Organizationand Architecture 6th EditionChapter 2Computer Evolution and Performance发展发展性能性能In this chapter,we shall introduce some peoples and events who or which have put forward for computers development.ENIAC-backgroundElectronic Numerical Integrat

2、or And ComputerEckert and MauchlyUniversity of PennsylvaniaTrajectory tables for weapons Started 1943Finished 1946Too late for war effortUsed until 1955ENIAC-detailsDecimal(not binary)20 accumulators of 10 digitsProgrammed manually by switches18,000 vacuum tubes30 tons15,000 square feet140 kW power

3、consumption5,000 additions per secondvon Neumann/TuringStored Program conceptMain memory storing programs and dataALU operating on binary dataControl unit interpreting instructions from memory and executingInput and output equipment operated by control unitPrinceton Institute for Advanced Studies IA

4、SCompleted 1952Structure of von Neumann machineIAS-details1000 x 40 bit wordsBinary number2 x 20 bit instructionsSet of registers(storage in CPU)Memory Buffer RegisterMemory Address RegisterInstruction RegisterInstruction Buffer RegisterProgram CounterAccumulatorMultiplier Quotient存储器缓冲寄存器存储器缓冲寄存器存储

5、器地址寄存器存储器地址寄存器指令寄存器指令寄存器指令缓冲寄存器指令缓冲寄存器程序计数器程序计数器累加器累加器乘商寄存器乘商寄存器Structure of IAS detail(Page 20)Commercial Computers1947-Eckert-Mauchly Computer CorporationUNIVAC I(Universal Automatic Computer)US Bureau of Census 1950 calculationsBecame part of Sperry-Rand CorporationLate 1950s-UNIVAC IIFasterMore

6、memory商业化商业化人口普查人口普查IBMPunched-card processing equipment1953-the 701IBMs first stored program computerScientific calculations1955-the 702Business applicationsLead to 700/7000 series系列化系列化TransistorsReplaced vacuum tubesSmallerCheaperLess heat dissipationSolid State deviceMade from Silicon(Sand)Inven

7、ted 1947 at Bell LabsWilliam Shockley et al.Transistor Based ComputersSecond generation machinesNCR&RCA produced small transistor machinesIBM 7000DEC-1957Produced PDP-1MicroelectronicsLiterally-“small electronics”A computer is made up of gates,memory cells and interconnectionsThese can be manufactur

8、ed on a semiconductore.g.silicon wafer“门门”存存储储元元Generations of ComputerVacuum tube-1946-1957Transistor-1958-1964Small scale integration-1965 onUp to 100 devices on a chipMedium scale integration-to 1971100-3,000 devices on a chipLarge scale integration-1971-19773,000-100,000 devices on a chipVery la

9、rge scale integration-1978 to date100,000-100,000,000 devices on a chipUltra large scale integrationOver 100,000,000 devices on a chipMoores LawIncreased density of components on chipGordon Moore-cofounder of IntelNumber of transistors on a chip will double every yearSince 1970s development has slow

10、ed a littleNumber of transistors doubles every 18 monthsCost of a chip has remained almost unchangedHigher packing density means shorter electrical paths,giving higher performanceSmaller size gives increased flexibilityReduced power and cooling requirementsFewer interconnections increases reliabilit

11、yGrowth in CPU Transistor Count(page 30)Growth in CPU Transistor CountIBM 360 series1964Replaced(¬ compatible with)7000 seriesFirst planned“family”of computersSimilar or identical instruction setsSimilar or identical O/SIncreasing speedIncreasing number of I/O ports(i.e.more terminals)Increased m

12、emory size Increased costMultiplexed switch structure系列系列DEC PDP-81964First minicomputer(after miniskirt!)Did not need air conditioned roomSmall enough to sit on a lab bench$16,000$100k+for IBM 360Embedded applications&OEMBUS STRUCTURE总线结构总线结构DEC-PDP-8 Bus StructureOMNIBUSConsoleControllerCPUMain Me

13、moryI/OModuleI/OModuleSemiconductor Memory1970FairchildSize of a single corei.e.1 bit of magnetic core storageHolds 256 bitsNon-destructive readMuch faster than coreCapacity approximately doubles each yearIntel1971-4004 First microprocessorAll CPU components on a single chip4 bitFollowed in 1972 by

14、80088 bitBoth designed for specific applications1974-8080Intels first general purpose microprocessor通用微处理器通用微处理器Speeding it upPipeliningOn board cacheOn board L1&L2 cacheBranch predictionData flow analysisSpeculative execution流水线流水线板上板上CACHE板上一级、二板上一级、二级级CACHE(指令指令)转移预测转移预测数据流分析数据流分析推测执行推测执行使之更快使之更快

15、2.2 Performance Mismatch(page 39)Processor speed increasedMemory capacity increasedMemory speed lags behind processor speed性能不匹配性能不匹配存储器速度滞后存储器速度滞后于处理器速速度于处理器速速度DRAM and Processor Characteristics (page 39)Trends in DRAM use(page 40)SolutionsIncrease number of bits retrieved at one timeMake DRAM“wide

16、r”rather than“deeper”Change DRAM interfaceCacheReduce frequency of memory accessMore complex cache and cache on chipIncrease interconnection bandwidthHigh speed busesHierarchy of buses解决方案解决方案(Find&bring)Pentium Evolution(1)8080first general purpose microprocessor8 bit data pathUsed in first persona

17、l computer Altair8086much more powerful16 bitinstruction cache,prefetch few instructions8088(8 bit external bus)used in first IBM PC8028616 Mbyte memory addressableup from 1Mb8038632 bitSupport for multitaskingPentium Evolution(2)80486sophisticated powerful cache and instruction pipeliningbuilt in m

18、aths co-processorPentiumSuperscalarMultiple instructions executed in parallelPentium ProIncreased superscalar organizationAggressive register renamingbranch predictiondata flow analysisspeculative execution精密强大的精密强大的CACHE和指令和指令流水线流水线+内建数学协处理器内建数学协处理器超标量超标量+多指令并行执行多指令并行执行更多的超标量组织更多的超标量组织+寄存器重命名寄存器重命名

19、+转移转移预测预测+数据流分析数据流分析+推测执行推测执行Pentium Evolution(3)Pentium IIMMX technologygraphics,video&audio processingPentium IIIAdditional floating point instructions for 3D graphicsPentium 4Note Arabic rather than Roman numeralsFurther floating point and multimedia enhancementsItanium64 bitsee chapter 15See Intel web pages for detailed information on processorsMMX技术技术+图像、视频、图像、视频、音频处理音频处理为为3D图像增加的浮点指令图像增加的浮点指令浮点、多媒体功能进一步增强浮点、多媒体功能进一步增强64位架构的位架构的CPUIntel Microprocessor PerformanceInternet Resourceshttp:/ for the Intel Museumhttp:/http:/Charles Babbage InstitutePowerPCIntel Developer Home