阅读理解细节理解题（解析版）.docx

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1、在此处键入重难点03 阅读理解细节理解题在历年高考阅读理解中，对细节理解类题型的考查同往年一样，依然占了较大的比例（60%左右），全国及各省、市均有对此题型的考查，无一例外。细节理解题要求考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节进行理解。它们大都是根据文章中的具体信息如事实、例证、原因、过程、论述等进行提问的。有些问题可以在文章中直接找到答案，有些则需要我们在理解的基础上将有关内容系统化才能找到，比如计算、排序、是非判断、图形比较等。分析今年高考题可知，细节理解类题呈不断上升的趋势，且由过去简单的对号入座直接答题转向通过语句的同义或反义词及长难句来考查考生对语言的理解能力，难度比之前有所增加。预计

2、2024年高考细节理解题仍旧占比7-8题。近3年新高考细节理解数据分析 试卷类型年份篇序体裁话题题量新高考I卷2023A应用文自行车租赁和有导游的城市游3B记叙文生态设计助力生态系统的自我修复2C说明文数字机简主义3D说明文 集体商议的智慧1新高考II卷2023A应用文黄石国家公园的四项游园活动3B记叙文学校菜园项目2 C说明文阅读艺术1D说明文人类与大自然互动3新高考I卷2022A说明文文学概论课程评分原则2B议论文不要浪费食物3C说明文让养老院的老人养鸡1D说明文语音演变2新高考II卷2022A应用文儿童博物馆团体游3B夹叙夹议孙子误把儿童读物当平板电脑1C说明文使用Textalyzer来

3、监控司机1D说明文锻炼对心脏的好处2新高考I卷2021A应用文罗马旅游社介绍3B记叙文翻乐谱的男子Robert Titterman3C说明文保护野生动物和湿地2D议论文大众化曲解情商本义1新高考II卷2021A应用文约克郡夏日活动3B记叙文照顾两只幼虎2C说明文推动艺术教育的发展2D议论文牧牛机器人的研制31. 掌握技巧,灵活运用(1)细心审题,直接就题找答案提取“带着问题找答案”的方法,先从问题中抓住关键性尚(题眼),然后以此为线索运用略读及查读的技巧快速:得在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句, 仔细品味,对照比较,确定答案。(2)变通理解,间接转述找答案细节理解题通常采用词语和句型转换的

4、形式来取代原文中的表述,命题者在出这类题时惯用“偷梁换柱、张冠李戴”的手法来迷惑考生,即对原句细微处做改动,摘取原文词语或结构进行改造,因果倒置,把A的观点说成B的观点等。(3)多点归纳,综合事实找答案细节理解题有时考查的并不是单一的信息,而是多处信息的整合。解答此类“综合”信息细节题时,一定要全面捕捉相关信息,进行综合分析、归纳,切忌根据“一面之词”草率地得出结论。2. 明确干扰,破除陷阱(1)扩大或缩小范围文章为了表达准确严密,经常通过加上相应的词语限制如涉及数量时常用many,almost all,nearly, more than, over, only afew,normally等限

5、制。有些干扰项改变或去掉限定词语,甚至是扩大或缩小语言范围。(2)偷换概念命题者设计试题时往往把原文的概念偷换成另一个不同的概念。望文生义是造成错误的主要原因。(3)正误并存在干扰项中,某个句子或词语是正确的,其他分句或词语是错误的或表达不全面,正误并存,命题者常会借此以假乱真。典例分析典例一（2023新高考I卷B 篇）When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for examp

6、le, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observin

7、g nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌)? Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals? With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-

8、machine.The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge (污泥). First, he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and wai

9、ted. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge.He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been dig

10、ested, and all that was left was pure water.Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.“Ecological de

11、sign” is the name John gives to what he does. “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,” he says. “You put organisms in new relationships and observe whats happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.”1What can we learn about John from the f

12、irst two paragraphs?AHe was fond of traveling.BHe enjoyed being alone.CHe had an inquiring mind.DHe longed to be a doctor.2Why did John put the sludge into the tanks?ATo feed the animals.BTo build an ecosystem.CTo protect the plants.DTo test the eco-machine.【答案】1C 2D 1细节理解题。根据第一段“When John Todd was

13、a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up

14、the messes people were making. (当约翰托德还是个孩子的时候，他喜欢探索房子周围的树林，观察大自然是如何解决问题的。例如，一条肮脏的小溪流经植物和微小生物居住的岩石后，往往会变得清澈。长大后，约翰开始思考这个过程是否可以用来清理人们制造的混乱)”以及第二段“After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful

15、 bacteria (细菌)? Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals? (在大学学习了农业、医学和渔业之后，约翰又回到了观察自然和提出问题的生活中。为什么某些植物能捕获有害细菌？哪些鱼类会食用致癌化学物质？)”可知，约翰聪颖好学、好奇心很强。故选C。2细节理解题。根据第三段“After a few weeks, John added the sludge. (几个星期后，约翰把污泥加了进去)”以及倒数第三段“He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the

16、eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water. (他对结果感到惊讶。生态机器里的动植物把污泥当成了食物，开始吃了起来！几周之内，它就被消化了，只剩下纯净水)”可知，约翰把污泥放进罐子里是为了测试生态机器。故选D。典例二（2023新高考II卷B 篇）Turning soil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sound like to

17、ugh work for middle and high school kids. And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools. The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles. 5What do w

18、e know about Abby Jaramillo?AShe used to be a health worker.BShe grew up in a low-income family.CShe owns a fast food restaurant.DShe is an initiator of Urban Sprouts.【答案】5D 5细节理解题。根据第一段的“And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program

19、 at four low-income schools.(起初是这样的，艾比哈拉米洛说，她和另一位老师在四所低收入学校启动了“Urban Sprouts”学校花园项目。)”可知，艾比哈拉米洛是Urban Sprouts的发起者。故选D。（建议用时：8分钟/篇）1.（2023江苏统考模拟预测）A vast majority of people usually argue that cycling can make a significant contribution to our world. In reality, there is a gap between desired and actu

20、al numbers. In Germany, for instance, only 20% of the everyday short-distance trips are covered by bicycle. When enquiring about the causes, researchers found one point repeatedly tops the list: the perceived or potential risk on the bike routes used. Increasing the share of cycling trips thus depen

21、ds crucially on well-developed bike paths. However, designing efficient bike path networks is a complex task that involves balancing a variety of limitations while meeting overall demand. In addition, many districts are confronted with a shortage of funds available for improving the infrastructure.

22、Researchers propose a new approach to generating efficient bike path networks. This considers demand distribution and the route option of cyclists based on preferences for secure outings. Typically, minimizing the travel distance is far from the solely goal. Aspects such as attractiveness of a route

23、 are also taken into account. Under real conditions, a bike path network is created by constantly adding bike paths to more streets. This time, researchers start with an ideal, complex network, in which all streets in a city are equipped with a bike path. In a virtual process, they gradually remove

24、less used bike path sections from this network. The route selection of cyclists is continuously updated. Thus, a series of bike path networks is created and is always adapted to the current usage. Each stage of it corresponds to a variant that could be carried out with less financial support. “We il

25、lustrate the applicability of this demand-driven planning for crowded urban areas of Dresden and Hamburg,” explains researcher Christoph Steinacker. “We are approaching a real-life issue here using the theoretic toolbox of network dynamics and compare efficient bike path networks under different con

26、ditions.”1Why do people rarely cycle?AThey think of cycling as inefficient.BThey usually take long-distance trips.CTheyre concerned about the security.DTheyre unable to find special bike roads.2What is a challenge for good bike path networks?ATight budgets.BComplex routes.CMaximized travel distance.

27、DDecreasing cycling demand.3What can be learned about the planning put forward by researchers?AIt will be updated once in a while.BIt is contrary to the real-life design.CIt ensures every street has a bike path.DIt serves as a model for other districts.4Which of the following is the best title for t

28、he text?AGood Planning Gets the Bike RollingBA good Network Benefits More PeopleCCycling Paths Change Crowded Urban AreasDA New Concept Contributes to a Better World【答案】1C 2A 3B 4A【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究者通过研究如何建立发达的自行车道路网来提高自行车出行。1细节理解题。根据文章第一段“In Germany, for instance, only 20% of the everyday short

29、-distance trips are covered by bicycle. When enquiring about the causes, researchers found one point repeatedly tops the list: the perceived or potential risk on the bike routes used.(比如说，在德国，每天的短距离行程中，只有20%是骑自行车出行。当被问及其原因时，研究者发现其中一个一直高居榜首：骑行路线的感知风险和潜在风险。)”可知，很少有人选择自行车出行是因为他们担心感知风险和潜在风险的存在，担心安全问题，故选

30、C。2细节理解题。根据文章第二段“However, designing efficient bike path networks is a complex task that involves balancing a variety of limitations while meeting overall demand. In addition, many districts are confronted with a shortage of funds available for improving the infrastructure.(然而，设计高效的自行车路线网络是一个复杂的任务，它包

31、括平衡一系列限制的同时，还要满足全面的需求。而且，很多地区面临着提升设施的可用资金的短缺问题。)”可知，建立好的自行车道路网所遇到的挑战是资金短缺，预算紧张的问题，故选A。3推理判断题。根据文章第三段“This time, researchers start with an ideal, complex network, in which all streets in a city are equipped with a bike path. In a virtual process, they gradually remove less used bike path sections fro

32、m this network. The route selection of cyclists is continuously updated. Thus, a series of bike path networks is created and is always adapted to the current usage.(这一次，研究者想出了一个理想的、复杂的道路网络，城市里所有街道都配备一条自行车道。在现实过程中，他们逐渐地从网络里移除了使用较少的自行车道。骑行者对道路的选择也在不断更新中。因此，就创造出了一系列的自行车道路网，它也总是在适应当前的使用状况。)”可推知，研究者提出的计划

33、道路网是每个城市里所有街道都配备一条自行车道，但在实际过程中，却因为一些自行车道使用较少，而不得不逐渐减少它们，故研究者提出的计划与实际生活中的设计截然不同，故选B。4主旨大意题。根据文章第一段末句“Increasing the share of cycling trips thus depends crucially on well-developed bike paths.(因此，增加自行车出行的比例至关重要地取决于发达的自行车道。)”以及后文对如何建立发达的自行车道可知，本文主要围绕通过建立发达的自行车道来鼓励人们骑行，故A项“好的计划能让自行车运转起来”符合文章标题，故选A。2.（20

34、23浙江温州统考一模）Five-year-old Mustafa is smiling for the first time in ages. She did not receive a new toy or her favorite candy; rather, she got a wig (假发).Mustafa had to go through painful procedures after being diagnosed (诊断) with cancer at an early age. Her father expressed her sadness when she lost

35、her hair after months of chemotherapy (化疗). “She saw children her age jumping in playgrounds and spending hours styling their hair, while she couldnt. Losing her hair made her hopeless, negatively impacting her response to treatment,” the girls father said.Coming from a less fortunate family, Mustaf

36、a now sits in a humble hairdressers in Cairo, sliding her fingers through her new long hair as she looks in the mirror with fresh enthusiasm. Behind that smile and renewed confidence is Salam, from Egypt, who has been personally funding and designing free wigs for children with cancer to give them p

37、ower to defeat their illness.Salam took up his mission when he saw a viral video on social media of a young cancer patient who was excited at receiving a new wig. It was the moment when he decided to provide free wigs to children with cancer to lift up their spirits. “Many families can barely afford

38、 expensive cancer treatment costs, let alone costly cosmetic (美容) services that can play a huge role in restoring childrens confidence and giving them strength to continue their treatment,” said Salam.As part of the self-funded initiative, Salam purchases the necessary requirements to make a wig, wh

39、ile his father helps design hairstyles to serve different children. So far, Salam has helped over 15 children walk out of his shop empowered with big smiles.Despite the several challenges, Salam said making wigs gives him as much happiness as it does for his young customers. “Children need the emoti

40、onal and moral support to go through this tough illness.” He added, “Losing their hair drives them to withdraw into themselves out of fear and embarrassment. I cannot help in their treatment, but I can help them get through it.”5Why are a toy and candy mentioned in paragraph 1?ATo suggest the girls

41、age.BTo imply a serious illness.CTo show the shortage of toys.DTo highlight the value of the wig.6What can be learned from the fathers words?AHair style matters much.BSports benefit Mustafa.CHair loss depressed Mustafa.DMustafas treatment failed.7What led to Salams decision on the mission?AHis sympa

42、thy.BFamily support.CGovemment fund.DMustafas enthusiasm.8What kind of person is Salam according to the passage?ACautious and creative.BInspiring and talented.CCaring and determined.DAmbitious and patient.【答案】5D 6C 7A 8C【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了埃及的萨拉姆，他一直在为患有癌症的儿童个人资助和设计免费假发，给他们战胜疾病的力量，后来他决定为患癌症的孩子们提供免费的假发

43、，让他们振作起来。5推理判断题。根据第一段“Five-year-old Mustafa is smiling for the first time in ages. She did not receive a new toy or her favorite candy; rather, she got a wig (假发).(五岁的穆斯塔法这么多年来第一次露出了笑容。她没有收到新玩具或她最喜欢的糖果；相反，她得到了一顶假发)”可推知，第一段提到的玩具和糖果来突出假发的价值。故选D。6细节理解题。根据第二段中的“She saw children her age jumping in playgr

44、ounds and spending hours styling their hair, while she couldnt. Losing her hair made her hopeless, negatively impacting her response to treatment,(她看到同龄的孩子在操场上蹦蹦跳跳，花上几个小时做发型，而她却不能。失去头发让她绝望，对她的治疗产生了负面影响)”可知，父亲的话表明，脱发使穆斯塔法很沮丧。故选C。7推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Many families can barely afford expensive cancer treatmen

45、t costs, let alone costly cosmetic (美容) services that can play a huge role in restoring childrens confidence and giving them strength to continue their treatment,” said Salam.(“许多家庭几乎负担不起昂贵的癌症治疗费用，更不用说昂贵的美容服务了，而美容服务可以在恢复孩子们的信心、给他们继续治疗的力量方面发挥巨大作用，”萨拉姆说)”可知，萨拉姆很同情这些孩子的遭遇，所以开始行动起来。由此推知，萨拉姆的同情促使他决定执行这项任

46、务。故选A。8推理判断题。第四段中的“Many families can barely afford expensive cancer treatment costs, let alone costly cosmetic (美容) services that can play a huge role in restoring childrens confidence and giving them strength to continue their treatment,” said Salam.(“许多家庭几乎负担不起昂贵的癌症治疗费用，更不用说昂贵的美容服务了，而美容服务可以在恢复孩子们的

47、信心、给他们继续治疗的力量方面发挥巨大作用，”萨拉姆说)”可推知，萨拉姆很有爱心。根据最后一段中的“Despite the several challenges, Salam said making wigs gives him as much happiness as it does for his young customers.(萨拉姆说，尽管遇到了一些挑战，但制作假发给他带来的快乐和为他的年轻顾客带来的快乐一样多)”可推知，萨拉姆是一个意志坚定的人。故选C。3.（2023浙江金华校联考一模）The romantic Rhine, which flows more than 700 miles from Switzerland to the North Sea, is one of the most popular cruising(巡游) rivers in Europe, with many options available. Take a look at things to do in Rhine River!AmsterdamMany Rhine River Cruises begin or end in Amsterdam. This