跨文化交际总结复习题及含.docx

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1、判断题T 1 As a phenomenon, intercultural communication has existed for thousands of years. However, asa discipline, its history is only about fifty years.作为一种现象，跨文化流传已经存在了数千年。但是, 作为一门学科，它的历史只有大概五十年。F 2 Intercultural Communication as a discipline first started in Europe.跨文化交际是欧洲第一门学科F 3 Culture is a sta

2、tic entity 静态的 实体 while communication is a dynamic process.文化是一个静态的实体而交流是一个动向的过程T 4Culture can be seen as shared knowledge ,what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given商定的特定的culture.文化能够被看作是一种共享的知识，人们需要知道的是在一个特定的文化中饰演合适的行为T 5 Although cultural stereotype has its limitations (ove

3、r-generalization), it still contributes to a person s cultural cognition.认识、认知文化刻板印象虽有其限制性，但仍有助于人的文化认知。T 6 In intercultural communication, we should separate one s individual character from cultural generalization.在跨文化交际中，我们要把自己的个性和文化的泛化分开。T 7 Cultural mistakes are more serious than linguistic mista

4、kes. The linguistic mistake means that someone is not fully expressing his or her idea while cultural mistakes can lead to serious misunderstanding and even ill-feeling between individuals.文化错误比语言错误更严重。语言错误意味着有人不可以充足表达自己的想法，而文化上的错误会致使严重的误会，甚至个人之间的不适感F 8 All people of the same nationality will have t

5、he same culture.全部同一民族的人都会有同样的文T 9 Although two cultures may share the same ideas, their meaning and significance may not be the same.固然两国文化有着同样的想法，但它们的意义和意义可能不同样 F10 Seating arrangements reflect culture. Chinese people tend to talk with those opposite them rather than those seated or standing besid

6、e them.座位安排表现文化。中国人偏向于和他们说话, 而不是坐在他们旁边的人VI Comprehension CheckFl. Gender is the cultural meaning of “性 se 别 x 是性”的文化内涵F2. Sex and gender are synonymous.同义的性别和性别是同义词T3. A lady might be feminine, masculine or a combination of both. 一位女士可能是女性，男性或二者 的联合T4. Women are generally comfortable with building c

7、lose relationships and confiding to others, while most men are reserved about involvement and disclosure.女性一般舒坦与建筑亲近关系和相信他人， 而大多半人都保存对参加和表露。F5. Most men use communication to create connection or equality between people. 大多半用交流 来成立联系或同等的人F6. Women usually use communication to establish status and pow

8、er.女性往常使用交流来确定地位 和权益T7. In feminine culture, communication is a way 一probably the primary way 一to express and expand closeness.在女性文化中，流传是表达和扩大亲近关系的主要门路。T8. Masculine socialization stresses doing things and regards action as primary ways to create and express closeness.男性社会化重申做事情，把行动视为创建和表达亲近的主要方式。T9

9、.The first and last principal for effective cross-gender communication is suspending judgment. 有 效的跨性别流传的第一个和最后一个主假如中断判断。T10. It is difficult but possible to seek translation cues that will facilitate our communication. 这是困难 的，但可能追求翻译线索，将有益于我们的交流。Tl.The most common problems in cross-cultural negotia

10、tions concern (1) rules for conducting business, (2) the selection of negotiators, and (3) methods of decision-making. 最常有的问题，在跨 文化谈判的关注(1)的规则，进行业务，(2)的选择，谈判，和(3)决议方法。T2.The Japanese believe that socializing is integral to the negotiation process while the Americans do not think so.日自己以为，交际是谈判过程中不行或

11、缺的一部分，而美国人却不这么认 为F3. American negotiation team members are usually selected on the basis of their social and professional status.美国谈判团队成员往常在他们的社会和职业地位的基础上F4. Like Japanese and Chinese negotiators, a detailed written agreement is not central to the negotiation process in the Middle East, Mexico and F

12、rance.与日本和中国的谈判人员同样， 在中东、 墨西哥和法国的谈判进度中，有一个详尽的书面协议是不同样的。T5.The British employ a negotiating style similar to that of Americans, but more silence is utilized and they are less egalitarian.英国人采纳了近似于美国人的谈判风格，但更多的是利用缄默，他们也不太 同等。T6. Germans prefer clear, firm, and assertire expression while the Japanese e

13、ncourage convert, fragmented expression.德国人喜爱明确的，坚定的，和assertire表达而日本鼓舞变换、碎片化的表 达T7. Mexican negotiators prefer the deductive approach. More emphasis is placed on contemplation and intuition.墨西哥谈判者更喜爱演绎的方法。更重申的是深思和直觉。F8.The Brazilians do not openly disagree during formal negotiations; they would cons

14、ider this insulting and embarrassing.在正式谈判中，巴西人不会公然地不赞同，他们会考虑这类欺侮和难堪。T9. Creating a comfortable climate and spending time on the exploratory phase of negotiations are crucial in Middle East and Brazil.创建一个舒坦的天气和花销时间在谈判的探究阶段是至关重要的中 东和巴西。F10. Women are frequent participants on a Japanese negotiation t

15、eam. 女性常常参加一个日本谈判 小组。名词解说1 economic globalization（ 经济全世界化） ：the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.2 barter system（物物互换）：exchange without money- Farming communities traded t

16、heir surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money.- Human society has always traded goods across great distances.3 global village（ 地球村）：the world form one community- All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communicati

17、ons, especially the Internet.4 melting pot（ 大 熔炉）：a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities.5 culture（文化）：can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture.6 cultural diversity（ 文化交融）：refers to the mi

18、x of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong.7 . Communication（ 交际） :mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.8 intercultural communication（ 跨 文

19、 化交 际 ）： communication between people whose cultural backgrounds and distinct （ 不同）enough to alter （改变）their communicaion。1 Pragmatics （语用学）:the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behavior.2 Semantics （语义学）：a system that associates words to meaning. It is the study of the

20、 meaning of words.3 Denotation （弓I 申含义） ：the literal meaning or definition of a wordthe explicit, particular, definedmeaning.1 Chronemics （口寸间学）：The study of how people perceive and use time.（1） Polychromic Time: paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.（2）Polychronic Time （多元时间看法）：bei

21、ng involved with many things at once.2 Proxemics （空间学）：Refers to the perception and use of space.3 Kinetics （身势学）:the study of body language.身势学4 Paralanguage （ 副语言 ）：Involving sounds but not word and lying between verbal and nonverbal communication .1 A planetary culture （行 星文化）:integrates Eastern

22、mysticism with Western science and rationalism（理性主义）.2 Intercultural person （跨文化的人） :represents someone whose cognitive（ 认矢口的） ,affective, and behavioral （ 行为的） characteristics are open to growth beyond the psychological parameters （ 心理界 限）of his or her own culture.High-context cultures （委宛的文化） assi

23、gn meaning to many of the stimuli surrounding an explicit message. In high-context cultures, verbal messages have little meaning without the surrounding context, which includes the overall relationship between all the people engaged in communication.Low-context cultures （夕卜向型的文化） exclude many of tho

24、se stimuli and focus more intensely on the objective communication event, whether it be a word, a sentence, or a physical gesture. In low-context cultures, the message itself means everything.I，zculture（个体主义）：1. Freedom to control their won destiny 2. Self-reliance to stand on their own feet3 .Priva

25、cy to mind their own business4 . Family ties tend to be relatively unimportant z，Wez/culture （ 集体主义）：1. Harmony to strive for the common good 2. Competition is not encouraged 3. Limit rights to property 4. Filial piety （ 孝敬）Power distance（ 权益差距）：describes the distribution（ 散布）of influence within the

26、 culture, the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. Cultures are classified on a continuum（ 持续体） of high to low distance, that is hierarchy （等级主义）v. s. egalitarian （同等主义）Mascul ine cultures （冈U性文化） :These cu

27、ltures place high values on maculine traits and stress assertiveness, competition and material success.Feminine cultures（柔性文化）：These cultures place high values on feminne traits and stress quality of life, interpersonal relationships and concern for the weak.1. Enculturation（ 文化习得 ）:all the activiti

28、es of learning one s culture are called enculturation9. Acculturation（文化适应）:the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.10. Ethnocentric（ 文化中心主义 ）:the belief that your own cultural background is superior.11. Comm

29、unication: mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.12. Source交际邀请The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.13. Encoding 编码 Unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately), humans are not able to share th

30、oughts directly. Your communication is in the form of a symbol representing the idea you desire to communicate. Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.1. Message 编码信息 The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting ob

31、ject.2. Channel 交际渠道 The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.3. Noise 扰舌L The term noise technically refers to anythin

32、g that distorts the message the source encodes.4. Receiver 交际接受 The receiver is the person who attends to the message.1. Decoding 解码 Decoding is the opposite process of encoding and just as much an active process. The receiver is actively involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to

33、 the symbols received.2. Receiver response 接受反响 The receiver is the person who attends to the message. Receiver response refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message.3. Feedback 反应 Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source h

34、as knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.1. Context 场景 The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define thecommunication.16. Connotation （内涵）：the suggestive mean

35、ing of a wordal 1 the values, judgment, and beliefs imp lied by a word the historical and associative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning.17. Taboo 禁忌语： refers to some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for

36、religious or social reasons.18. Euphemism 委宛语： Means the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.Strike while the iron is hot 一鼓作气 More haste, less speed.欲速不达To pass fish eyes for pearls 滥竽充数as stubborn as a mule 举得像头牛dumb bell 笨蛋 to fish in

37、the air 水底捞月to drink like a fish 豪饮 as dry as sawdust 味同嚼蜡to be at the end of one s ro ill pe 穷水尽landscape engineer 园林工人 tonsorial artist 剪发师sanitation engineer 洁净工 shoe rebuilder 补鞋匠soft in the head 发狂的 reckless disregard for truth 说谎to take things without permission 盗窃industrial climate劳资关系紧张 just

38、ice has long arms天网恢恢，疏而不漏fat office肥缺 diamond cut diamond 棋逢敌手 golden saying 金玉良言You will cross the bridge when you get to it 船到桥头自然直better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion 宁为鸡头，勿为牛后tread upon eggs 如履薄冰简答题9 components of communication （交际的十大体素）source （根源）：the person who desires to encod

39、ing（ 编码）：the process of putting on idea into a symbol message（ 信息）：identifies the encoding thought channel （渠道）：the means of transmission （流传门路） noise（4二舌L） : anything distorts the messagesreceiver（接受者）：the person who attends to the message decoding（ 解码）：assigning meaning to the symbols received rec

40、eiver response （接受者反响） ：anything the receiver does feedback（ 反应）：the portion which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaningcontext（场景）：help define（使明确）the communication1. Discuss the four trends that make our world more interdependent.convenient transportation sys

41、tems（ 便利的交通系统） inno vative communication systems（ 改革通 信技术）economic globailzation（经济全世界化）widespread migrations（宽泛的移）民2. What are the three ingredients （ 构成）of culture?artifacts（the material and spiritual products people produce） behavior （what they do）concepts （共有看法）（what they think）3. How to underst

42、and cultural iceberg?just as an iceberg, culture has some aspects that are observable and others that can only be suspected an imagined. Also like an iceberg, nine-tenth of culture is below the surface4. What are the characteristic （ 特色） of culture?（Dshared learned（enculuration 文化习得： learning one，s

43、culture） dynamic （动向的） （accultration 文 化适应：adopts the changes brought about by another culture） ethnocentric（ethnocentrism 文化中心主义： own cultural background is superior）5. What are the characteristic of communication?dynamic（动向性）；irreversible（不行 逆转 的）symbolic（符 号的）systematic（系统性）transactional （互动性） co

44、ntextual （语）境1.How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing?In Chinese the surname comes first and is followed by the given name ； in English this order is reversed.In China seniority（资历） is paid respects to.Nowadays, many English-speaking people tend to address others by their given

45、 names, even when meeting for the first time.（About addressing by relationship ） Chinese often exten kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage.Americans tend to use just the first name and leave out the term of relationship.Chinese use a persons title、office、or profession to indicate

46、（ 表示） the persons influential （ 有势力 的）status . In English, only a few occupations or titles could be used ，such as doctor, governor, mayor, professor, nurse and captain. （p24）1. What are the different features of M-Time and P-time?M-Time think time is perceived as a linear strucure.以为时间是线性的 F 10 One

47、 s actions are totally independent of his or her culture.个人的行为完整独立于他或她的文化II Comprehension CheckT 1、 All cultures require and value politeness, but the ways in which politeness is achieved may vary significantly.全部的文化都需要和价值的礼貌，但礼貌的方式可能会有所不同T_2、Don t take offence -getting the form of address ” wrongn

48、is rarely intended to b enosfifvee . 不要 拿“错误”的形式来攻击，这是很难得的攻击T_3、 Addressing forms like “Miss Mary ” , “ Brown“ by the Chinese may be a form of cultural compromise.解决形式如“玛丽小姐”，“棕色”由中国可能是一种文化妥协的形式。T_4. Ranks in the armed forces like Captain, Colonel can be used as titles. 上校， 上校， 上校， 能够用作头衔F_5. Westerners can understand what Uncle policeman or P. L. A. Uncle means.西方人能够理解警察 叔叔和解放军叔叔的手段。F6. We can address Jason Douglas, who is a lawyer, as Lawyer Douglas.我们能够解决杰森道格拉斯， 他是个律师，律师道格拉斯。F 7. Chinese hospitality toward the westerners is always greatly appreciated. 中国人对西方人的热忱 好客是特别欣赏的。F_8. The