2023届高考英语语法被动语态的主要用法讲义.docx

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1、2023年高中英语语法被动语态的主要用法被动语态的主要用法当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时，常用被动语态，这时 往往不用by短语。The front window in the classroom was broken yesterday. 昨 天，教室的前窗被打破了。（不知谁打破的）They have been poorly paid. 他们的工资太低。（没必要指出 工资是谁付的）突出或强调动作的承受者，如果需要说出动作的执行者，用by 短语。The time-table has been changed. 时间表已变动了。（要突 出的是“时间”）These books are writ

2、ten especially for children. 这些书 是专门为孩子们写的。（强调的是“”这些书）为了使语言得体或圆滑等不愿意说出动作的执行者。如：You are requested to make a speech at next meeting. 请 您在下次会议上作个发言。It is said that she is going to be married to a foreigner.据说她要嫁给一个外国人。出于修辞的原因，或是说为了更好地安排句子。如：It is generally considered impolite to ask one s age, salary,

3、marriage, etc.问别人的年龄、工资、婚姻状况等通常 被认为是不礼貌的。The notion is especially opposed to by those who have invested much in the area,这个提议特别遭到了那些在本地区投资很大的人的反对。（因those的定语太长了，若用它作主语，主语 与型造就相距太远而显得句子松散。）8种常用时态的被动语态由“助动词be+动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be有时态、 人称和数的变化。(1) 一般现在时：am/is/are +过去分词。如：Rice is grown in south China. 华南种植水稻。

4、(2) 一般过去时：was/were+过去分词。如：The glass was broken yesterday. 这块玻璃是昨天打烂的。(3) 现在进行时：am/is/are being +过去分词。如：The project is being carried out. 这个计划正在执行中。(4) 过去进行时：was/were being +过去分词。如：This road was being built this time last year. 这条路去 年这个时候还在修建。(5) 一般将来时：will be +过去分词。如：The cars will be sent abroad by

5、sea. 这些汽车将由水路运 往国外。(6) 过去将来时：would be +过去分词。如：The manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year.经理说这个工程在年底前将会完成。(7) 现在完成时：have/has been +过去分词。如：This novel has been translated into several languages. 这 本小说已被译成了几种语言。(8) 过去完在时：had been +过去分词。如：When I got to the theatre, I found the

6、 tickets had already been sold out.我到达剧院时，发现票已卖完了。使用被动语态“六注意”一要注意被动语态的不同时态被动语态由“be+过去分词”，其中的助动词be根据情况可 使用各种不同时态。如：She is respected by everyone. 她受到大家的尊重。(一般现 在时)The book will be reprinted soon, 这本书很快会重印。(一 般将来时)The road is being repaired. 路正在修整。(现在进行时)They have been given a warning. 他们受到警告。(现在完成时)二要

7、注意带情态动词的被动语态该结构的基本形式为“情态动词+be（或be的适当形式）+过去分 词”。这类结构非常有可能作为语境题出现在考卷中。如：The rules must be obeyed.这些规章制度必须遵守。They shouldn t have been told about it. 这事是不应当告 诉他们的。三要注意非谓语动词的被动语态1 .不定式一般式的被动语态。由“to be+过去分词”构成。如：She asked to be given some work to do. 她要求给她一些工 作做。He was the last person to be asked to speak

8、,他是最后被邀请发言的人。2 .不定式完成式的被动语态。由to have been+过去分词” 构成。如：I should like to have been told the result earlier. 我 本想让人把结果早点告诉我的。3 .现在分词一般式的被动语态。由“being+过去分词”构成。 如：I saw him being taken away. 我看见有人把他带走了。Being protected by a wall, he felt quite safe. 有墙作保 护，他感到很安全。4 .现在分词完成式的被动语态。由“having been+过去分词” 构成。如：Hav

9、ing been invited to speak, I 11 start making preparations tomorrow.因为邀请我去讲话，我明天就得做准备。The subject having been opened, he had to go on with it. 话 题已经开始了，他不得不谈下去。5 .动名词一般式的被动语态。由“being+过去分词”构成。如：She likes being looked at. 她喜欢被人瞧。He hates being made a fool of. 他讨厌被别人愚弄。This question is far from being se

10、ttled. 这个问题远没解决。6 .动名词完成式的被动语态。由“havingbeen+过去分词构 成。如：Jenny s not having been trained as a dancer is her one regret.杰妮没受过舞蹈的专业训练是她感到遗憾的事。After having been instructed to drive out of town, I began to acquire confidence. 在接到把车开出城的指令后，我开始信心 十足了。注：过去分词没有被动式，因为它本身可以表示被动意义。如:The door remained locked. 门仍然锁

11、着。四要注意“get+过去分词”构成的被动语态英语被动语态通常由“助动词be+过去分词”构成，有时也可用 “get+过去分词”构成。如：James got beaten last night. 詹姆斯昨晚被打 了。How did that window get opened? 那个窗户是如何打开的？但总的说来，用get构成的被动语态不如用be构成的被动语态 常见，尤其是在含有施动者的by短语时，用get构成被动语态更是 少见。不过有时用be+过去分词构成被动语态构成误解时，人们可能 会选get+过去分词来避免这种误解：The window was broken. 窗户破了（表状态）。/ 窗户被

12、打破 了（表动作）The window got broken. 窗户被打破了（表动作）五要注意哪些动词不用于被动语态1 .不及物动词没有被动语态。因为不及物动词没有宾语，所以 若将其用于被动语态则没有主语，故不能用于被动语态。但是值得注 意的是，有些英语中的不及物动词，译成汉语时却可能是“及物”的， 很容易出错，这类动词如：take place（发生）,happen（发生）,come about （发生），break out （爆发），appear （出现），disappear （消失）, last（持续），arise（出现,发生）等：Influenza usually breaks out

13、in winter.流感通常发生在冬季。Use this money when the need arises. 有需要时就使用这笔 钱。2 . 英语中的静态动词（如have, lack, fit, hold, suit, resemble等）通常不用于被动语态：My shoes don t fit me. 我的鞋不合适。The young man lacks experience.这个年轻人缺乏经验。六要注意两类被动句型的相互转换英语中有一种主动句可以转换成两种被动句型，它们通常是一些 表示客观说明的句子。如：People believed that she is honest. 大家相信她

14、是诚实的。It s believed that she is honest. 大家相信她是诚实的。She is believed to be honest.大家相信她是诚实的。比较上面两类被动句型可以发现，一类是“it+be+过去分词+that 从句”，另一类则是“主语+be+过去分词+不定式”（其中的“主语” 为前一类句型中that从句中的主语），通常可用于这两类被动句型的 动词有 assume, believe, expect, fear, feel, know, presume, report, say, suppose, think, understand 等， 比较（同时注意其 中时

15、态和动词形式的变化）：It s known that he was a good singer. / He is known to have been a good singer.大家知道他曾是位优秀的歌手。It s reported that he was driving fast. / He is reported to have been driving fast.据说他当时车开得很快。通常用于被动结构的动词有很多及物动词常常用于被动结构（过去分词作形容词用的除 外），例如：bebe acclaimed allegedbe annihilatedbe bornbe dubbeddazed

16、bebe finedbe headedbehorrifiedbehospitalisedbe indictedbe inundatedbebe jailedovercomebe paralysedbe penalizedbe perpetrated populatedbebe reconciledbe reprievedbe reunited rumouredbebe scheduledbe shippedbe staffedbe strewnbebe shipwreckedbe strandedbe woundedbe suspended swamped用法举例：It was acclaim

17、ed as a great discovery. 那被赞誉为伟大的 发现。He is alleged to have kicked a policeman. 据称他曾踢过 警察一脚。The enemy was annihilated. 敌人被歼灭了。The Owens will move to a new flat when their baby is born (或has been born).孩子出生以后，欧文斯全家将搬到一套新的 房间去住。We first saw a documentary which was dubbed in English. 我 们先看了 一部英语配音的纪录片。H

18、e was fined500. Which we all thought served him right.他被罚款500英镑。我们都认为他活该如此。She is walking as if she doesn t know where she is headed for.她一直走着就好像漫无目的似的。当然，它们用于主动语态也是完全可能的。如：The people acclaimed him king. 人民拥戴他当 国王。They alleged out that they had been unjustly dismissed. 他 们声称他们被不公平地解雇了。They dubbed him Fatty because he was so fat. 他们管他叫 “胖胖”，因为他很胖。They fined him $25. 他们罚了他二十五美金。Then we headed for home. 然后我们就往家走了。