(12)--3.5 国际贸易理论演变发展.docx

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1、批注Ji：贸易理论的演变发展批注J2:我们生活在一个动态的世界。贸易理论来自 于显示并用于解释世界贸易。所以贸易理论的演变翻译 出国际贸易的发展。如英国，提出比较优势赞同自由贸 易批判重商主义，推动了第一次全球化浪潮。但是到了 2016年，其退出欧盟，转而反对全球化。时代演变， 贸易理论不断变化适应时代的需求。我们将首先按照时 间演变纵向梳理和其次是每理论的横向延伸。批注J3:贸易的基础上面分析过了，价格差异和规模经济是贸易产生的根 源。首先价格差异，是传统贸易理论的起因，可以从供给和 需求两个方面解释。要素禀赋差异和技术差异可以通过 生产可能性边界的形状和位置标识出来，偏好和需求差 异则可以

2、通过无差异曲线表现。这一时期的贸易理论是 古典贸易理论和新古典贸易理论。其次，规模经济打破了传统贸易理论的假设，成为贸易 的另一起因。其后企业生产率、企业边界等因素引起越 来越多的关注并被纳入贸易理论。这是新贸易理论和新 新贸易理论。批注J4:贸易模式不同的贸易理论解释了贸易模式。古典的贸易理论解释 了一国出口其具有比较优势的产品进口其具有比较劣 势的产品，劳动生产率是比较优势的基础。新古典贸易理论认为一国出口密集使用其丰富要素的 产品，进口密集使用其稀缺要素的产品。两个贸易理论都主张自由贸易。现在来看后面的贸易理论。为了能够使用产业内贸易的发展，新贸易理论以及其后 的新贸易理论认为贸易模式是

3、不确定的，由偶然因素决 定。还有刚刚出现的要素优势理论3.4 The evolvement of international trade theoriesP2we live in a dynamic world. International trade theories came from the reality and have been applied to analyze the world trade. So the evolvement of international trade theories reflects the development of international

4、trade. The United Kingdom is the nation developing comparative advantage theory, proposing free trade policies with attacking on mercantilism /m3：k（3）ntai,hz（3）m/, and promoting the first wave globalization. But in 2016, the United Kingdom left EU and switched its role to anti-globalization. Over ti

5、me, the theories are evolving to meet contemporary circumstances. We will first discuss the evolvement from chronological /krDnalDd3ik（a）l/ order and then horizontal development.P3 the basis for tradeAs the theories we have discussed above, we find the price difference and scale economy underline th

6、e international trade.Firstly, price difference is the traditional cause of international trade, which could be explained from supply side and demand side. Factor endowment difference and technical difference are illustrated by shape and location of PPF, while preferences and tastes are illustrated

7、by community indifference curve. The trade theories are called classical trade theory and neo classical trade theory.Secondly, scale economy is another origin of international trade which breaks down the classical economic theory assumptions. Gradually difference in enterprise productivity, endogeno

8、us boundary of the firm draw more attention and are put into the theory system. They are new trade theory and new-new trade theory.P4 trade patternsDifferent trade theory explain different trade pattern. Classical trade theory proposes that a nation export the commodity with comparative advantage an

9、d import the one with comparative disadvantage. Differences in the labor productivity determine comparative advantage.Neo classical trade theory claims that a nation exports the commodity intensively using its abundant factor and imports the commodity intensively using its scarcefactor.The two trade

10、 theories encourage free trade. Now turn to next.批注J5:这些贸易理论主张战略性贸易政策。这些贸易理论成为理论研究的亮点。批注J6:贸易理论的延伸刚刚按照时间顺序梳理了贸易理论的演变，古典的贸易 理论在今天依然有活力。一旦经济危机发生，新重商主义出现，扭转贸易赤字实 施贸易保护。如特朗普先生的贸易保护让很多发展中国 家那一走出困境。因为这种做法违反了国际贸易规则， 倡导自由贸易的古典贸易理论其后会发挥作用。In order to keep with rapid development of intra-industry trade, new t

11、rade theory and subsequent new-new trade theory put forward that the trade pattern is uncertain and probably due to chance. An emerging trade theory is factor advantage trade theory, developed by Zhang er-zhen. The theories propose strategic /stratiidjik/trade policy.And these theories have graduall

12、y become a bright spot in the theoretical study.P5 the transformation of trade theoryEven the evolvement of trade theories is in chronological /kronalDd41k(a)l/order, the classic trade theories still have vitality in now days.批注J7:H-0理论从商品市场到要素市场延伸。价格 变化使要素在一国内部的不同部门间流动，影响要素所 有者的福利。国际贸易对一国收入分配的影响，使一

13、部 分人获利，一部分人受损。发展中国家其后探索要素积 累改善其贸易模式的方法，并注意避开悲惨增长。H-O 理论受到列昂惕夫和其他经济学家实证结果的挑战，其 后的解释补充和丰富了国际贸易理论。Once economic crisis breaks up, new-mercantilism recurs, which attempts to clear up trade deficits and exercise protectionism. Such as, Mr. Trumps protectionism may make it hard for emerging markets to tra

14、de their way out of trouble. Because it flouts/flaot/ international norms, classical trade theory which proposes free trade will play an important role subsequently.批注J8:新贸易理论和新新贸易理论产业内贸易理论提出30年来，形成了新贸易理论，不 断发展不断完善，从垄断竞争的一般模型到与传统要素 禀赋理论的融合。梅里兹先生是新新贸易理论的提出者，延续了克鲁格曼 先生30多年来的新贸易理论。P6H-0 theory was evol

15、ved from commodity market to factor market. The price fluctuation leads to the flow of factors between domestic sectors and influence the welfare of factor-owners. International trade influence income distribution, some benefit, some are suffered. The developing nations find way to improve their tra

16、de patter with factor rise and should pay attention to immersirizing growth. H-0 theory was challenged by Leontief and other economist with empirical /empinkfa)!; im /analysis. Subsequent explanations about Leontief paradox supplemented and enriched H-0 theory.P7 New and new-new trade theoryAfter 30

17、 years of development, the results of research about intra-industry trade formed a whole new trade theory which has been extended and perfected constantly, from a general model of monopolistic /ma,nopalistik/competition to the integration of monopolistic competition with traditional factor endowment

18、s theory.Mr. Melitz is a pioneer of the new-new trade theory, which succeeds the new trade theory propounded by Mr. Krugman almost 30 years ago.New-new trade theory is the academic pioneer in international trade and the relationship between export and enterprise productivity is a main content of the

19、 theory.P8With the development of global production and trade, the global value chains specialization created a changed system in very significant ways such as disintegration and reorganization during the past decades. Professor Zhang er-zhen proposed a factor advantage trade theory to explain the s

20、tructure of value chain. Take the production of smart phone Apple as example, there are more than 400 stages of processes. Foxconn assembles a range of gadgets /gaedjit/ and personal computers for big brands, including Apple iPads, and cellphones. This result shows that Chinas industrial structure is still around the low-end in the value chain. As trade shrinks, millions of workers are losing their foothold on the bottom rungs of the global supply chain.切一部iPhone .荤事要花多少钱?喉W.P9International trade theories are evolving from macro points to micro points gradually with horizontal development.