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1、2023年高考英语语法:非谓语动词详解及难点分析一、非谓语动词的语法功能1、不定式的语法功能主语:To catch the train is impossible.要赶上那趟火车是不 可能的了。宾语:They need to look at a map.他们需要查看地图。表语:My work is to clean the classroom.我的工作是清洁教 室。定语:I have lots of work to do.我有许多事要做。状语:Im sorry to trouble you.很抱歉打扰你了。宾补:He told me to close the door,他叫我去关门。2、动名词
2、的语法功能主语:Reading is a pleasure.阅读是件快乐的事。宾语:I enjoy reading.我喜欢阅读。表语:Her hobby is singing songs.她爱好唱歌。定语:Hes in the reading room.他在阅览室。3、现在分词的语法功能表语:The book is very interesting.那本书很有趣。定语:Its an interesting book.这是本有趣的书。状语:He sat there, reading a newspaper.他坐在那里看报。宾补:I saw him standing there.我看见他站在那里。
3、4、过去分词的语法功能表语:They were excited at the news.听到这个消息非常激动。定语:There re few minutes left.没几分钟剩下了。状语:Seen from the hill, our school looks beautiful. 从 山上看我校很美。宾补:I saw him beaten by Tom.我看见他被汤姆打了二、如何理解非谓语动词的时态非谓语动词的时态问题比较复杂,但如果同学们能掌握以下基本 的原则,对于做题将会大有帮助:1、如果非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之 后,就用不定式的一般式;2、如果非谓语动词所表
4、示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时进 行,则用现在分词的一般式或不定式的进行式;3、如果非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作 之前,则用现在分词、不定式或动名词的完成式(某些特殊情况下也 可用动名词的一般式)。如:She asked us to give her a hand.她请我们帮她一下。The weather seems to be improving. 天气似乎在好转。He discovered her sitting near the fire, reading a book. 他 发现她坐在炉火边看书。There appears to have been an acc
5、ident.好像出了 事故。Having been his own boss for such a long time, he found it hard to accept orders from another.自己当老板当 了 很久,他觉 得难以听从别人的差遣。He was angry with himself for having made such a foolish mi stake.他因做出如此愚蠢的事而对自己生气。注:过去分词既没有完成式,也没有进行式。三、如何理解非谓语动词的语态1、总的使用原则若非谓语动词与其逻辑主语为主动关系,就用主动形式;若非谓 语动词与其逻辑主语为被动
6、关系,就用被动形式。如:I like watching others working.我喜欢看别人干活。I don t like being watched.我不喜欢被人盯着。You should send someone to repair it. 你应将人去修好它。You should send it to be repaired.你应将它送去修理。Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. 无 人注意,他从窗户溜了出去。Not being seen by anyone, he slipped through the wi
7、ndow. 他 趁无人看见时从窗户溜了出去。2、值得注意的问题在某些特殊句式中,非谓语动词可以用主动形式表示被动意义。如:那个节目是不值得观看的。误:That program isn1t worth being watched.正:That program isnt worth watching.那样的问题有时很难回答。误:Such questions are some times difficult to be answered.正:Such questions are some times difficult to answer.U!、非谓语动词否定式用法说明1、基本构成方法非谓语动词的否
8、定式通常是将否定词not置于整个非谓语动词之 前一一如果非谓语动词为完成式,则应将否定词置于having或to have之前;如果非谓语动词为被动式,则应将否定词置于being或 to be之前。如:He pretended not to see me.他假装没看见我。You were lucky not to be killed.你大难不死,真是好运气。Shes angry about not having been invited.她对没有受至U邀 请感到生气。2、值得注意的问题当非谓语前带有逻辑主语时,否定句词习惯上是放在逻辑主语后, 非谓语动词之前。如:Im surprised at
9、your not having noticed. 你竟未注意至U我 感到吃惊。In case of my not being here, ask my brother to help you. 如 果我不在可让我弟弟帮助你。注意,so as to do sth和in order to do sth这两个结构的否 定式,我们总是把否定词置于不定式符号to之前,而不是置于整个 结构之前或其他位置。如:Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby. 进去时不要出 声,以免把宝宝吵醒。They must have worn gloves in order not t
10、o leave any fingerprints.他们一定戴上了手套,以防留下指纹。1、表示时间、条件、方式、让步或伴随情况,通常用现在分词 或过去分词;若句子主语与非谓语动词是主动关系,用现在分词;若 句子主语与非谓语动词是被动关系,用过去分词或现在分词的被动式。 如:Seeing the cat, the mouse ran off. 见到猫, 老鼠就跑了。He sat in the chair reading newspapers. 他坐在椅子上看报。Given more time, we could have done it better.如果多给点 时间,我们可以做得更好。2、表示目
11、的,通常要用不定式;表目的的不定式所表示的动作 通常发生在谓语动词之后,且常用于in order to, so as to结构。 有时为了强调,可将不定式短语放到句首。如:We used the computer to save time.我们用电脑节约时间。In order to catch the train, she hurried through her work. 为了赶火车,她匆匆做完了她的工作。注:不定式作状语只有表示目的时,才可以放到句首。3、表示原因,通常用分词短语,且多放在句首,有时也放在句 末,多用逗号隔开。如:Being very weak, she couldn t
12、move.由于身体虚弱,她不能 行动。Much discouraged, she came back home.她很沮丧,回了家注:在表示情绪或情感反应的形容词(如happy, glad, sorry, sad, surprised, frightened, delighted, disappointed)后,可接不定 式短语表示原因。如:Im very pleased to meet you.会见你我很高兴。Im proud to be your friend.当你的朋友我感到骄傲。4、表示结果,用不定式或现在分词均可,但有区别:不定式表结果,其动作发生在谓语动词之后,有时表示未曾预料到的或
13、令人不快的,不定式前常加only,另外还用于tooto, enough to, never to, so / suchas to等固定结构中;现在分词表示结果,是伴随谓语动词的发生而产生的自然结果(同时发生),前面可加上thus。如:He was so foolish as to leave his car unlocked. 他是为口样 傻,竟然没锁车。He hurried to the house only to fond that it was empty.他 匆忙赶到那屋子里,发现已经空无一人。He died, leaving his wife with five children.
14、他死了,留 下他妻子和五个孩子。1、不定式作定语,要放在它所修饰的名词之后,表示一个将来 的动作。如:They have three tickets to spare.他们多三张票。She has plenty of clothes to wear.她有足够的衣服穿。2、分词作定语,单个地放在所修饰的名词前(left等除外), 短语放在所修饰的名词后。现在分词表示其动作正在发生或与谓语同 时发生,过去分词表示其动作已经完成或没有时间性;在逻辑上被修 饰的名词与现在分词是主谓关系,与过去分词是被动关系。She is a trained nurse,她是一个受过训练的护士。There are no
15、 places left to sit on the train.火车上没有 座位可坐了。There is a gentleman asking to see you. 有一位先生要求见 你。注:现在分词的完成时通常只作状语,而不能作定语。3、动名词作定语,只放在名词前,说明该名词的性能或用途, 不代表动作,被修饰的名词与-ing形式在逻辑上没有主谓关系。如:The doctor told me not to take sleeping pills.医生叫我不要服安眠药。4、to be done, being done, done均可用作定语,且都表示被 动意义,其区别在于:to be done表示将来,being done表示目前 正在发生,done表示过去已经发生。如:The house to be built next year is a cinema,明年建的那座 房子是家电影院。The house being built now is a cinema.现在正在建的房子是 家电影院。The house built last year is a cinema.去年建的那座房子是 家电影院。
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