高中英语Module5EthnicCulture-Section1BackgroundReadings素材外研版选修7.docx

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1、Module 5 Ethnic Culture-Section 1 Background Readings 素材Part Two Teaching Resources第二部分教学资源Section 1 Background Readings for Module 5 Ethnic Culture1. The Jinuo Ethnic Group: The Jinuo Ethnic Group is made up of around 18,000 people who live in the Jinghong area of Yunnan. Their language is a Chines

2、e-Tibetan language with no written script, but they mostly speak Chinese today. They live by farming, and fishing, and they grow mainly rice, maize and tea. Rice and maize, along with beans, are their staple foods; they eat three meals a day, with lunch being taken on their farmland. They live in la

3、rge houses made of bamboo on mountain slopes. About 20 or 30 families live on the upper floor of the same house, keeping their animals on the ground floor. The women wear colorful jackets and short black skirts, while the men wear a short white jacket and white or blue trousers. They are known as go

4、od singers and dancers, and the drum is a very important instrument for them. In December they have a special Sun-drum Dance, when older people play a special drum and others dance around drum.2. Ethnic Minorities in the UK: Immigration from countries which were former British colonies means that th

5、ere are many other ethnic groups in the UK. These are the figures from the 2001 censsus (published 2003). Total UK population: 58, 789,194. Ethnic groups: White: 92. 1%, Mixed: 1.2%, Asian/Asian British: 4.0%, Black/Black British: 1.8%, Chinese: 0.4%, other: 0.6%.3. Naxi: With a population of about

6、278009 (as of 1990), the Naxi ethnic group mainly live in concentrated munities in the Naxi Autonomous County of Lijiang in the Yunnan Province, and the rest are scattered throughout the neighboring counties in Yunnan Province, as well as Yanyuan, Yanbian and Muli counties in Sichuan Province. There

7、 is also a small number living in the Mangkang County in the Tibet Autonomous Region.The Naxi ethnic minority has its own language which belongs to the Yi branch of Tibeto-Burman Austronesian of the Chinese-Tibetan Phylum. The ancient Naxi people created pictographic characters called the “Dongba“ s

8、cript and a syllabic writing known as the “Geba” script. However, they were difficult to master, and in 1957 the government helped the Naxi design an alphabetic script. Due to close contact with the Han people over the past several hundred years, the Naxi people also use the oral and written Chinese

9、 to municate.According to historical documents, the forefathers of the Naxi people were closely related to a tribe called Maori u Yi in the Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD), u Mos ha Yi” in the Jin Dynasty (265-420) and “Moxie Yi“ in the Tang Dynasty (618-907). The Naxis also had a number of other names. I

10、n 1278, the Yuan Dynasty established Lijiang Prefecture representing the imperial court in Yunnan Province. After the founding of the PRC in 1949, following consultation with the ethnic minority, it agreed upon the official name of Naxi ethnic minority.Agriculture is the main occupation of the Naxi

11、people, together with stockbreeding and handicraft industry. The banks of the Jinsha River are heavily forested, and Yulong Mountain is known at home and abroad as a uflora storehouse . The extensive dense forests contain Chinese fir, Korean pine, Yunnan pine and other valuable trees, as well as man

12、y varieties of herbs.Naxi literature is rich in form and content. The Dongba script created in the seventh century by the Naxi people is the only pictographic characters extant in the world. The Dongba Scripture, a religious work written in the pictographic script, describes the various aspects of l

13、ife of the Naxi people during their long transition from slavery to feudalism. It is extremely important for the study of Naxi literature, history and religion.Most Naxi people were followers of the Dongba religion, which is a form of Shamanism. Lamaism, Buddhism, Taoism and Christianity only have l

14、imited access to the Lijiang area.The traditional festivals include the Farm-Tool Fair in January, the God of the Rain Festival in March, and the Mule and Horse Fair in July. There are also the Spring Festival, the Qingming Festival, the Dragon Boat Festival, the Mid-autumn Festival and the Torch Fe

15、stival - all being the same as those of the Hans.4.丽江丽江既是一个县又一个地区的名称。丽江地区现在管辖4个县，其中华坪县是煤炭基地，永胜县是鱼 米之乡，宁范彝族自治县和丽江纳西族自治县是重点旅游开发区。全区面积20600平方公里，总人口 112 万，除汉族外，人口较多的还来纳西族、彝族、傀傣族、白族、普米族等10个少数民族，人口 64万，约 占全区总人口的57%。丽江少数民族的语言、习俗、民居、服饰、节日、歌舞丰富多采，独具特色。丽江坝子，云南特有民族纳西族的主要聚居地，它是滇西北最大的高原盆地，面积近200平方公里， 海拔2400米左右。丽

16、江县城大研镇就坐落在坝子的中央。人们通常说的丽江古城，就是大研镇的中心， 在1997年12月4日它被联合国列入世界文化遗产名单，成为一座世界文化名城。为什么叫“丽江”呢？ “丽江” 一名，始于元朝至元十三年（1276年）设置行政区丽江路。元史地 理志说：“路因江名。”就是说，“丽江”地名的由来最早起源于金沙江的别称“丽水”。金沙江就是长江 上游，因产金沙得名。但为什么金沙江又称“丽水”、“丽江”呢？史书上的主要说法是金沙江源于青藏高 原犁牛石，而称犁水，即犁田的犁，山水的水。昆明大观楼长联作者孙髯翁就在金沙江诗中写道：“劈 开蕃域斧无痕，流出犁牛向丽奔”。蕃域即今藏族先民吐蕃居住区。后因犁、丽

17、声音相近而异写为丽水、 丽江。从地图上看，丽江的西、北、东三面都有金沙江环绕，就像拉丁字母W,形成三大转折奇观。由此看来, 元世祖忽必烈用此突出的自然实体取名“丽江”，是很恰当的。丽江就是美丽的金沙江，当地纳西语又叫 “依古堆”，意为大江转弯的地方。这里就引出了丽江古城的大环境一一玉壁金川。玉壁指的就是玉龙雪 山，它位于这个坝子的北端，像是古城的一堵银色照壁，把古城映衬得光彩夺目。金川指的就是金沙江， 它三面环绕丽江地区615公里，堪称全球最美丽的江段。丽江县城虽然地处云南西北高原，终年看见雪山，然而没有严寒，没有酷暑，不要暖气，不要空调。 这里年均气温摄氏12. 6度，最冷的1月平均气温约为

18、摄氏6度，最热月的平均气温约为摄氏18度，年温 差仅有12度左右。同时，丽江出现绝对低温和绝对高温的次数比较少，持续时间也不会太长，所以四季 的界限不很明显。究其原因，主要是低纬度的地理位置，丽江位于北纬27度左右，冬夏两季日射角度变 化小，地面温度比较均匀；而每年夏秋，又受海洋季风暖湿气流影响，阴雨天多，地面气温不易升高；加 之纵横交错的高山成为阻挡北方寒流的天然屏障，所以这晨形成干暖温和的独特气候。同时，丽江工业不多，自然很少受到污染，空气清新洁净，到处青山碧水，四季庄稼生长，尤其冬春 季节，天空分外湛蓝，阳光充足明媚，令人赏心悦目。正是由于丽江的四季不很明显，立体变化，遇雨成 冬，而且昼

19、夜之间的温差比较大，所以外地客人到丽江后应适当注意增减衣服，以免引起感冒。丽江虽然地处偏僻，却有着悠久的历史和灿烂的文化。五万年前，已有旧石器晚期智人“丽江人”在 此生息。从新石器、青铜器的发现进一步证实了丽江是云南古人类的摇篮之一。丽江地区开发较早，公元 前109年西汉即设遂久县管辖，元初设置云南37路之一的丽江路，“丽江”一名从此开始。元代至清初的 470年间，丽江是纳西族木氏土司统治区域中心。如今的丽江县，是中国唯一的纳西族自治县，也是丽江地区最大的一个县，面积7648平方公里，人 口约36万，其中纳西族占55%。纳西族源于中国古代南迁的氐羌族群，居住在以丽江为中心的滇川藏交界 处，总人口约有30万，而丽江县有20万，占全国纳西族总人口的67%。纳西族人口不多，分布不广，然 而却以古老而丰富的民族文化著称，有人说它是小民族创造大文化。纳西族最为著名的文化特色是“三个活化石”。所谓“三个活化石”，即是文字活化石一一纳西象形文 字、音乐活化石一一纳西古乐、人类社会活化石一一摩梭人母系大家庭。创造于唐代的纳西东巴文，被称 为世界上唯一活着的象形文字；至今仍在丽江流行的两套大型古典乐曲白沙细乐，被中外音乐界被为 “国宝”；泸沽湖畔摩梭人，至今仍保持着母系大家庭和不娶不嫁的阿夏走婚形态，为世所罕见。