初中英语9大语法难点.docx
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1、初中英语9大语法难点宾语从句1 .宾语从句的含义充当主句宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。如:She knew that the teacher had seen the film.她知道这位老师看过这部电影。Mthat the teacher had seen the 做 knew 的宾语,同时又是由连接词 that 引导的从句,所以它叫做宾语从句。2 .宾语从句的分类(1)动词宾语从句:顾名思义,它是位于动词后面的宾语从句。如:He asked whose handwriting was the best in our class. 他问我们班上谁 的书法最好。(2)介词宾语从句:顾名思义,它是位于
2、介词后面的宾语从句。如:I agree with what you said just now.我同意你刚才说的话。(3)形容词宾语从句:顾名思义,它是位于形容词后面的宾语从句。如:I am afraid that I will be late.恐怕我要迟到了。3 .引导宾语从句的连接词(1)that:没有含义,在宾语从句中不做成分(2) whether/if:表示是否,在宾语从句中不做成分。I dont know if /whether he still lives here after so many years. 我不知 道这么多年后,他是否还住在这里。(3)连接代词:what, whi
3、ch, who, whom, whose (在宾语从句中做主、宾、表和 定语)连接副词:where, when, how, why (在宾语从句中做状语)The small children dont know what is in their stockings, (what 在宾语从 句中做主语)这些小孩子不知道什么在他们的长筒袜里。希望想要愿意(wish, want, would like / love)We decided to talk to some students about why they go there.我们决定和一些学生谈谈他们去那里的原因。He prefers to
4、 eat white bread and rice.他更喜欢吃白面包和白米饭。I d love to visitMexico.我想要去参观墨西哥。(2)动词feel, find, make, think等后面,可以用it作形式宾语代替真正的宾 语一动词不定式,句子结构是. . feel / find / make / . it+adj. / n. +to do. I find it difficult to remember everything.我发现记住所有事情很难。(3)既可接动词不定式又可接v-ing形式作宾语,意思差别不太大的动词有begin, start, like, love 等
5、。一般说来,动词不定式表一次、数次的具体动作、将来动作或动作的全过程,v-ing 形式表习惯性的连续动作。但是这种区别并不很严格,特别是美国英语,即使是习 惯性的动作也可以用动词不定式。Then I started to watch TV.然后我开始看电视。I am beginning to understand my parents.我开始理解我的父母。I like to eat vegetables.我喜欢吃蔬菜。(4)后接动词不定式或v-ing形式作宾语,意思差别较大的动词有forget, remember等。后接不定式作宾语,表动作尚未发生;后接ving形式作宾语,表动 作已经发生。s
6、top to do停下来做另外一件事,to do是目的状语;stop doing停止做、不做当 前这件事,doing是宾语;try to do尽力做,try doing试试看;go on to do接着做另外的事,go on doing继续做原来的事。When I eft home, T forgot to bring it with me. 我离开家时,忘记带上它了。I stopped using them last year.去年,我停止使用它们。4 .用作定语(1)表示将来。The question to be discussed next meeting is a difficult
7、one.下次会议要讨论的这个问题非常难。(2)当被修饰词是最高级或序数词或被其修饰时。He is always the first man to come to the office.他总是第一个来到办公室。He is the best man to do the job.他是做这项工作最好的人选。(3)被修饰词是抽象名词时。This is the best way to work out the maths problem.这是解决这道数学题最好的办法。I have a chance to travel to London.我又一个去伦敦旅行的机会。5 .用作宾语补足语(1)带to的动词不定
8、式作宾语补足语的动词主要有:要求允许提议(ask, allow, , advise);期望邀请鼓励(expect, , invite, encourage);教导告诉想要(teach, tell, want);等待希望愿意(wait for, wish, wou 1 d like / 1 ove) oI d invite her to have dinner at my house.我想要邀请她来我家吃晚饭。We should allow the children to choose their own clothes.我们应该允许孩子们选择自己的服装。(2)动词不定式作补语,在主动语态句里不
9、带I。,被动语态句里带I。时,多数动 词是感官动词和使役动词。包括四“看 :look at, observe, see, watch;三让:have, let, make;二听:hear, listen to;一 “感觉” :feel;一 “注意:notice。This picture makes me feel excited!这幅画使我感觉很兴奋。We saw Liu Yu play baseball last week.上周我们看到刘宇打棒球了。(3) help后接动词不定式作补语,to可带可不带。They can help you (to) learn English.他们帮助你学习英
10、语。6 .用作状语(1)目的状语,置于句首或句末,置于句首时常表示强调。In order to catch the early bus, she got up very early.为了赶上早班车,她起得很早。A group of young people got together to discuss this question.一组年轻人聚在一起讨论这个问题。She came to this city to visit her daughter.她来到这个城市看望她的女儿。(2)原因状语,多见于“sb.+be+adj.+to do. ”结构句中。I feel very lucky to h
11、ave him.拥有他我感觉很幸运。(3)结果状语,多见于“too. to”,aenough to.结构句中。I m too tired to do it well.我太累了以至于做不好这件事。The room is big enough for three people to live in.这个房间三个人住足够大。7 .动词不定式的复合结构动词不定式的复合结构是for / of sb. to do sth. ” 不定式复合结构的介词用 for还是of,主要取决于前面形容词的性质。一般说来,of前面的形容词是careful, clever, foolish, good, kind, nice
12、, wise等,说明人的特性;for前面的形容词 是 dangerous, difficult, easy, hard, heavy, important, interesting, necessary等,一般说明不定式动作的特性,前面如果是名词用for。It s a good idea for parents to allow children to study in groups during the evening.对父母来说,在晚上让孩子分组学习是个好主意。It s wise of him to do it well.对他来说,把这件事做好很明智。8 .带疑问词的不定式短语动词不定式前
13、面可以带疑问代词what, which, who或疑问副词how, when, where, why 等。这种结构起名词的作用,在句子里用作宾语、主语、表语等,或者单独使用。要注 意的是,why后面的不定式不带to。(1)用作句子的成分。I don t know what to try next.(作宾语)我不知道接下来要尝试什么。Where to go is not decided yet.(作主语)还没有决定去哪里。(2)单独使用时相当于一个特殊疑问句。What to do next?=What will we / you do next?接下来做什么?Why go there?=Why
14、do we / you go there?为什么去那里?9 .动词不定式的否定式不定式的否定式是not / never to do.:不带to的不定式的否定式是not / never doThey decide not to talk to each other.他们决定不和彼此说话。His parents tel 1 him never to play soccer in the street.他父母告诉他不要在街上踢足球。9动名词(doing)动名词相当于名词,在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语等。L作主语Fighting broke out between the South and
15、the North.南方与北方开战了。2 .作宾语Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?请问你介意调小一点收音机的音量吗?3 .作表语Babysister s job is washing, cooking and taking care of the chiIdren. 保姆的工作是洗衣服,作饭和照看孩子。4 .做定语a washing machine 一台洗衣机Could you tell me why you were late for the meeting this morning? (why 在 宾语从句中做
16、原因状语)你能告诉我为什么你今天早上开会迟到吗?4.在做宾语从句的题目时应注意两点(1)时态:当主句是现在时态时,宾语从句可以根据需要使用任何时态。I dont know when he will come back.我不知道他将何时回来。He tells me that his sister came back yesterday.他告诉我他姐姐昨天回来了。当主句是过去时态时,宾语从句必须是一种过去的时态。She asked me if I knew whose pen it was.她问我是否知道这是谁的钢笔。He said that he could finish his work be
17、fore supper.他说他会在晚饭前完成 工作。当表示客观事实或普遍真理的句子做宾语从句时,任何时候都用一般现在时。The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.老师说过地球绕着太阳 转。(2)语序:任何从句都使用陈述句语序,宾语从句当然也不例外。同学们只要掌握了以上内容,应对宾语从句的题目就不成问题了。介词by的用法1 .意为“在旁”,“靠近”。Some are singing and dancing under a big tree. Some are drawing by the lake.有的在大树下唱歌跳舞。有的在湖边画画儿
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