原版英语RAZ 教案(Z1) Battling for Independence.pdf

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1、Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.Battling for IndependenceA Reading AZ Level Z1 Leveled BookWord Count:1,906WritingImagine you are Thomas Jefferson and you have been asked to write the Declaration of Independence.Write a modern-day version and read it to your class.Social Stu

2、diesChoose one major battle of the Revolutionary War.Write a research report summarizing the battle and how a different outcome of the battle could have impacted the war.Connectionswww.readinga-LEVELED BOOK Z1Part Two of The American RevolutionWritten by Terry Miller ShannonYZ1Z2Battling for Indepen

3、dencewww.readinga-How did the battles of the Revolutionary War lead to the creation of the United States of America?Focus QuestionPart Two of The American Revolution Written by Terry Miller ShannonBattling for IndependenceBattling for IndependenceLevel Z1 Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Terry Mil

4、ler ShannonAll rights reserved.www.readinga-allies amends casualty commission delegates independence Loyalists momentum morale Patriots petition rebellion retaliated self-governing siegeWords to KnowCorrelationLEVEL Z1WXN/A60Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRAPhoto Credits:Front cover:courtesy of Lib

5、rary of Congress,P&P Division LC-USZCN4-159;title page,pages 4,5,12:Bettmann/Corbis;pages 6,22:North Wind Picture Archives/Alamy;page 7:The National Archives/HIP/The Image Works;page 13:The Declaration Committee,published by Currier&Ives,New York(colour litho),American School,(19th century)/Private

6、Collection/Peter Newark American Pictures/The Bridgeman Art Library;page 14:Richard Levine/Alamy;page 15:Jupiterimages Corporation;page 19:courtesy of Library of Congress,P&P Division LC-USZC4-2791;page 20:North Wind Picture Archives/AP Images;page 21(top):SuperStock/SuperStock;page 21(bottom):Lebre

7、cht Music and Arts Photo Library/AlamyPart Two of The American RevolutionBattling for Independence tells about the major battles of the Revolutionary War.Read Seeds of Revolution to find out what events lead to the war.Then read Building a Nation to find out what happens after the war is over.3Table

8、 of ContentsIntroduction .4The Second Continental Congress .5The Patriots Take Ticonderoga .8Bunker Hill(and Breeds Hill).9Declaring Independence .13Battling for Freedom .14Southern Battles .18Major Players in the Revolutionary War .21Glossary .23Index .24 French and Indian War Boston MassacreSugar

9、Act passedBoston Tea PartyCoercive(Intolerable)Acts passedQuartering Act and Stamp Act passedTownshend Acts passed First Continental Congress meetsApril 19,1775 Revolutionary War starts with“shot heard round the world”at Lexington and Concord1750 1755 1760 1765 1770 1775Seeds of RevolutionBattling f

10、or Independence Level Z14IntroductionAmerica was not always a country.More than 200 years ago,it was a collection of thirteen colonies ruled by Great Britain and its English king,George III.Britain began taxing the colonists and enforcing unpopular new laws.The colonists objected,saying they wanted“

11、no taxation without representation”in British Parliament.Over time,the disagreements between the two groups only increased the negative feelings and violence.King George III tried to gain control over the colonists by using harsher taxation and threats of military force.A series of events led to a c

12、onfrontation on April 19,1775,between British soldiers and colonists at the towns of Lexington and Concord in Massachusetts.Shots were exchanged on the village green in Lexingtonno one knows who fired first.That first shot became known as“the shot heard round the world,”which signaled the beginning

13、of war between Britain and the thirteen colonies.The Battle of Concord5The Second Continental CongressOn May 10,1775,the Second Continental Congress met at Independence Hall in Philadelphia,Pennsylvania.The fifty-six delegates unanimously chose George Washington,one of the delegates from Virginia an

14、d a former officer in the British army,to command the colonys troops,which until then had been called the New England militia.The Congress voted to call the troops the Continental Army and declared it would be made up of volunteer soldiers from each of the thirteen colonies.Give Me Liberty!When King

15、 George refused to repeal the taxes,it became obvious that the colonies would have to fight for their independence.After the First Continental Congress,Patrick Henry returned to Virginia and made a speech in which he cried,“Give me liberty or give me death!”During the war,“Liberty or Death!”was a Pa

16、triot battle cry.Battling for Independence Level Z16Washingtons job as commander of the Continental Army wasnt going to be easy.Washington had a ragtag group of farmers,carpenters,and blacksmiths with few weapons and little or no training.These soldiers would be fighting against the powerful,well-tr

17、ained,and well-supplied military might of Britain.He expected to fail,telling Patrick Henrya lawyer from Virginia“From the day I enter upon the command of the American armies,I date my fall,and the ruin of my reputation.”Although he thought his reputation would be ruined,Washington believed so stron

18、gly in the cause of American independence,he took the challenge as its commander and insisted that he not be paid for his services.George Washington accepts the surrender of troops in Trenton,New Jersey,1776.Thinking CriticallyWHAT does a unanimous vote reveal about the delegates perception of Georg

19、e Washington?IN YOUR MIND,how might a unanimous vote benefit the delegates?7Not every colonist wanted to be independent from Britain.So while George Washington headed to Concord and Lexington near Boston to lead his new troops,the Continental Congress continued to try to make amends with Britains Pa

20、rliament.The delegates sent a petition to King George III asking him again to grant the colonists rights and to proclaim the colonists loyal English subjects.King George refused to receive the petition and declared that the colonists“had proceeded to open and avowed rebellion.”The Olive Branch Petit

21、ionThe petition that the Second Continental Congress sent to King George III was called the Olive Branch Petition.An olive branch is a symbolic offering of peace.Battling for Independence Level Z18The Patriots Take TiconderogaWhile the Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia,the Colonist sol

22、diers scored a victory over the British at Fort Ticonderoga in New York.A rough,tough farmer from Connecticut named Ethan Allen and his backwoods friends had formed a group called the Green Mountain Boys.Congress asked the Green Mountain Boys to capture the British fort on Lake Champlain in New York

23、.Another soldier named Benedict Arnold also was ordered to attack Fort Ticonderoga.Arnold had an official commission from Connecticut to take the fort from the British.Both Arnold and Allen wanted to lead the attack,so they argued all the way to Ticonderoga,but they managed to conquer the fort toget

24、her on May 10,1775.The next day,another British fort,at Crown Point,was captured by Allen and Arnold.The victories gave the Patriots a morale boost.They also served as an announcement that war had indeed begun.Colonists were now forced to take sides either as Loyalists,those who wanted to remain par

25、t of Britain,or as Patriots,those who wanted independence from Britain.There was no middle ground.9Bunker Hill(and Breeds Hill)After the Battle of Lexington,in which“the shot heard round the world”started the first battle of the American Revolution,the British soldiers,led by Major John Pitcairn,had

26、 retreated to Boston.The colonist soldiers camped outside Boston,gathering forces.Around 16,000 Patriot troops eventually surrounded Boston,cutting off the British supply line into Boston.With Patriot troops surrounding Boston,British General Thomas Gage worried enemy troops might fortify the hills

27、across the Charles River from BostonBunker Hill and Breeds Hill in Charlestown.NORTH AMERICALexingtonConcordBostonATLANTIC OCEANCharlestownBritish retreatMap areaBritish troops retreated to Charlestown and crossed the river to Boston after their defeat at Lexington and Concord.Battling for Independe

28、nce Level Z110On the night of June 16,1775,General Artemis Ward ordered his Patriot soldiers to dig trenches into Bunker Hill.The soldiers misunderstood their orders and instead went to Breeds Hill,which was closer to the British position.By morning,soldiers and trenches covered the hill.The British

29、 soldiers moved by ship across the Charles River with cannons blasting.The minutemen were at a disadvantage:they werent trained well and were fighting Britains professional soldiers.The Patriots also had very little gunpowder.In order to conserve their ammunition,Patriot officers told their soldiers

30、 to make every shot count by waiting until the British were very close before firing:“Wait until you see the whites of their eyes.”The strategy worked,and as the British soldiers rushed the hill,the Americans held their fire until the last safe moment.Many British soldiers died.More British troops l

31、anded and attacked,with the Americans continuing to wait and then shoot.Finally,after the third wave of attacks,when the Americans ran out of gunpowder and had to retreat,the British captured Breeds Hill and Bunker Hill.11Bunker HillMYSTIC RIVERCharlestownBostonBreeds HillCopps HillCHARLES RIVERPosi

32、tion of British SoldiersPosition of Patriot soldiersThe British won control of the two hills at the cost of many British lives.More than 1,000 British soldiers were wounded or killed,while the Patriots lost 441 men.The Patriots gained a big boost in morale even though they lost a battle because they

33、 could fight and win a war against a larger number of professional soldiers.Although most of the action was seen on Breeds Hill,the battle has come to be known as“The Battle of Bunker Hill.”Battling for Independence Level Z112General George Washington arrived in July 1775,and his troops besieged the

34、 British in Boston for nearly a year.He also sent forces to invade Canada to prevent the British from landing there and sending forces south into New York.The Patriots captured Montreal in November 1775.Benedict Arnold led an attack on the city of Quebec,but because of the severe December weather,it

35、 failed.During the winter,Patriots used cannons they captured from the British to attack British soldiers in Boston.On March 17,1776,the British soldiers and thousands of Loyalists left Boston,leaving Washingtons troops to march triumphantly into the city.Thinking CriticallyHOW would seeing the Patr

36、iots using British cannons cause the British troops to react?IN YOUR MIND,how could their reaction have been an advantage or disadvantage for the Patriots?13Declaring IndependencePatriot Thomas Paine wrote a pamphlet,Common Sense,in which he declared independence to be the only correct choice for th

37、e colonists.Paine challenged the authority of the British government using plain language that most people could easily understand.His booklet sold 150,000 copies in a few months and swayed many Loyalists to the side of independence.In June 1776,the Continental Congress selected a committee to write

38、 a statement about the colonists right to be self-governing.Thomas Jefferson was chosen as the actual writer because he was known for his writing skills.The Continental Congress approved the Declaration of Independence on July 4,1776.Once passed by each of the thirteen colonies,the Declaration of In

39、dependence created the United States of America.“Put your John Hancock right here.”The above saying dates back to 1776 when John Hancock boldly signed the Declaration of Independence.His large signature encouraged the other 53 signers to sign.Battling for Independence Level Z114Battling for FreedomT

40、here were dark days ahead for the Patriots,as they lost battle after battle.A month after the Declaration of Independence was signed,the British,under General William Howe,shipped 30,000 soldiers into New York Harbor.The Battle of Long Island lasted for three days until the outnumbered Patriots fina

41、lly retreated south across New Jersey to Philadelphia.The British occupied New York City and won a battle in which Patriots surrendered Fort Washington.A Spys EndNathan Hale,a 21-year-old teacher,volunteered to spy on British troops in New York City.Hale was caught and hanged.His last words were:“I

42、regret that I have but one life to give for my country.”A statue honors Nathan Hales sacrifice.15Benedict Arnolds PlotBenedict Arnold was a brave general,but he felt Congress and the Continental Army had mistreated him.In 1779,Washington put Arnold in charge of a fort on the lower Hudson River calle

43、d West Point.Arnold planned to sell the fort to the British.When his plan was revealed,he became a traitor and joined the British army.In October 1776,Patriot Benedict Arnolds gunboats were defeated at Lake Champlain in Canada.However,the Patriots fought so fiercely that the British were concerned.C

44、onquering the rebels might not be as easy as theyd thought.On December 24,1776,George Washington and his men ferried across the Delaware River to Trenton,New Jersey.In one night,the Patriots moved 2,400 men across the icy river in sleet and snow.The Patriots won a battle there in less than an hour!I

45、t was the first major victory of the war.A few days later,Washington defeated the British at Princeton,New Jersey.These victories rejuvenated the Patriots morale.Battling for Independence Level Z116Britain retaliated in June 1777 by moving a large army led by General John Burgoyne south from Canada.

46、Burgoyne planned to conquer the Hudson River area at Albany,New York,cutting off New England and New York from the other colonies.On the way,Burgoyne recaptured Fort Ticonderoga.However,Patriot soldiers stopped Burgoynes momentum at the Battle of Saratoga in October,with Burgoyne surrendering around

47、 6,000 men.St.ClairRiedeselBurgoynePhillipsFort TiconderogaLake ChamplainLake ChamplainBurgoynes March South from CanadaBritish troopsBritish military leaders17The Battle of Saratoga was a turning point in the war because it proved to France and other European countries that the Patriots might win t

48、he war.In 1778,France joined the fight against its long-standing enemy Great Britain by sending supplies to the Continental Army.Soon after,Spain would declare war on Britain.Supplies grew scarcer for the Continental Army.Soldiers often lacked food,clothing,and shelter.The Continental Congress neede

49、d allies such as France to help supply the troops.George Washingtons troops suffered through a cold and hungry winter at Valley Forge,Pennsylvania,before supplies reached them.The soldiers spent the winter training and preparing for the coming spring.In June 1778,after that horrible winter,Washingto

50、n attacked the British army,now under the command of General Henry Clinton,at the Battle of Monmouth.Neither side won the fight,which was the last major battle in the northern colonies,but it demonstrated that the Patriots could fight just as well as the British.Battling for Independence Level Z118C