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1、Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.Taj MahalA Reading AZ Level Z1 Leveled BookWord Count:1,778WritingResearch to learn more about Shah Jahan and write a biography about him.Use facts from the book as well as additional resources in your biography.Social StudiesCreate a travel b

2、rochure for the Taj Mahal.Include information from the book to entice travelers to visit this historic landmark.Connectionswww.readinga-LEVELED BOOK Z1LEVELED BOOK Z1Written by Cheryl ReifsnyderTaj Mahal www.readinga-What is the significance of the Taj Mahal?Focus QuestionWritten by Cheryl Reifsnyde

3、rTaj Mahal Taj MahalWorld Landmarks Level Z1 Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Cheryl ReifsnyderAll rights reserved.www.readinga-conservationdominatesdynastyIslamicmausoleummemorialsminaretsmosquerestorationsarcophagussymbolizesymmetricalWords to KnowFront cover:The white marble mausoleum at the Ta

4、j Malal reflects the colors of the sunset.Title page:A floral carving in one of the Taj Mahals red sandstone buildingsPhoto Credits:Front cover:Pakorn Lopattanakij/Alamy;back cover:Merlin Franc Anto/Alamy;title page:INDARCH/Alamy;page 4:saiko3p/iStock/Thinkstock;page 6(left):Dennis Richardson/D;page

5、 6(right):Xin Hua/D;page 7:India Picture/Corbis;page 8:Tim Graham/Robert Harding Picture Library/Superstock;page 9:Philippe Lissac/Godong/Corbis;page 10:Dinodia Photos/Alamy;page 11:Metropolitan Museum of Art,New York,USA/Bridgeman Images;page 12(main):REX USA/Amos Chapple;page 12(inset):Tommy Schul

6、tz/D;page 13:LEROY Julien/Alamy;page 14:Saiko3p/D;page 15:Ian Trower/JAI/Corbis;page 17:Fosco Maraini/Gabinetto Vieusseux PropertycFratelli Alinari/Mary Evans;page 19:imageBROKER/imageBROKER/SuperstockCorrelationLEVEL Z1WXN/A60Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRA19A Lasting MemorialShah Jahan desired

7、a memorial for his beloved wife so magnificent that it would be admired by the entire world for all time.Today,the Taj Mahal sees thousands of daily visitorsmillions each yearfrom all over the world.The United Nations Educational,Scientific,and Cultural Organization(UNESCO)declared the Taj Mahal a W

8、orld Heritage Site,and an international vote established it as one of the New Seven Wonders of the World.Centuries after its construction,the Taj Mahal remains one of the most beautiful memorials ever created.Early in the morning and later in the day,visitors get unforgettable views of the changing

9、light on the Taj Mahal.Taj Mahal Level Z120Glossary conservation(n.)the protection and preservation of historical or cultural items,structures,or locations(p.18)dominates(v.)has continuing power or a commanding presence over something or someone(p.7)dynasty(n.)a series of rulers in a country from th

10、e same family(p.4)Islamic(adj.)of or relating to the monotheistic faith of Muslims(p.5)mausoleum(n.)a large tomb or a structure that contains several tombs(p.5)memorials(n.)things that represent the memory of a person,place,thing,or event(p.4)minarets(n.)narrow towers near a mosque from which worshi

11、pers are called to prayer(p.7)mosque(n.)a place of worship in the Islamic faith(p.7)restoration(n.)the act of returning something to its original condition(p.16)sarcophagus(n.)a stone coffin or tomb,often inscribed and elaborately ornamented(p.8)symbolize(v.)to represent an idea with an object,pictu

12、re,or sign(p.5)symmetrical(adj.)having sides that are the same shape and size,like a mirror image(p.5)www.readinga-What is the significance of the Taj Mahal?Focus QuestionWritten by Cheryl ReifsnyderTaj Mahal Taj MahalWorld Landmarks Level Z1 Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Cheryl ReifsnyderAll r

13、ights reserved.www.readinga-conservationdominatesdynastyIslamicmausoleummemorialsminaretsmosquerestorationsarcophagussymbolizesymmetricalWords to KnowFront cover:The white marble mausoleum at the Taj Malal reflects the colors of the sunset.Title page:A floral carving in one of the Taj Mahals red san

14、dstone buildingsPhoto Credits:Front cover:Pakorn Lopattanakij/Alamy;back cover:Merlin Franc Anto/Alamy;title page:INDARCH/Alamy;page 4:saiko3p/iStock/Thinkstock;page 6(left):Dennis Richardson/D;page 6(right):Xin Hua/D;page 7:India Picture/Corbis;page 8:Tim Graham/Robert Harding Picture Library/Super

15、stock;page 9:Philippe Lissac/Godong/Corbis;page 10:Dinodia Photos/Alamy;page 11:Metropolitan Museum of Art,New York,USA/Bridgeman Images;page 12(main):REX USA/Amos Chapple;page 12(inset):Tommy Schultz/D;page 13:LEROY Julien/Alamy;page 14:Saiko3p/D;page 15:Ian Trower/JAI/Corbis;page 17:Fosco Maraini/

16、Gabinetto Vieusseux PropertycFratelli Alinari/Mary Evans;page 19:imageBROKER/imageBROKER/SuperstockCorrelationLEVEL Z1WXN/A60Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRA19A Lasting MemorialShah Jahan desired a memorial for his beloved wife so magnificent that it would be admired by the entire world for all ti

17、me.Today,the Taj Mahal sees thousands of daily visitorsmillions each yearfrom all over the world.The United Nations Educational,Scientific,and Cultural Organization(UNESCO)declared the Taj Mahal a World Heritage Site,and an international vote established it as one of the New Seven Wonders of the Wor

18、ld.Centuries after its construction,the Taj Mahal remains one of the most beautiful memorials ever created.Early in the morning and later in the day,visitors get unforgettable views of the changing light on the Taj Mahal.Taj Mahal Level Z120Glossary conservation(n.)the protection and preservation of

19、 historical or cultural items,structures,or locations(p.18)dominates(v.)has continuing power or a commanding presence over something or someone(p.7)dynasty(n.)a series of rulers in a country from the same family(p.4)Islamic(adj.)of or relating to the monotheistic faith of Muslims(p.5)mausoleum(n.)a

20、large tomb or a structure that contains several tombs(p.5)memorials(n.)things that represent the memory of a person,place,thing,or event(p.4)minarets(n.)narrow towers near a mosque from which worshipers are called to prayer(p.7)mosque(n.)a place of worship in the Islamic faith(p.7)restoration(n.)the

21、 act of returning something to its original condition(p.16)sarcophagus(n.)a stone coffin or tomb,often inscribed and elaborately ornamented(p.8)symbolize(v.)to represent an idea with an object,picture,or sign(p.5)symmetrical(adj.)having sides that are the same shape and size,like a mirror image(p.5)

22、17However,even as looters and vandals were stopped,new enemies arose to threaten the Taj Mahal.Iron foundries,factories,and other industries that came to Agra emitted high levels of air pollutants.Acid rain caused the white marble to deteriorate.“Marble cancer,”a yellow fungus caused by pollutants,b

23、egan to discolor and eat away the soft marble surface.Behind the mausoleum,the Yamuna River now carries raw sewage and garbage from upstream cities.Scientists suspect that gas produced by these contaminants may contribute to the marbles discoloration.Increasing numbers of visitors to the Taj Mahal b

24、rought more attention to the monument,but they,too,brought problems,as the moisture of thousands of visitors breath promoted the growth of marble-damaging algae.Artisans work to restore beautiful marble artwork created hundreds of years ago.Taj Mahal Level Z118In the 1980s,the Indian government put

25、a number of measures in place to help protect the monument from pollution.The“Taj Trapezium”an area surrounding Agra where no major polluting industries would be permittedwas created in 1982.Two years later,the government created a 2-kilometer(1.2 mi.)emission-free zone surrounding the Taj Mahal.The

26、 Indian Supreme Court put additional measures in place in 1996 since air pollution levels remained high in the city.As a result,polluting industries located near the Taj Mahal had to switch to a cleaner fuel source(natural gas)or move beyond the protected zone.In 2001,several organizations came toge

27、ther to form the Taj Mahal Conservation Collaborative,a group dedicated to the conservation,restoration,and beautification of the Taj Mahal.This group has undertaken projects such as removing stains from the Taj Mahals white marble using detergents and absorbent clay packs.Although the Taj Mahal fac

28、es numerous challenges,it has survived earthquakes,lightning,wars,and floods over the past several centuries.With a bit of luck and a lot of hard work,it will survive the coming centuries as well.3Table of ContentsThe Taj Mahal .4Center Stage:The Mausoleum .6The Story Behind the Taj Mahal.10Building

29、 the Mighty Taj.14The Taj Mahal After Shah Jahan.16A Lasting Memorial.19Glossary.20BAY OF BENGALARABIAN SEAINDIAAgraYamuna RiverBurhanpurTaj Mahal Level Z14The Taj MahalImagine a family so wealthy that their name signifies riches and power.This situation describes the Mughal(MOO-guhl)dynastynorthern

30、 Indias rulers in the 1600s.The Mughals vied with one another to create the most beautiful mansions and memorials.Their family name gave rise to the term mogul,a word for someone as wealthy and powerful as the richest king and most famous rock star bundled into one.Today,the Mughals are famous for t

31、he jewel-encrusted works of art and extravagant architecture they left behind.Their most famous creation is a tomb built by the fifth Mughal emperor,Shah Jahan:the Taj Mahal.Known for its perfect symmetry,the Taj Mahal is the most magnificent creation of the Mughal dynasty.3Table of ContentsThe Taj

32、Mahal .4Center Stage:The Mausoleum .6The Story Behind the Taj Mahal.10Building the Mighty Taj.14The Taj Mahal After Shah Jahan.16A Lasting Memorial.19Glossary.20BAY OF BENGALARABIAN SEAINDIAAgraYamuna RiverBurhanpurTaj Mahal Level Z14The Taj MahalImagine a family so wealthy that their name signifies

33、 riches and power.This situation describes the Mughal(MOO-guhl)dynastynorthern Indias rulers in the 1600s.The Mughals vied with one another to create the most beautiful mansions and memorials.Their family name gave rise to the term mogul,a word for someone as wealthy and powerful as the richest king

34、 and most famous rock star bundled into one.Today,the Mughals are famous for the jewel-encrusted works of art and extravagant architecture they left behind.Their most famous creation is a tomb built by the fifth Mughal emperor,Shah Jahan:the Taj Mahal.Known for its perfect symmetry,the Taj Mahal is

35、the most magnificent creation of the Mughal dynasty.17However,even as looters and vandals were stopped,new enemies arose to threaten the Taj Mahal.Iron foundries,factories,and other industries that came to Agra emitted high levels of air pollutants.Acid rain caused the white marble to deteriorate.“M

36、arble cancer,”a yellow fungus caused by pollutants,began to discolor and eat away the soft marble surface.Behind the mausoleum,the Yamuna River now carries raw sewage and garbage from upstream cities.Scientists suspect that gas produced by these contaminants may contribute to the marbles discolorati

37、on.Increasing numbers of visitors to the Taj Mahal brought more attention to the monument,but they,too,brought problems,as the moisture of thousands of visitors breath promoted the growth of marble-damaging algae.Artisans work to restore beautiful marble artwork created hundreds of years ago.Taj Mah

38、al Level Z118In the 1980s,the Indian government put a number of measures in place to help protect the monument from pollution.The“Taj Trapezium”an area surrounding Agra where no major polluting industries would be permittedwas created in 1982.Two years later,the government created a 2-kilometer(1.2

39、mi.)emission-free zone surrounding the Taj Mahal.The Indian Supreme Court put additional measures in place in 1996 since air pollution levels remained high in the city.As a result,polluting industries located near the Taj Mahal had to switch to a cleaner fuel source(natural gas)or move beyond the pr

40、otected zone.In 2001,several organizations came together to form the Taj Mahal Conservation Collaborative,a group dedicated to the conservation,restoration,and beautification of the Taj Mahal.This group has undertaken projects such as removing stains from the Taj Mahals white marble using detergents

41、 and absorbent clay packs.Although the Taj Mahal faces numerous challenges,it has survived earthquakes,lightning,wars,and floods over the past several centuries.With a bit of luck and a lot of hard work,it will survive the coming centuries as well.15From the time he was imprisoned by his son,Shah Ja

42、han could only view the Taj Mahal from afar.This view is from a room at Agra Fort.Gems,semiprecious stones,and different colors of marble came from China,Tibet,Afghanistan,and other countries.The slabs of white marble used to cover the mausoleum had to be transported hundreds of miles on carts pulle

43、d by teams of twenty to thirty oxen.At the building site,workers constructed a dirt ramp 4 kilometers(2.5 mi.)long and a complicated system of scaffolds,ropes,and pulleys to move the marble into position.Work on the Taj Mahal continued for the next twenty-two years.Late in his life,when three of his

44、 sons fought among themselves to decide who would be the next emperor,Shah Jahan was imprisoned in Agra Fort.The victor of the fightAurangzeb(aw-ruhng-ZEB)kept his father in the fort until his death in 1666.Taj Mahal Level Z116The Taj Mahal After Shah Jahan Today,the Taj Mahal is open to the public

45、from sunrise to sunset every day except Friday,the Islamic holy day.On Fridays,the Taj Mahal is available for religious use by local Muslims,who can offer prayers from the mosque located near the mausoleum.Visitors can also view the Taj Mahal by moonlight on the night of a full moon and the nights i

46、mmediately before and after,except during the holy month of Ramadan.However,the Taj Mahal today is not the same as the one Shah Jahan built in the seventeenth century.In the years after the Shahs death,it was practically abandoned.Looters and vandals chiseled out many of the gems and semiprecious st

47、ones that decorated the mausoleum.Gold lamps,Persian carpets,the pearl overlay for Mumtaz Mahals sarcophagus,and other decorations disappeared.The gardens became overgrown,and buildings fell into disrepair with no one to care for them.In the late nineteenth century,the British viceroy in charge of A

48、gra began restoration of the Taj Mahal.He planted neat lawns in place of the former gardens,fixed broken marble inlay,and replaced missing screens and lamps.5When people think of the Taj Mahal,most picture the mausoleum with its immense white dome.However,the Taj Mahal is actually a 16-hectare(42-ac

49、re)area designed to represent the paradise home of Shah Jahans favorite wife,Mumtaz Mahal.Buildings,walls,gates,and gardens are all laid out in a symmetrical way to represent the Islamic idea of a perfect heaven.Although grass now fills the grounds,flowers and fruit trees once suggested paradises ga

50、rdens.Four water channels divide the garden into four equal parts that meet at a pool in the gardens center.They symbolize the four heavenly rivers described in the Koran,the Islamic holy book.assembly hall(jawab)mosqueriverfront terracemausoleumminaretcentral poolgardenswater channelGreat Gateforec