原版英语RAZ 教案(Z2) Japanese American Incarceration During World War II.pdf

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1、Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.WritingResearch some first-person accounts of life in World War II incarceration camps.Choose one person and describe his or her experiences in a camp.Social StudiesMake a timeline of the major events related to World War II incarceration camp

2、s.ConnectionsJapanese American Incarceration During World War IIA Reading AZ Level Z2 Leveled BookWord Count:2,353www.readinga-LEVELED BOOK Z2Written by Sean McCollumJapanese American Incarceration During World War IIwww.readinga-What lessons can people today learn from the historical events present

3、ed in this book?Focus QuestionWritten by Sean McCollumJapanese American Incarceration During World War IIPhoto Credits:Front cover:Dorothea Lange/National Archives/The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images;title page,page 3:courtesy of National Archives and Records Administration;page 4:US Navy/Inter

4、im Archives/Getty Images;page 9:Everett Collection Historical/Alamy Stock Photo;page 12:Bettmann/Getty Images;page 14:PAUL J.RICHARDS/AFP/Getty Images;page 16:courtesy of Harry S.Truman Library&Museum;page 19(left):courtesy of George Takei;page 19(center):CBS Photo Archive/Getty Images;page 19(right

5、):Erik Pendzich/REX/ShutterstockThe editor wishes to thank Carrie Andresen-Strawn,park ranger at Manzanar National Historic Site in California,for her help in reviewing this book.The National Park Service works to preserve Manzanar and other incarceration sites,along with stories about the Japanese

6、American incarceration.Words to Knowancestralbarracksdetainedevacuationexclusionfirst-generationhysteriaincarceration campsinjusticemartial lawopportunistsprejudiceJapanese American Incarceration During World War IILevel Z2 Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Sean McCollumAll rights reserved.www.read

7、inga-CorrelationLEVEL Z2YZN/A70+Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRA3Table of ContentsPlanes Over Pearl Harbor .4War Hysteria .5Evacuation .8The Camps .12Fighting for Honor .15Learning from the Past .17Glossary .20Japanese American Incarceration During World War II Level Z24Planes Over Pearl Harbor Th

8、e sky was partly cloudy over Honolulu,Hawaii,that Sunday morningDecember 7,1941.Daniel Inouye,age seventeen,was getting ready for church and listening to music on the radio.Suddenly the announcers voice broke in:Pearl Harbor was under attack.“This is not a test!This is not a test!”the announcer yell

9、ed.Daniel and his father went into the front yard and saw the puffs of antiaircraft fire from the direction of the U.S.naval base.Suddenly,three fighter planes roared low overhead,and Daniel got a good look at the markings.“They were pearl gray with red dots on the wingJapanese,”Inouye remembered.“I

10、 knew what was happening.And I thought my world had just come to an end.”The Japanese navy had launched a surprise attack from aircraft carriers at sea.Pearl Harbor,the base for the U.S.Pacific Fleet,was burning Battleship Row is under attack in Pearl Harbor,1941.54 battleships and additional ships

11、sunk,188 aircraft destroyed.More than 2,400 Americans died that day.A day later,the United States declared war on Japan,officially entering World War II.Daniels father had come from Japan at the age of three,but Daniel had been born in Hawaii,making him an American citizen by law.Both,though,instant

12、ly feared what war with Japan meant for them.Those worries would have to wait as fire and smoke rose over Pearl Harbor.Daniel was a Red Cross volunteer with medical training.He rode his bike toward the devastation,where he spent the next five days helping people who were wounded.Despite his loyalty

13、to the United States,however,he was now under suspicionalong with all ethnic Japanese living on U.S.soil.War HysteriaWorld War II was already raging by the time Pearl Harbor was attacked near the end of 1941.Japanese forces had invaded China in 1937 and were poised to conquer the rest of Asia.Since

14、attacking Poland in September 1939,Nazi Germany had overrun almost all of Europe.Together with Italy,their three-nation alliance was known as the Axis,and their military might seemed unstoppable.Japanese American Incarceration During World War II Level Z26The United States had steered clear of the w

15、ar,but President Franklin Roosevelt and many Americans suspected it was just a matter of time before the country would be forced to join the fight.A major U.S.military buildup was underway even before Pearl Harbor,and in the fall of 1941 Roosevelt ordered an investigation of Japanese Americans and J

16、apanese immigrants on the West Coast and in Hawaii.Would they be true to their adopted country,or would their ancestral ties to Japan turn them against the United States?The investigation concluded that Americans had nothing to fear from ethnic Japanese living among them.However,many Americans had a

17、 long history of anti-Asian bias,and many communities harbored deep feelings of prejudice and hostility toward their ethnic Japanese neighbors,who were often recruited to work for lower wages than Caucasian workers.The vast majority of ethnic Japanese lived in California,where Japanese farmers were

18、becoming increasingly successful,and many Caucasian landowners saw them as unwelcome rivals.Then came Pearl Harbor,an attack that shocked and enraged Americans.Wild reports quickly circulated that Japanese forces might be preparing to invade California.7Public OpinionAfter the Pearl Harbor attack,ma

19、ny newspaper columnists played on anti-Japanese fears and prejudice:I am for the immediate removal of every Japanese on the West Coast to a point deep in the interior.I dont mean a nice part of the interior either.Herd em up,pack em off and give em the inside room in the badlands.Personally,I hate t

20、he Japanese.And that goes for all of them.Henry McLemore,columnist for Hearst Newspapers,January 1942A viper is nonetheless a viper wherever the egg is hatched.So a Japanese-American born of Japanese parents.grows up to be a Japanese,not an American.W.H.Anderson,Los Angeles Times editorial,February

21、2,1942Like a whirlwind,fears and war fever began to spin into hysteria,and having ethnic links to Japan was enough to cause suspicion.On February 19,1942,Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066the exclusion order.It authorized U.S.military commanders to remove anyone considered a potential enemy from“

22、military exclusion zones”areas where military bases and other sensitive sites were located.Plans were set in motion to remove everyone of Japanese ancestry from areas along the West Coast and imprison them in incarceration camps.Japanese American Incarceration During World War II Level Z28“We have n

23、o one to go to for help,”author Kiyo Sato later wrote about her family being forced from their home.“Not even a church.Anything goes,now that our President Roosevelt signed the order to get rid of us.How can he do this to his own citizens?.Theres not a more lonely feeling than to be banished by my o

24、wn country.”EvacuationIn 1941,people of Japanese ancestry were a small minority of the U.S.population.About 127,000 lived on the mainland,and of those,112,000 lived on the West Coast.Issei(EE-say)was the term for first-generation Japanese immigrants,who by law were not allowed to become U.S.citizens

25、an extension of anti-Chinese legislation from the late 1800s.Their children were Nisei(NEE-say),second-generation Japanese who had been born in the United States and were therefore American citizens.No ethnic Japanese could avoid the evacuation orders,however.Anyone who was at least one-sixteenth Ja

26、panesein other words,anyone with a single Japanese great-great-grandparentwas to be removed.Less than a week after the attack on Pearl Harbor,the United States also declared war on Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.9A few thousand German and Italian Americans were detained for portions of the war;howev

27、er,wholesale incarceration because of ethnicity was reserved for people of Japanese descent.In April,notices were posted across the western states.Families with Japanese roots were given a week to settle their affairs.After that,they had to report to assembly centers to await transportation to incar

28、ceration camps.All they could bring was what they could carry.The sudden removal from their homes and businesses was a terrible blow for Japanese Americans.Farmers tried to find friends who would care for their land while they were gone.Families had to sell their homes and belongings in just a few d

29、ays.Opportunists took advantage of the predicament of their Japanese neighbors and bought their houses at very low prices.Many Japanese Americans lost everything they owned.In preparation for incarceration,a San Francisco merchant posts a sale sign on his store.Japanese American Incarceration During

30、 World War II Level Z210Few Americans protested the governments actions.Legal challenges brought by Japanese Americans fell on deaf ears.Robert Kashiwagi and his family had been forced from their home in Sacramento.In a PBS documentary made decades later,he said he thought the Bill of Rights would p

31、rotect himright up until the moment he was ordered to board the evacuation train.War fever and anti-Japanese sentiment were too strong to beat back,however.Some 110,000 Japanese Americans were sent to fifteen assembly centers at stockyards,racetracks,and fairgrounds in West Coast states.There,famili

32、es were housed The ten camps were scattered across the United States,all in remote areas.Japanese American Incarceration Camp LocationsTule Lake,CAMinidoka,IDTopaz,UTGranada,COPoston,AZGila River,AZManzanar,CAJerome,ARRohwer,ARExclusion AreaIncarceration CampHeart Mountain,WYUnited States11in horse

33、stables and other makeshift quarters before being shipped to one of ten incarceration camps.Two-thirds of them were American citizens,the other third Japanese immigrants who were legal U.S.residents.The fate of ethnic Japanese people in Hawaii unfolded very differently.At the time,Hawaii had 158,000

34、 ethnic Japanese people living on the islandsnearly 40 percent of the Hawaiian population.They supplied much of the islands workforce in agriculture,transportation,and other industries.An estimated 90 percent of Hawaiis carpenters were ethnic Japanese people,instrumental in rebuilding Pearl Harbor a

35、fter the December 7 attack.When U.S.officials suggested that Hawaiis Japanese population should be incarcerated for security reasons,Hawaiis business leaders strongly opposed it.They successfully argued that the islands labor force of ethnic Japanese people was too essential to their plantations and

36、 other businesses.In the end,fewer than 1,800 Hawaiian Japanese people were incarcerated.However,Hawaii was placed under martial law with a strict curfew.The U.S.Army censored all letters and publications,and closely monitored communications by ethnic Japanese people.Japanese American Incarceration

37、During World War II Level Z212The CampsIn May 1942,Japanese Americans from the West Coast started arriving at the incarceration camps.They got off the trains or buses to find U.S.soldiers armed with guns and bayonets,as if they were captured enemy troops.Joyce Nakamura Okazaki was seven years old wh

38、en her family was forced to relocate to Manzanar,a California camp.She was“surrounded by barbed wire fencing and eight guard towers with armed sentries,”she said later.Most of the incarceration camps were located in remote,arid regions of Colorado,Utah,and other western stateshot in summer,cold in w

39、inter,dusty most of the time.The barracks were drafty,A soldier stands guard in 1942 at Californias Manzanar camp shortly before its completion.13having been hastily and shoddily built with cheap materials.Cots served as beds,and woodstoves provided little heat on cold nights.Families were often for

40、ced to share sparsely furnished quarters with strangers,meals were served in mess halls,and toilets had no privacy.More than thirty thousand of the incarcerees were school-age children.However,little planning had gone into continuing their education.Classrooms were overcrowded since there were few t

41、eachers willing to work at the camps.Books,textbooks,and desks were in very short supply.Doctors were few and far between,and camp clinics were routinely understaffed.Some of the doctors,dentists,and nurses were Japanese Americans working for poverty-level wages.Under those harsh circumstances,the i

42、ncarcerees did their best to keep their dignity and stay active.They formed committees to organize camp activities.Sports were a popular diversion,especially the game of baseball.At some camps,Japanese American teams traveled to nearby towns to compete against local squads.Some college-age incarcere

43、es were eventually allowed to leave the camps to study at colleges in the East and Midwestthe colleges that accepted Japanese Americans,that is.Japanese American Incarceration During World War II Level Z214Korematsu v.United StatesFred Korematsu was a Japanese American who was arrested in 1942,put o

44、n trial,and convicted for disobeying the evacuation orders.He decided to fight his conviction,hoping his case might prove that the incarceration of Japanese Americans because of their ethnicity was unconstitutional.In 1944,his case was appealed all the way to the U.S.Supreme Court.The nine justices

45、upheld his conviction by a vote of 6-3,arguing that the peril of the war was more important than individual rights.In 1983,though,a federal judge vacated Korematsus conviction and cleared his name.At the 1983 proceedings,Korematsu said,“I would like to see the government admit that they were wrong a

46、nd do something about it so this will never happen again to any American citizen of any race,creed,or color.”Shikata ga nai(shee-KAH-tah gah NYE)became a refrain at the camps.Loosely translated from Japanese,the phrase means“It cannot be helped.”Incarcerees counseled each other to stay calm and not

47、do something rash they might regret.But there was no escaping the resentment many incarcerated Japanese Americans harbored toward the U.S.government.They felt humiliated by the racism directed at them and their families and the mistreatment they endured at the camps.Most of all,they felt betrayed by

48、 their country and by fellow Americans.Korematsu received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1998 from President Bill Clinton.15Fighting for HonorIn 1943,the U.S.War Department and Office of Naval Intelligence needed more men for the war effort.Representatives visited the incarceration camps looki

49、ng for recruits.They distributed questionnaires to assess how“Americanized”the incarcerees were and whether the incarcerated Nisei men would be willing to serve in uniform.Most men of military age said yes,they would serve under one conditionthat they and their families would be freed and their righ

50、ts as American citizens restored.The U.S.military was unwilling to consider that,but 6 percent of Nisei in the camps still volunteered to serve.They saw military service as a means to change public opinion by proving their loyalty as Americans.The Nisei fighting men distinguished themselvesand more.