原版英语RAZ 教案The Plague!.pdf

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1、WritingResearch to learn more about Alexander Fleming or another scientist who discovered a medicine that helped stop the spread of disease.Write a biography to share with your class.Social StudiesResearch to learn more about the Renaissance and the rebirth of Europe after the plague.Design a poster

2、 to share your findings with your class.ConnectionsThe Plague!A Reading AZ Level W Leveled BookWord Count:1,358Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.www.readinga-LEVELED BOOK WThe Plague!The Plague!WZZ1Written by Sean McCollumIllustrated by Loic Derrienwww.readinga-What was the im

3、pact of the Black Death on Europes history?Focus QuestionWritten by Sean McCollumIllustrated by Loic DerrienThe Plague!Photo Credits:Page 14:Popperfoto/Getty Images;page 15:Universal History Archive/Universal Images Group/Getty ImagesWords to Knowbacteriaboilsimmune systemincenseinfectedoutbreakpuss

4、anitationstarvationsupernatural symptomsviruses CorrelationLEVEL WS4040Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRAThe Plague!Level W Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Sean McCollum Illustrated by Loic DerrienAll rights reserved.www.readinga-3Table of ContentsThe Plague Ships .4The Fleas of Disease .5Death S

5、talks Europe .8Panic and a Prayer .10The Aftermath .12Rebirth .14Glossary .161347 CE1348 CE1349 CE1350 CE1351 CESpread of the Black Plague by YearMostly unaffectedLubeckDanzigKievAmsterdamLondonParisBordeauxMarseilleBarcelonaValenciaNaplesRomeGenoaNurembergVeniceViennaRagusaConstantinopleBLACK SEAME

6、DITERRANEAN SEAATLANTIC OCEANThe Plague!Level W4The Plague ShipsThe scene and smell must have been terrible.In October 1347,a dozen trading ships sailed into the port of Messina,Sicilypart of Italy today.The vessels had made the long voyage across the Black Sea.The arrival of the ships likely caused

7、 excitement around the docks.Such ships often carried news and goods from faraway lands.Those who met them,though,got the shock of their lives and perhaps also the cause of their deaths.Most of the crew on the ships were already dead.The sailors working the ropes and sails were dying.Their skin ooze

8、d with open sores.People in Europe had heard rumors of a terrible disease in Asia.These ships and sailors now had brought the diseasethe plagueto Europe.Later,it would be called the Black Death,the worst outbreak of disease Europe has ever experienced.5The Fleas of DiseaseIn the 1300s,no one had yet

9、 made the connection between germs and illness.The idea that bacteria or viruses could cause a cold,the flu,or other sickness was unknown.Many people at that time saw disease as a supernatural event.Some people blamed the plague on how the planets lined up.One doctor described how it could spread if

10、 a healthy person looked into an infected persons eyes.The Plague!Level W6People also hadnt made the connection between the plague and the fleas that were actually spreading the disease.These fleas most certainly had stowed away on the ships that docked at Messina.It was not until 1894 almost 550 ye

11、ars laterthat scientists found the type of bacteria that caused the plague.These bacteria get into the gut of a type of flea that normally feeds on the blood of rats.The bacteria killed off the groups of rats they normally lived with.The fleas were then forced to go looking for other animals to feed

12、 on,including people.How Rats and Fleas Helped Spread the Plague1 Rodent is infected2 Flea bites rodent5 Person is infected4 Flea bites a person3 Plague bacteria multiply in fleas gut7Filthy people and cities did not help.In the 1300s,human waste and garbage were often dumped in the streets of overc

13、rowded cities.Bugs were regular houseguests.Getting bitten by fleas and other pests was an unpleasant fact of life.Not all investigators are convinced that fleas were the only source of the Black Death.Other diseases could also cause deadly outbreaks.However,the bacterium in the fleas remains the le

14、ading suspect,based on the kinds of illness that people reported.What seems clear is that humans began passing this deadly disease to one another.A persons pus,blood,or spit could infect others.In other words,a simple cough could give the sickness to the next victim.At that point,the plague became a

15、ll but unstoppable.The Plague!Level W8Death Stalks EuropeBy 1348 the Black Death was spreading across Europe.Travelers and traders carried it to new areas.It often took weeks before an infected area knew something was horribly wrong.By then,it was too late to do anything about it.At the time,there w

16、as no treatment for such a serious disease.As the illness showed itself,victims experienced fever,vomiting,swelling,and strong pain.They might die quickly or live a few days.Historians think only one in five people who got the symptoms survived.9Bubonic plague bacteria start by attacking the lymph n

17、odes in the neck,groin,and underarms.Lymph nodes are important organs of the immune system.They help the body fight disease.With plague,lymph nodes swell and blacken with poisoned blood and pus.They become boils called buboes.Plague can also infect the lungs,causing them to bleed.The disease soon re

18、ached France and England,spreading in every direction.By 1351,there was hardly a spot in Europe it had not reached.Bubonic Plague SymptomsThe word bubonic comes from buboes,which are painful swellings of the lymph nodes in the neck,armpits,and groin.In plague victims,buboes can blow up to the size o

19、f a chicken egg and can even burst through the skin.Other forms of plague could attack the lungs,causing a bloody cough,or the blood,causing areas on the face,hands,and feet to turn black.General:fever and lack of energyStomach:nausea and vomitingHead:headacheLymph nodes:swelling(buboes),oozing of p

20、us,and bleedingJoints:aches and painsThe Plague!Level W10Panic and a PrayerOnce people realized that plague had come to their community,many panicked.Frightened families abandoned sick loved ones.Doctors and priests fled the places and people they served.City folk left for the countryside,thinking i

21、t would be safer there.By fleeing,though,they often helped spread the disease.Few people had good ideas about how to stop the disease.Desperate people tried useless cures.Many burned incense or wore flowers to cleanse the air.If nothing else,the smoke and flowers may have covered up the awful smells

22、 around them.11Many people turned to their faith in hope of rescue.Bands of Christians walked from town to town,hitting their own backs with spiked whips.They prayed that they would be forgiven for their sins and spared.In some areas,Christian groups wrongly blamed Jews for causing the plague.Many J

23、ewish communities were attacked and their people driven off or killed.A few cities instead used common sense to try to control the disease.Port cities soon realized that visiting ships were one of its sources.They began to block ships that came from plague-infected areas.A forty-day waiting period w

24、as used to confirm that the ships crew were plague-free.Only then could they come ashore.Officials in some areas also figured out that stopping the movement of people slowed the spread of disease.Infected families were blocked from leaving their houses.Officials set limits on travel and trade to and

25、 from their cities.Work crews buried victims as soon as possible for fear that their bodies could infect others.In some areas,though,public order had broken down.This made it difficult to force people to follow such rules.The Plague!Level W12The AftermathImagine half the people of your city gone.The

26、 shops are empty of food and other goods.That was the experience of many people who survived the worst period of the Black Death.Historians can only guess at the death count.There were about eighty million Europeans before the Black Death struck.Experts think that 40 to 60 percent of those people di

27、ed,though the death rate varied greatly by location.Cities were usually the hardest hit.The disease spread easily in crowded,dirty neighborhoods.Nearly 60 percent of Londoners died,along with half the people of Paris.After 1351,the plague slowed for reasons researchers are still trying to understand

28、.Survivors may have built up resistance to the disease.The bacteria may also have changed to a less deadly form.Plague outbreaks happened again and again for the next five hundred years.None,though,ever matched the deadliness of the Black Death.After the plague,Europe was left a very different place

29、.There was a huge shortage of workers.The lack of skilled craftspeople and laborers caused big problems.Workers were able to demand better pay and treatment.13Fields were left unplanted or unharvested without peasants to work them.Farm animals died from a lack of tending.Because of this,Europeans su

30、ffered food shortages and starvation.Survivors views about society and the meaning of life changed,too.Many began to question their belief in the church.Some challenged their rulers.The authority of these powerful individuals had proven useless in protecting the people they controlled.There were man

31、y examples of progress afterward.Farmers tried new practices to grow more food with fewer hands.Public health and medicine also saw changes for the better.More communities understood the importance of sanitation and cleanliness.They also put in place better ways to handle disease outbreaks.The inven

32、tion of the heavy plow helped end food shortages following the plague years.It allowed farmers to till fields much faster by using horses rather than oxen to pull the plow.The Plague!Level W14RebirthModern medicine has made another outbreak of the Black Death all but impossible.Modern medicines can

33、quickly cure most cases of plague.Better public sanitation and health programs also help control the spread of most forms of disease.Antibiotics:The Miracle DrugAntibiotics are a recent development in human history.Before the mid-1800s,some healers recognized that certain plant molds and other fungi

34、 attacked bacteria.In the 1800s,more research led to a better understanding of the link between microbes and disease.Then in the 1920s,Scottish biologist Alexander Fleming accidentally discovered a plant mold that destroyed a dangerous form of bacteria.Out of his research came the wonder drug penici

35、llin,which is capable of killing many forms of bacterial infection.Fleming was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1945 for his breakthrough work.Alexander Fleming15The Peasants RiseEngland went through a period of economic shock in the aftermath of the Black Plague.Farmers and laborers were in s

36、uch great demand that they saw their wages rise up to 40 percent from the 1340s to the 1380s.This big social shift so alarmed the upper classes and nobility that royal officials passed a law attempting to fix wages for peasants at the levels they had been before the Black Death.They passed another l

37、aw to prevent peasants from leaving their home villages in search of better jobs.These crackdowns led to a major uprising known as the Peasants Revolt in 1381.In the mid-1300s,the mystery and horror of the Black Death terrified Europe.Many people who lived through the Black Death believed it was the

38、 end of the world.In terms of death rates,it remains the most destructive event in European history.At the same time,some historians link the disaster to helpful changes that followed.From the late 1300s until the 1600s,Europe underwent big changes.This period,known as the Renaissance,was a time of

39、great improvements in medicine,science,and art.Renaissance means“rebirth”in French.After the Black Death,a period of rebirth was exactly what Europe needed.King Richard II faces the peasant army in 1381.The Plague!Level W16Glossarybacteria(n.)small one-celled organisms that sometimes cause infection

40、s and disease(p.5)boils(n.)red,sore spots on the skin that are infected(p.9)immune a system that moves antibodies through system(n.)the body to fight infection(p.9)incense(n.)a substance that releases a pleasant smell when burned(p.10)infected(adj.)sickened by a disease-causing organism or substance

41、(p.5)outbreak(n.)the sudden spread of something unwelcome,such as fighting or a disease(p.4)pus(n.)a thick,usually yellowish-white liquid that is produced in infected tissue(p.7)sanitation(n.)the act,process,or facilities used to keep a place clean or remove waste (p.13)starvation(n.)a state of extreme hunger or dying because of a lack of food(p.13)supernatural of or relating to something that cant(adj.)be explained by science or the laws of nature(p.5)symptoms(n.)specific signs of illness or injury(p.8)viruses(n.)microscopic organisms that infect the body;diseases caused by a virus(p.5)