原版英语RAZ 教案Mexico's Fight for Independence.pdf

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1、www.readinga-Mexicos Fight for IndependenceA Reading AZ Level V Leveled BookWord Count:1,704Mexicos Fight for IndependenceVisit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.Written by Terry Miller ShannonLEVELED BOOK VWritten by Terry Miller ShannonMexicos Fight for IndependenceMexicos Fight f

2、or IndependenceLevel V Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Terry Miller ShannonAll rights reserved.www.readinga-Photo Credits:Front cover:Rick Strange/Corbis;back cover,pages 6(top),7,8,18(top),21(top left,top right),22(bottom):ArtToday;title page:Tips Images/Tips Italia Srl a socio unico/Alamy;pages

3、 3,5(center left)iS Chouinard;pages 4,20:REUTERS/Tomas Bravo;pages 5(left),22(center top):DeAgostini/SuperStock;pages 5(center right),6(center),22(top):Michal Adamczyk/123RF;page 5(right):Jupiterimages Corporation;page 6(bottom):The Art Gallery Collection/Alamy;page 10:Leonardo Daz Romero/age fotost

4、ock/SuperStock;page 11:iS Jezkova;page 12:dbimages/Alamy;pages 13,22(center bottom):J.Bedmar/Iberfoto/The Image Works;page 14:Michel Zabe/AZA INBA/The Bridgeman Art Library;page 15:BeBa/Iberfoto/The Image Works;page 16:Cathy Melloan/Alamy;page 17:The Art Archive/SuperStock;page 19:Xinhua/Landov;page

5、 21(bottom):Robert Harding Picture Library/SuperStockCover:Metropolitan Cathedral in Mexico CityBack cover:Mayan ruins at Chichen-ItzaTitle page:Metropolitan Cathedral in Mexico CityTable of contents page:Aztec calendarwww.readinga-CorrelationLEVEL VR4040Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRA34 Table of

6、 Contents Honoring Freedom .4The First People in Mexico .5Spanish Rule .10Revolution!.13Republic .18Celebration!.19Independence Timeline .22Glossary .23Explore More .23Index .24 Honoring Freedom If youre ever in Mexico on September 16,youll find yourself in the middle of a big celebration.Youll see

7、parades,fireworks,food,confetti,toys,horseback riders,rodeos,bullfights,and many happy people!September 16 is Mexican Independence Day;Mexicans are honoring their countrys freedom.What Is Independence?It is self-rule.As you get older,you will have more independence and responsibility.You will rely o

8、n yourself,decide whats important to you,and make rules to live by.In the case of Mexico,when the country won its independence,Mexicans were responsible for making their own laws.Freedom like that is worth much sacrifice and work.People celebrating Mexican Independence Day in Mexico CityMexicos Figh

9、t for Independence Level V56 The First People in Mexico The land that we now call Mexico,long before Mexico became a country,was occupied by groups of people living in tribes.These people were the native people of Mexico who were born there before people from other lands arrived.This book is about t

10、he people of Mexico and their fight for independence.There were three major groups or civilizations in early Mexico.Each group had a particular way of living.For many years,they hunted animals and gathered wild plants for food.Eventually,they began to farm to feed the people in their villages.Their

11、most important crop was maize,or corn.The first great civilization was the Olmec(OL-mek).They lived in the coastal lowlands along the Gulf of Mexico.The climate in that area allowed the Olmecs to grow and harvest maize twice a year.The abundant food production allowed the civilization to grow strong

12、.No one knows exactly why the Olmec civilization ended around 200 bc.Olmec statuesmaizeNOLMECAREAMAYANAREAAZTECAREAGULFOFMEXICOMexico CityPACIFICOCEANMazatlnAcapulcoMEXICOMexicos Fight for Independence Level V78The next major civilization,which started around ad 300,was the Mayan.By around ad 900,th

13、e Maya were thriving.They excelled in architecture and art.They also made astronomy tables that were quite accurate,and developed a mathematical system that included zero.(Zero was an advanced concept for that time.)Unlike the Olmecs,the Mayans left written records of their lives,so we know much mor

14、e about them.But like the Olmecs,the Mayans were another advanced civilization that suddenly and mysteriously disappeared.The third great Mexican civilization was the Aztec(AZ-tek).By 1430,the Aztecs ruled the Valley of Mexico,and then they spread over the entire country.They built an impressive cit

15、y called Tenochtitln(tay-nohch-teet-LAHN),which was essentially Mexicos capital city.Tenochtitln was on an island in Lake Texcoco(tex-KOH-koh).The city had 200,000 residents,with 400,000 more living nearby.In the early 1500s,there were about 1.2 million people living in the Valley of Mexico,the area

16、 Mexico City now occupies.Ruins such as this pyramid tell much about Mayan civilization.Tenochtitln,an early Aztec cityMexicos Fight for Independence Level V910In 1517,a Spanish ship led by Francisco Hernndez de Crdoba(frahn-SEES-co er-NAHN-dez deh COR-doh-ba)sailed from Spain to Mexico.Mexicos nati

17、ve peoples had never seen white-skinned people,sailboats,cannons,gunpowder,or horses.They believed the Spaniards were gods who were led by Quetzalcoatl(keht-sahl-coh-AHTL),a god of the tribes that the Aztecs had conquered.The Aztec emperor,Montezuma(mon-tuh-ZOO-muh),gave the Spaniards gifts of jewel

18、ry made of precious stones,silver,and gold.The gifts only made the Spaniards greedy for more riches.Before returning to Spain,they fought native tribes to take even more riches back home.More Spaniards arrived by sea in April 1519this time they were led by Hernn Corts(er-NAN kor-TEZ).Corts hoped to

19、take Mexican land for himself.Spanish Rule When Corts and his men,along with native enemies of the Aztecs,marched into Tenochtitln,they were amazed by the citys beauty,with every building painted white.Montezuma gave dinner parties for the Spaniards and invited them to stay.Corts repaid Montezumas h

20、ospitality by imprisoning the Aztec ruler.Cortss men killed the Aztec leaders.Later,Montezuma was killed,either by the Spaniards or by his own men who were angered at his weakness.Soon more Spanish arrived to fight the Aztecs.In the meantime,the Aztecs began dying of smallpox,a disease brought to Me

21、xico by the invaders.The Aztecs had no defenses against the disease.By the time the Spaniards conquered the Aztecs,two-thirds,or about 130,000,of the people of Tenochtitln were dead.Ruins at TenochtitlnAZTEC EMPIREGULFOFMEXICOPACIFICOCEANTuxpanTenochtitlnTehuantepecCoatzacoalcosHuaxyacacNMexicos Fig

22、ht for Independence Level V1112By 1550,the Spanish ruled Mexico.Diseases such as smallpox brought from Europe weakened the natives.There were about 20 million native people in Mexico when Spain conquered the country.One hundred years later,there were only about 1.2 million natives left in all of Mex

23、ico.Spain ruled for three centuries,calling the area New Spain.The conquerors main goal was wealth,so they stole Mexican treasures.They also set up a system in which Spanish immigrants owned the land,and they made the natives their slaves.This created two classes of people in Mexico:the very rich an

24、d the very poor.Over the years,the Spanish immigrants married the natives of Mexico.Their children were a mix of Spanish and native blood.As time went by,these mixed-blood people became the majority.They considered themselves true Mexicans,not Spaniards or natives.By the beginning of the 1800s,the M

25、exican people yearned for their country to become independent.They were inspired by the way other countries fought to win freedom.Mexicans no longer wanted Spain to rule their country;they wanted to be a free country led by Mexicans.For that,theyd need a revolution,or a fight to replace the Spanish

26、rulers with their own form of government.Catholic churches in Mexico are reminders of Spains religious influence.Today,people are free to protest in the streets of Mexico.Mexicos Fight for Independence Level V1314 Revolution!The Creoles(KREE-ols)were the first group of Mexicans to think about revolu

27、tion.They were born in Mexico to parents from Spain who had settled in Mexico.Compared to people living in Mexico and born in Spain,the Creoles were regarded as second-class citizens.They didnt have the same privileges as those born in Spain.They were unhappy with their lack of political power and b

28、egan to plan a revolution.The Spaniards learned of their plans and the Creoles were forced to begin the revolution ahead of schedule.Very early on September 16,1810,a priest named Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla(mee-GEL ee-THAL-go ee kos-TEE-ya)rang the bell of his church in the town of Dolores.He yelled:

29、“Viva Mxico!”(BEE-ba MEH-hee-coh)and“Viva la independencia!”(BEE-ba la in-deh-pen-DEN-see-ah).This is known as the cry of independence.Hidalgo was calling out to Mexicans,urging them to fight Spanish rule and to reclaim Mexico for their own.By the end of October 80,000 people had joined Hidalgos arm

30、y.Hidalgos soldiers conquered two large cities and a few others,but they were defeated in the biggest cityMexico City.In 1811,Hidalgo was captured and killed by the Spanish,but the fight for independence continued.The next leader of the rebellion was another priest,named Jos Mara Morelos y Pavn(ho-Z

31、E ma-REE-a mo-REH-los ee pah-BON).He issued the first formal call for independence at a congress he held in 1813.He wrote up a constitution for a Mexican republic.However,in 1815,Morelos was also captured and killed by the Spanish.“Lord,if I have done well,thou knowest it;if ill,to thy infinite merc

32、y I commend my soul.”Last statement prior to execution in 1815Miguel Hidalgo y CostillaJos Mara Morelos y PavnMexicos Fight for Independence Level V1516For the next five years,there was no real leader for Mexican independence,and by 1816,Spanish soldiers had killed most of the rebels.Spains king for

33、ced Mexicans to pay taxes,and the kings harsh actions caused many Mexicans who hadnt taken part in the revolution to now turn against Spain.In 1820,there was a revolution in Spain,and the Creoles believed this would be a perfect time to try again for independence.In 1821,a Spanish colonel named Agus

34、tn de Iturbide (ah-gus-TEEN deh ee-tur-BEE-deh)was sent with 2,500 Spanish soldiers to stop a Mexican rebellion in central Mexico.A group of powerful Creoles approached Iturbide and convinced him to betray his Spanish commander.He agreed to fight alongside them with his army in the Creoles fight for

35、 independence.In exchange,Iturbide was to have the power to dictate the terms of Mexicos independence.In September of 1821,Iturbide led troops to conquer Mexico City,the center of Spanish government.He declared himself the head of the new independent government of Mexico.Spanish officials escaped an

36、d returned to Spain.Spanish troops enter Mexico City.Mexicos National Palace is built on the site of Montezumas palace.Mexicos Fight for Independence Level V1718Mexico was now independent!The Mexicans fought for their freedom for 11 years.They may have lost as many as 600,000 lives.At last,their lon

37、g years of sacrifice had paid offthey were free and independent.But the Creoles couldnt agree on how Mexicos government should work.Some people wanted a monarchy,ruled by a king.Others desired a republic like the United States,governed by Mexicos citizens.Iturbide decided for everyone in 1822 when h

38、e established a monarchy by declaring himself Emperor Agustn I.He was not a good ruler,and the people turned against him.By 1823,he was dethroned.Republic After Iturbide was dethroned,a congress was established.This congress wrote a constitution for a democratic country,similar to the United States.

39、However,there were still major disagreements.One group wanted a strong central government and wanted Roman Catholicism to be the national religion.Another group wanted the states to have more power,and they wanted to be free to worship as they wished.At last in 1824,the groups reached a compromise,a

40、nd Mexico became a republic.They formed a national government led by a two-house congress.A governor and a legislature led each state.The first president was Guadalupe(hwah-dah-LOO-peh)Victoria.Do You Know?Mexicos national flag was created in 1821.Green represents independence,white is for religious

41、 purity,and red stands for the Spanish who joined Mexicans in the fight for independence,plus the blood of Mexican heroes.Agustn de IturbideGuadalupe VictoriaMexicos Fight for Independence Level V1920 Celebration!The Mexican people will never forget the people and events that led to their countrys i

42、ndependence.Mexican Independence Day is a huge celebration,or fiesta,every year throughout Mexico.Each year,the celebration begins on the night of September 15.People all over Mexico gather in town centers.In Mexico City,around half a million people crowd into the city square.Everyone watches the cl

43、ock.At exactly 11:00,the crowd quiets.Mexicos president comes out of the palace onto the balcony.He wears a sash of red,white,and green,and carries a large Mexican flag.The president rings the same liberty bell that Hidalgo rang when he called the people to fight against the Spanish for their freedo

44、m.As Hidalgo did so many years ago,the president shouts,“Viva Mxico!”and“Viva la independencia!”His voice booms through loudspeakers.Cinco de MayoCinco de Mayo(SEEN-ko deh MY-oh),May 5th,is not Mexican Independence Day.It celebrates the victory of a small group of Mexicans over the French army at th

45、e Battle of Puebla.Mexicans gather in city squares to celebrate.A girl in traditional dress riding in Independence Day festivitiesMexicos Fight for Independence Level V2122The crowd screams“Viva Mxico!”and“Viva la independencia!”while they toss confetti and blow on their horns.Everyone sings Mexicos

46、 national anthem.Red,white,and green fireworks light the sky.Similar ceremonies take place all over Mexico at the same time.The next day,September 16,is Independence Day.Mexicans celebrate with parades,feasts,rodeos,bullfights,and horseback riding competitions.Statues of Hidalgo are decorated with r

47、ed,white,and green flowers.Its a fine celebration in honor of Mexicos long,hard,yet rewarding fight for independence.Independence Timeline By 15,000 bc:First native inhabitants known to be living in Mexico1200-200:Olmec civilization prospersad 300-900:Mayan civilization prospers1300-1520:Aztec civil

48、ization prospers1325:Aztec city of Tenochtitln founded on the island in Lake Texcoco1520:Hernn Corts conquers Tenochtitln for Spain.1520-1810:Mexico is a colony of Spain.1810:Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla leads the revolution against Spain.1821:Agustn de Iturbide leads the war for independence.Me

49、xico wins independence.1822:Iturbide is Mexicos first emperor.1824:Mexico becomes a republic;Guadalupe Victoria is Mexicos first president.Traditional clothing is just part of the Independence Day festivities.Statue of HidalgoMexicos Fight for Independence Level V2324 Glossary anthem a song of natio

50、nal pride(p.21)civilizations groups of people with a certain way of living(p.6)compromise a decision in which both sides of an argument give up certain things to reach an agreement(p.18)Creoles people born in Mexico whose parents were born in Spain(p.13)dethroned removed from power(p.18)fiesta Spani