原版英语RAZ 教案(Z1) The Great Wall of China_DS.pdf

《原版英语RAZ 教案(Z1) The Great Wall of China_DS.pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《原版英语RAZ 教案(Z1) The Great Wall of China_DS.pdf（12页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、WritingImagine you are visiting the Great Wall of China.Which section will you choose to visit?Write an essay explaining your choice.Use information from the book and outside resources.Social StudiesResearch a Chinese dynasty and write a report.Include dates,emperors,battles,and feats accomplished d

2、uring the dynasty.ConnectionsVisit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.The Great Wall of ChinaA Reading AZ Level Z1 Leveled BookWord Count:1,899www.readinga-LEVELED BOOK Z1LEVELED BOOK Z1Written by Kira FreedThe Great Wall of China20Glossarybrutal(adj.)extremely difficult to cope with

3、;harsh (p.13)carbon dating(n.)a test used to determine age that analyzes the amount of certain kinds of carbon in something very old that was once alive (p.19)crenellated(adj.)having gaps in the low wall at the top of a structure where weapons can be faced outward for defense(p.14)domesticating(v.)r

4、aising an animal or plant so it can live easily with or to the benefit of people(p.10)fortification(n.)a defensive structure built to make something stronger or more resistant to attack;a fort(p.15)heritage(n.)a way of life,tradition,or characteristic that is passed down from generation to generatio

5、n(p.9)kilns(n.)special ovens for burning,baking,and drying materials such as clay,brick,or glass(p.15)nomadic(adj.)moving from place to place without a permanent home(p.10)parapets(n.)short protective walls along the top edges of structures such as roofs or bridges(p.8)restoration(n.)the act of retu

6、rning something to its original condition(p.7)spatial(adj.)of or relating to space and the ways things fit together within it(p.6)traverses(v.)moves through or across an area(p.8)www.readinga-How can Chinas history be told through the construction of the Great Wall?Focus QuestionWritten by Kira Free

7、dThe Great Wall of China2019A little over two hours north of Beijing is the Jinshanling(JEEN-shahn-ling)section,which is about 10 kilometers(6 mi.)long.The Great Wall of China Level Z1New DiscoveriesContrary to rumors,the Great Wall isnt visible from space,but its still impressive.Its length is equa

8、l to almost half the distance around Earths equator.A new section was discovered in 2011 in Mongolias Gobi Desert.An expedition led by British explorer William Lindesay turned up a 100-kilometer(62 mi.)length of wall,one part made from blocks of volcanic rock and the other from mud and shrubs.Using

9、carbon dating,scientists linked it to the Western Xia(SHEE-yuh)dynasty(10381227),which hadnt been known to build walls before this discovery.The Great Wall of China is a remarkable landmark that continues to fascinate more than two thousand years after construction began.As people study the wall and

10、 discover additional sections,new aspects of Chinas colorful history will be revealed.The Great Wall of ChinaWorld Landmarks Level Z1 Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Kira FreedAll rights reserved.www.readinga-brutalcarbon datingcrenellateddomesticatingfortificationheritagekilnsnomadicparapets res

11、torationspatialtraversesWords to KnowFront cover:The Great Wall crosses a variety of terrains,including rugged mountainous areas.Title page:British painter Ron Embleton shows how the wall might have looked centuries ago in his painting The Great Wall.Page 3:A section of the wall near the North Korea

12、n borderPhoto Credits:Front cover:ukasz Kurbiel/iStock/Thinkstock;back cover:vincent369/iStock/Thinkstock;title page:Look and Learn/Bridgeman Images;page 3:Robert Harding World Imagery/Alamy;page 4:RubberBall/RubberBall/Superstock;page 6(left):Rod Porteous/Robert Harding World Imagery/Corbis;page 6(

13、right):Xiaoyang Liu/Corbis;page 7:YellowRiver2011/iStock/Thinkstock;page 8:Oksanaphoto/D;page 9:Imaginechina/Corbis;page 10:REX USA/British Library/Robana/Rex;page 11:caitao/123RF;page 12:Hung_Chung_Chih/iStock/Thinkstock;page 16(main):REX USA/Gordon Sinclair/The Travel Library;page 16(top inset):Si

14、xten Johansson/REX/Shutterstock;page 16(bottom inset):Jf123/D;page 17:Jin Peng/D;page 18:David G.McIntyre/EPA/Landov;page 19:Paul Springett 10/AlamyCorrelationLEVEL Z1WXN/A60Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRA193The Great Wall of China Level Z1Table of ContentsArchitectural Wonder .4Sleeping Dragon .

15、5Many Walls .7Many Enemies .10Construction Methods Over Time .13Many Visitors .17New Discoveries .19Glossary .2018One Great Wall Marathon participant described the event as beautiful as well as the most brutal race he had ever run.Visitors lucky enough to explore the Great Wall should expect to do a

16、 lot of walking,climbing,and picture taking.They can also take a guided tour to learn about the walls history and construction.Cable car rides are available at some sections,and outdoor enthusiasts can hike from one section to another and camp overnight.Other adventures include a toboggan ride at Mu

17、tianyu and paragliding at Simatai.People with a taste for extreme sports can participate in the Great Wall Marathon,which is one of the most challenging marathons in the world.The event,which began in 1999,involves 2,500 runners from more than 60 countries.4In 1987,the Great Wall of China was design

18、ated a World Heritage Site by the United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESCO).Architectural WonderImagine a wall longer than the distance between the North and South Poles.If you were to take all the sections of the Great Wall of China and place them in a straight line,th

19、ats about how far theyd stretch.The wall is an extraordinary feat of engineering and design as well as one of the most ambitious construction projects ever undertaken.Its also one of Earths most iconic human-made landmarks and a testament to Chinas long,rich history.Voted one of the New Seven Wonder

20、s of the World,the Great Wall is Chinas biggest and most popular tourist attraction.17Over the years,visitors to Badaling have included more than 370 heads of state and other famous people.The Great Wall of China Level Z1Many VisitorsPeople come to China from all over the world to see the Great Wall

21、.The features of the different sections offer a variety of experiences for the millions of people who visit each year,but most everyone agrees on one thing:get in shape before you go!The most commonly visited sections are conveniently located near Beijing,particularly Badaling,which was the first se

22、ction to be restored and open to the public,in 1955.It has been described as the grandest section,and because of the many renovations,it is the safest section to walk.Badaling is also the site of the Great Wall Museum,which has nine exhibition halls on topics related to history,construction,art,and

23、culture.Other sections of the wall are less crowded than Badaling,and many are also considerably steeper.5The Great Wall of China Level Z1Sleeping DragonPeople built the Great Wall along Chinas northern border over many centuries for protection from invaders and to preserve Chinese culture from outs

24、ide influences.Although the wall didnt always succeed in keeping out invaders,to anyone who wanted to harm China and its civilization,the wall was a huge obstacle to overcome.The wall roughly follows the southern edge of Inner Mongolia,a self-governing region of China that was usually under the cont

25、rol of non-Chinese peoples when the wall was built.YELLOW SEACHINAMONGOLIAThe Great Wall of ChinaThe Great Wall of ChinaBeijingHJaiyu Mountain Pass(western end of Great Wall)Inner MongoliaHushan Great Wall(eastern end of Great Wall)150 km(93 mi.)sections of the Great WallInner Mongolia borderKey16Th

26、e Great Wall of ChinaThe Great Wall of ChinaThe Simatai section of the Great Wall is 5.4 kilometers(3.3 mi.)long with thirty-five beacon towers.Each year,over ten million people come to China to see the Great Wall.There are an amazing 25,000 watchtowers and 15,000 outposts along the sections of the

27、Great Wall.Length:combined total length of all sections about 21,196 kilometers(13,170 mi.);the longest series of structures ever built Width:widest section about 9 meters(30 ft.);tallest part of wall is about 8 meters(26 ft.)Elevation:lowest point is at sea level;highest point is more than 500 mete

28、rs(1,600 ft.)in elevation6From mountainous passes far to the west(left),the wall makes its way across China.Its easternmost section extends into the Yellow Sea(right).Builders designed the Great Wall according to the ancient Chinese art and science of feng shui(FUNG SHWAY),a set of spatial principle

29、s that suggest how things should be arranged in relation to the flow of energy over the land.According to feng shui,the landscape is a living dragon.The Chinese people designed the Great Wall to flow over the landscape harmoniously.People often refer to the Great Wall as a sleeping dragon.The tail o

30、f the dragon,at the western end,is located in Gansu(GAHN-soo)Province.The head,in the east,is in Liaoning(lee-OW-ning)Province near the Yellow Sea.From west to east,the dragons body passes through deserts,steppes,rugged mountains,lakes,rivers,fertile lowlands,and beaches.The Great Wall is not in one

31、 continuous section;it has many sections that were built over the centuries.It might more accurately be called the Great Walls of China.15Ming Wall ConstructionMing Wall ConstructionThe Great Wall of China Level Z1A 483-kilometer(300 mi.)section was added during the Han dynasty(206 bcad 220),and ext

32、ensive rebuilding took place during the Sui dynasty(581618).Additional building happened during the Song dynasty(9601279),and major repairs and rebuilding took place during the Ming dynasty(13681620).The Ming emperors had certain hang-tu sections of the Great Wall covered with brick or stone.Archite

33、cts,stonecutters,and bricklayers participated in the construction,which involved forming large bricks with wooden molds and then baking them in kilns.Once they were placed in position,the spaces in between were filled with mortar.Stone,which was stronger than bricks,was the material of choice for pa

34、rts of the wall that required extra fortification.crenellationbrick or stone wallstone baseparapetearth and stonespaved surface7The Badaling section of the Great Wall is about 70 kilometers(43 mi.)north of the capital city of Beijing.The Great Wall of China Level Z1Many WallsNine of the sections tha

35、t comprise the Great Wall run parallel to each other.Several of the main sections of the Great Wall are within 121 kilometers(75 mi.)of Beijing(bay-ZHING),Chinas capital.The Great Wall was voted one of the New Seven Wonders of the World in 2007.Badaling(BAH-dah-ling),the best-preserved section,has u

36、ndergone extensive restoration.It winds along steep mountains northwest of Beijing for about 12 kilometers(7.5 mi.)and has forty-three watchtowers.Farther east in the mountains is Huanghuacheng(hwong-HWAH-chung),about 10.8 kilometers (6.7 mi.)long.Located in an area with lakes,this section is named

37、for the yellow flowers that blanket the area in summer.Two large Chinese characters meaning“firm and strong”are carved on an enormous rock below the wall.14The first sections of hang-tu construction,which appeared over two thousand years ago,were separate walls around villages rather than a single,l

38、ong barrier.As China grew,its walls changed as well.Various dynasties determined the location of new construction according to where their enemies were at the time.During the Zhou(JOH)dynasty(770476 bc),hang-tu walls surrounded small states.During the ensuing Warring States Period(475221 bc),walls p

39、rotected large states that battled each other.Large,continuous sections of wall appeared during the Qin dynasty(221206 bc),with more than 5,000 kilometers(3,100 mi.)of wall built during that time.This wall is often considered to be the original Great Wall.Towers built from wood and sun-baked brick h

40、ad a ladder inside that led up to a platform at the top,surrounded by a crenellated parapet.Archers equipped with crossbows were stationed in the towers,which were spaced so that any enemy caught between two towers would be within shooting range.The towers were connected with hang-tu walls that were

41、 wide enough at the top for four horses to travel side by side.On the north side of the wall were outposts that housed several hundred soldiers who would signal to other towers if they spotted the enemy.8The Mutianyu section winds through high mountain peaks.Parts of this section of the wall are mad

42、e of granite.A particularly scenic portion of the Great Wall traverses high mountains to the east of Huanghuacheng.Mutianyu(MOO-tyen-yoo),which measures 2.25 kilometers(1.4 mi.)long,has many parapets and twenty-two watchtowers,including three that protect a gateway platform.Northeast of Beijing,Sima

43、tai(SU-mah-tie)is roughly 5 kilometers(3 mi.)long and has also undergone extensive restoration.Known for its steepness,this section has thirty-four watchtowers,about half of them on each side of Mandarin Duck Lake.Just south of Simatai,Juyongguan(JOO-yoong-gwahn)is located in a valley encircled by m

44、ountains.It was a military stronghold and the site of many fierce battles.This section of the wall features a white marble platform that has an arched doorway with sacred statues and writings.131.Workers built a wooden frame and pounded it full of earth or sand and shrubs.2.They built up the wall un

45、til they reached the desired height.3.Workers removed the frame.Hang-tu ConstructionHang-tu Construction123The Great Wall of China Level Z1Construction Methods Over TimeThe Great Wall was built in stages over thousands of years by soldiers,convicts,war prisoners,and peasants,among others.Some people

46、 were forced to build the wall and had to work under brutal conditions.Earlier sections were built using the hang-tu,or rammed earth,method,which involved pounding down packed earth inside a frame made of wood or bamboo.In certain desert areas where soil wasnt available,packed sand and desert shrubs

47、 were used instead.9Following a survey in 2009 at the Badaling Great Wall,authorities celebrate finding that the wall is longer than they had previously thought.This was one of many official surveys conducted by the Chinese government.The Great Wall of China Level Z1In China,the wall is called Wan L

48、i Chang Cheng,which means the“Long Wall of Ten Thousand Li.”A li is a Chinese measurement that equals about one-half of a kilometer(one-third of a mile),so ten thousand li equals about 5,000 kilometers(3,100 mi.).As recently as 2009,Chinas State Administration of Cultural Heritage reported that the

49、wall wasnt much longer than that.However,a five-year survey completed in 2012 using advanced technologya combination of GPS,3-D modeling,satellite images,aerial maps,and dronesrevealed that the wall is actually about 21,196 kilometers(13,171 mi.)long when the lengths of all the sections are added to

50、gether.12Researchers recently identified a secret mortar ingredient:sticky rice!Through experimentation,they discovered that adding 3 percent sticky rice to lime is the ideal ratio,resulting in a mixture that is stronger than modern mortar.Reconstruction work on the wall now incorporates this time-t