原版英语RAZ 教案The Super School Bus System.pdf

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1、WritingResearch a system that another country uses to get students to school.Use a Venn diagram to compare that system with the U.S.system.Then,write a paragraph about how they are the same and different.Social Studies Create a timeline about the history of the school bus in the United States that i

2、ncludes facts and pictures.Use the book and outside resources.ConnectionsThe Super School Bus SystemA Reading AZ Level X Leveled BookWord Count:1,539Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.www.readinga-LEVELED BOOK XRUXWritten by Keith and Sarah KortemartinSupeSuper School Bus Syste

3、mSuper School Bus SystemThewww.readinga-Written by Keith and Sarah KortemartinSupeSuper School Bus SystemSuper School Bus SystemTheWhat are the benefits of a school bus system?Focus QuestionWords to Knowcarbon emissionscommutingcontroversialde factoentitledmass transitresistanceruralschool districts

4、segregatedsparselytransportationThe Super School Bus SystemLevel X Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Keith and Sarah KortemartinAll rights reserved.www.readinga-CorrelationLEVEL XS4040Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRAPage 3:Children at an army base ride a horse-drawn“bus”to school in 1943.Old-fash

5、ioned transportation helped conserve gasoline and tires during World War II.Photo Credits:Front cover:Yellow Dog Productions/Exactostock-1598/SuperStock;title page:LizCoughlan/iStock/Thinkstock;pages 3,11(right):Bettmann/Getty Images;page 4:Tetra Images/Alamy Stock Photo;page 8:Library of Congress/C

6、orbis/VCG/Getty Images;page 9:courtesy of Library of Congress,P&P Division,LC-DIG-npcc-13446;page 11(left):courtesy of Library of Congress,P&P Division,LC-DIG-ds-00762;page 13:Robert Daemmrich Photography Inc/Corbis Historical/Getty Images;page 15:Keith Srakocic/AP Images3Table of ContentsThe Trusty

7、 Bus .4Taxes to Transportation .5Mass Transit on a Massive Scale .6History .8Safety .12Yellow Buses Go“Green”.13Conclusion .15Glossary .16The Super School Bus System Level X4The Trusty BusSarah walks outside on a freezing winter day.Its so frigid that when she pauses to pull her hood over her head,s

8、he can feel strands of hair sticking together.Theyre not quite dry,and the water from her morning shower has frozen instantly on her head.She shivers and gets moving,heading out to the school bus stop a block from her familys apartment.As cold as it is,though,shes not concerned about standing outsid

9、e:she knows she wont have to wait for long.The bus arrives right on time,and she greets the driver as she boards,but in her mind shes busy reviewing material for her science test.She barely notices as the bus pulls out of the stop and rumbles down the road,taking her to school.Its a part of her day

10、she simply takes for granted.In fact,the school bus is such a common sight on the roads that few people stop to think about how that bus system works.5Taxes to Transportation The school bus system is one of the most important and complex mass transit systems in the United States.Busing students to s

11、chool requires the efforts of a small army of people,including bus drivers,mechanics,and school transportation coordinators.The system depends,too,on a well-developed network of roads that connect remote rural areas with larger towns and cities.School buses travel on all kinds of roadways,from inter

12、state highways to unpaved rural lanes.Remarkably,the vehicles,drivers,mechanics,and even the fuel that make the school bus system work are controlled by individual school districts.There is no central authority that coordinates school buses;each district works out its own busing solutions.School bus

13、es are paid for with taxpayer money that often comes from local property taxes.Those taxes pay for services such as police departments,fire departments,libraries,and schools.In addition,individual states sometimes give schools transportation funds that are used for busing.Buses are crucial to the Am

14、erican public school system,which is based on the principle that everybody is entitled to an education.The Super School Bus System Level X6Mass Transit on a Massive ScaleCoordinating the buses that transport students to and from school is an enormous job.The fleet of public school buses in the Unite

15、d States employs more vehicles and moves more people than any other form of mass transit in the nation.In 2013,about 480,000 buses transported slightly more than half of public school students to school each day.In fact,the American school bus fleet has more than twice as many vehicles as all the ot

16、her mass transit systems in the country combined.Across the Pacific Ocean,in Hong Kong,90 percent of all travel is done by mass transit,and seven million people ride daily.Compare this to the twenty-six million students across the United States who used school buses daily in 2013.The American school

17、 bus system is so enormous for several reasons.The countrys large geographical size,its large population,and its lack of other public transit options for students in many places make school buses essential.This is especially true in rural areas,which often have no public transit options at all.Rural

18、 American school buses tend to have very complex and wide-ranging routes.The rural school bus system in Kingman,Arizona,for example,covers an area larger than the entire state of Delaware.73+5+2=104+102=14x23=2555+2=17+3x22027=14x23=2520=5-2=3x22027=14x23=2520=5-2x6=18-212=85=In order to make these

19、wide-ranging bus routes work efficiently,school transportation coordinators must examine a number of factors.They must try to ensure that students dont spend too much time commuting every day.They must establish bus stops that are not too far away from students homes(each district determines accepta

20、ble“walk ranges”to the bus stop).Many districts offer bus service to any student who lives more than 2 miles(3.2 km)from school.In addition,students who might be placed in dangerous situations by walking to school(such as crossing a highway)are often offered bus service.Coordination of bus routes ta

21、kes place before each school year begins.The Super School Bus System Level XMath MinuteAt 1,954 square miles(5,060 sq km),Delaware is the second smallest of the fifty states.In Arizona,the Kingman Unified School District(KUSD)is more than 3,000 square miles(7,779 sq km).If KUSD is 3,000 square miles

22、,how much larger is it than the state of Delaware?Answer:1,046 square miles(2,709 sq km)8HistoryAmerican public schools began organizing mass transportation for their students long before the modern school bus existed.In the nineteenth century,many students attended one-room schoolhouses in sparsely

23、 populated rural school districts.In these situations,some students walked,while others used horse-drawn wagons or sleds to get to school.Over time,school districts discovered that it was efficient to use a system of horse-drawn wagons.The wagons would travel between prearranged collection points,pi

24、cking up students and transporting them to school.A horse-drawn stagecoach school bus waits in front of a Colorado high school around 1910.9As populations expanded and technology advanced,transit systems transitioned to using motor vehicles.The basic concept of public transportation for students,how

25、ever,remained the same.Using large passenger vehicles,school districts designed routes,circulated vehicles,fetched students before school,and delivered them home(or near home)at days end.Yes to YellowThe big yellow school bus familiar to todays American students developed over time.The first motoriz

26、ed vehicles that transported students didnt look much like modern buses.A school bus from the 1920s,for example,resembled an extra-long Model T.Buses gradually grew larger to accommodate more and more students.The yellow color of modern school buses was adopted because it was highly visible.Educator

27、s and parents wanted the school buses to stand out on the road so that motorists could easily see them and stop in time to allow students to board safely.Today,American school buses are required by federal law to be painted a color called“National School Bus Glossy Yellow”and to be identified with t

28、he label“School Bus”in letters at least 8 inches(20 cm)high.These regulations are designed to make school buses instantly recognizable.a school bus in 1925The Super School Bus System Level X10In the second half of the twentieth century,school districts attempted to coordinate the existing school bus

29、 system to achieve a new goal:school integration.School integration refers to the process of bringing African American and white students together in schools.Prior to 1954,many American schools were segregated,meaning that black students and white students were sent to separate schools.These segrega

30、ted schools were not equal.White students usually received better educational opportunities and more resources than black students did.Then came a landmark decision by the U.S.Supreme Court in 1954 called Brown v.Board of Education.The Supreme Court declared that school segregation discriminated aga

31、inst African American students,and the process of integration began.While integration met fierce resistance in the South,in Northern and Western states segregation was de facto.That is,black and white students already lived in separate neighborhoodsas a result,they went to different schools.This is

32、where school buses played an important role.In the 1970s and 1980s,schools collaborated to bus black students to white schools and vice versa in a practice called desegregation busing.This practice was controversial,however,and by the 1990s most school districts had stopped it.11In recent years,scho

33、ol transportation coordinators have faced new challenges as they plan school bus routes for districts that have consolidated schools.Consolidation is a process in which several smaller schools combine in one larger building.Consolidation can cut education costs since many students can share resource

34、s in a larger school.However,consolidation also requires some students to travel much farther to school.This makes the bus system extremely important in these districts,and it makes bus routes larger and more complex.One of the countrys longest school bus routes,in rural Texas,transported some stude

35、nts roughly 100 miles (160 km)each way in the mid-1990s.These students spent more time on the bus than they did in school!White children ride a bus from a North Carolina suburb to Charlottes inner city in 1973(left).Black children and their moms ride a bus across Cleveland,Ohio,as part of a desegreg

36、ation plan in 1979(right).The Super School Bus System Level X12SafetySchool transportation coordinators work closely with drivers and mechanics to ensure school bus safety.In fact,the American public school bus system is the safest transportation option for students.According to the National Safety

37、Council,school buses are forty times safer than private cars.School districts require bus drivers to undergo intensive safety training,and buses are examined frequently for mechanical issues.In addition,school buses have a number of built-in safety features,such as emergency exits,reinforced roof st

38、ructures,and a seat layout that helps keep students safe in the event of a crash.Seats are spaced closely together,and seat backs are constructed to absorb an impact.This structure places passengers in a type of protective box.Interestingly,in most states,safety belts are not required on school buse

39、s,though a few(such as Texas,New York,and California)have passed bus safety belt laws.Other bus safety features may include flashing stop signs to alert drivers that students are getting off or on the bus and cameras that help drivers see whats happening inside the bus and outside.We can expect to s

40、ee additional safety upgrades in the school bus system as technology advances.13Yellow Buses Go“Green”Some school districts are also beginning to make environmentally friendly upgrades to buses.A school district in New York,for example,introduced a fully electric school bus in 2016 with zero carbon

41、emissions,which means the electric engine doesnt put pollutants into the air.The bus can travel for about 120 miles (190 km)before it needs to be recharged.Another“green”trend in school bus technology is the use of propane fuel.Propane is much less expensive than traditional diesel fuel,and it helps

42、 to reduce emissions as well.Do You Know?The Houston Independent School District added 44 new buses to its 1,100-vehicle fleet at the beginning of the 2016 school year;these buses now include full three-point safety belts for every passenger.Though seat belts make passengers in private cars much saf

43、er,there is some debate about whether this holds true for school buses,which are designed according to much more rigorous safety standards.In addition,its hard for school bus drivers to supervise correct seat belt use since buses often hold more than fifty students at a time,which limits the effecti

44、veness of the safety belts.Hybrid buses like this one use both electric power and diesel fuel.In 2007,drivers of hybrid buses reported better mileagealmost twice the mileage of regular school buses.The Super School Bus System Level X14School buses can also reduce carbon emissions by replacing privat

45、e vehicles on the road.The average school bus can transport fifty-four students.That eliminates about thirty-six private vehicles that would otherwise be used to drive students to school.This fact,along with newer,greener technology,can help keep the air cleaner.14.4 gallons each tripBar 2=1.4 gallo

46、ns each tripBar 3=.8 gallons each trip0369121514.4(54.5 L)1.4(5.3 L)0.8(3 L)Gallons per 10-mile(16 km)trip36 family vehiclesregular bus(diesel fuel)hybrid bus(diesel+electric)On the Road:Fuel EfficiencyBuses are bigger than cars,so they use more gas to go the same distance.When you consider the numb

47、er of passengers,though,buses are far more fuel efficientand far less polluting.15ConclusionAs the school bus slows to a stop,Sarah opens her eyes,startled to find that shes dozed off.She hastily gathers her things and follows the other students off the bus.The driver calls out,“Have a good day!”Sar

48、ah and the other students wave as they head into the school building.The bus pulls away from the curb,its job done for now.At the end of the day,itll be waiting for them,ready to start the whole journey again in reverse.The Super School Bus System Level X16Glossarycarbon emissions(n.)carbon dioxide

49、released into the atmosphere(p.13)commuting(v.)traveling from one place to another on a regular basis,often for school or work(p.7)controversial(adj.)causing much disagreement(p.10)de facto(adj.)existing in practice but not officially accepted or recognized(p.10)entitled(adj.)deserving of or having

50、a right to something(p.5)mass transit(n.)a public transportation system that moves large numbers of people using buses,subways,or trains(p.5)resistance(n.)the act of fighting or opposing something(p.10)rural(adj.)of or relating to the country rather than the city(p.5)school districts(n.)areas or reg