初中英语语法重点资料.docx

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1、初中英语语法重点11.1 一般现在时的用法1）经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语：every-, sometimes, at-, on Sundayo 例如：I leave home for school at 7 every morning.每天早上我七点离开家。2）客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。例如：The earth moves around the sun.地球绕太阳转动。Shanghai lies in the east of China.上海位于中国东部。3）表示格言或警句。例如：Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。注意：此用法如果

2、出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round.哥伦布证实了 地球是圆的。4）现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如：I dont want so much.我不要那么多。Ann writes good English but does not speak well.安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup.把糖放入杯子。I am doing my homework now.我正在做功课。第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，

3、表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是 进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。11.2 一般过去时的用法1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982 等。例如：Where did you go just now?刚才你上哪儿去了 ？1)shall用于第一人称，常被will所代替。will在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。 例如：Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先读哪一段呢？W

4、ill you be at home at seven this evening?今晚七点回家好吗？2) be going to +不定式，表示将来。a.主语的意图，即将做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow?明天打算作什么呢？b.计划，安排要发生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced next montho这出戏下月开播。c.有迹象要发生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.看那乌云，快要下雨了。3) be +不定式表将来，按计划或

5、正式安排将发生的事。例如：We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。4) be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。例如：He is about to leave for Beijing.他马上要去北京。注意：be about to do不能与tomorrow, next week等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。返回动词的时态目录11.5 be going to / will用于条件句时，be going to表将来,will表意愿。例如：If you are going to make a journey, you

6、d better get ready for it as soon as possible.Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.返回动词的时态目录11.6 be to 和 be going tobe to表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事，be going to表示主观的打算或计划。例如：I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.明天下午我去踢球。（客观安排）Pm going to play footb

7、all tomorrow afternoon.明天下午我想去踢球。（主观安排）返回动词的时态目录11.7 一般现在时表将来1）下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上 已确定或安排好的事情。例如：The train leaves at six tomonow morning.火车明天上午六点开。When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.汽车什么时候开？十分钟后。2）以here, there等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。例如：Here

8、comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.铃响 了。3）在时间或条件句中。例如：When Bill comes （不是 will come） , ask him to wait for me.比尔来后，让他等我。Ill write to you as soon as I arrive there.我到了那里，就写信给你。4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如：1 hope they have a nice t

9、ime next week.我希望他们下星期玩得开心。Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.离开房间前，务必把窗户关 了。返回动词的时态目录11.8 用现在进行时表示将来下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如：Im leaving tomorrow.明天我要走 了。Are you staying here till next week?你会在这儿呆到下周吗？返回动词的时态目录11.9 现在完成时现在完成时用来表示之前

10、已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的 动作或状态。其构成：have （has） +过去分词。返回动词的时态目录11.10 比较一般过去时与现在完成时1） 一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强 调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。2）一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday, last week, ,ago, in1980, in October, just now等，皆为具体的时间状语。现在完成时的时间状语:for,

11、since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always 等，皆 不确定的时间状语。共同的时间状语：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.o一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, bec

12、ome, get married等。例如：I saw this film yesterday.（强调看的动作发生过了）1 have seen this film.（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了）Why did you get up so early?（强调起床的动作已发生过了）Who hasnl handed in his paper?（强调有卷子未交，疑为不公平竞争）He has been in the League for three years.(在团内的状态可延续)He has been a League member for three years.(是团员的状态可持续)句

13、子中如有过去时的时间副词(如yesterday, last, week, in I960)时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。(错)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.(对)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.返回动词的时态目录11.11 用于现在完成时的句型1) It is the first / second time.that结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。例如：It is the first time that I have visited the city.这是我第

14、一次访问这城市。This is the first time (that) Pve heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late.2) This is +形容词最高级+that结构，that从句要用现在完成时。例如:This is the best film that Ive (ever) seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。典型例题(1) Do you know our town at all?-No, this is the first time I here.A. was B. h

15、ave been C. came D. am coming答案B. This is the first time后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。(2) -Have youbeen to our town before?-No, its the first time I here.A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never,此两词常用于完成时。注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。（错）I have

16、 received his letter for a month.（对）I havent received his letter for almost a month.返回动词的时态目录11.12 比较 since 和 forSince用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如：I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。I have lived here since I was born.我从出生起就住在这儿了。注意：并非有for作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。I worked here for more

17、than twenty years.（我现在 已不在这里工作。）I have worked here for many years.（现在我仍在这里工作。）注意：用句型转换的方法，很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。1）（对） Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.2）（错） Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began

18、 to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.显然， 第二句不对， 它应改为 Harry got married six years ago.或 Harry has been married for six years.返回动词的时态目录11.13 since的四种用法1） since +过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six）。例如：I have been here since 1989. 1989 起，我一直在这儿。2） since +一段时

19、间+ ago。例如：I have been here since five months ago.我在这儿，已经有五个月 了。3） since +从句。例如：Great changes have taken place since you left.你走后，变化可大 了。Great changes have taken place since we were here.我们走后， 变化可大 了。4） It is +一段时间+ since从句。例如：It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.我考上研究生有两年了。返回动词的时态目录

20、11.14 延续动词与瞬间动词1）用于完成时的区别延续动词表示经验、经历；瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如：He has completed the work.他已完成了那项工作。（表结果）Pve known him since then.我从那时起就认识他了。（表经历）2）用于till/until从句的差异延续动词用于肯定句，表示做直到”瞬间动词用于否定句，表示到，才%例如：He didn*t come back until ten ofclock.他到 10 点才回来。He slept until ten oclock.他一直睡至lj 10 点。典型例题1. You

21、 dont need to describe her. I her several times.A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet答案B.首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，several times告知为反复 发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。2. 一Fm sorry to keep you waiting.-Oh, not at all. I here only a few minutes.A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be答案A.等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成

22、时。返回动词的时态目录11.15过去完成时1)概念：表示过去的过去_|11-其构成是had +过去分词构成。那时以前那时现在2)用法a.在d, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如：She said (that) she had never been to Paris.她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。b.状语从句在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。例如：When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.警察到达时，小偷们早就跑 了。c.表示意向的动词，如hope, wis

23、h, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示“原本，未能 例如：We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt.那时我们希望你能来，但是你没有来。3) 过去完成时的时间状语 before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as。例如：He said that he had learned some English before.他说过他以前学过一些英语。By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to ma

24、ke a living by himself.至lj 了十二岁那年，爱迪生开始自己谋 生。Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.汤姆失望了，因为他到达晚会时，大部分客人已经走了。典型例题The students busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she in the office.A. had written, left B, were writing, has left C. had written, had lef

25、t D. were writing, had left答案D. ”把书忘在办公室“发生在“去取书”这一过去的动作之前，因此“忘了书”这一动作发生在过去的过去, 用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在“同学们正忙于”这一背景下，when所引导的动 作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。注意：had hardly- when还没等就。例如：I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me.我刚打开门，他就打 T 我。had no sooner, than 刚就。例如：He had no sooner bought the car than he

26、sold it.他刚买了 这辆车，转眼又卖了。返回动词的时态目录11.16用一般过去时代替过去完成时1）两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then, and, but等连词时，多用一般过去时。例如：When she saw the mouse, she screamed.她看到老鼠，就叫了起来。My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.姑妈给了我一顶帽子，我把它丢了。2 ）两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。例如：When I heard the news, I was very excited.3）叙述历史事实，可

27、不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。例如：Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.返回动词的时态目录11.17将来完成时 1) 构成 will have done2）概念a.状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如：They will have been married for 20 years by then,到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。b.动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如：You will have reached Shanghai by this

28、 time tomorrow.明天此时，你已经到达上海 了。返回动词的时态目录11.18 现在进行时现在进行时的基本用法：a.表示现在（指说话人说话时）正在发生的事情。例如：We are waiting for you.我们正在等你。b.习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。例如：Mr. Green is writing another novel.他在写另一部小说。（说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。）c.表示渐变，这样的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin 例如：The leaves are turning red.叶

29、子在变红。Its getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热 了。d.与always, constantly, forever等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观 色彩。例如：You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。典型例题My dictionary, I have looked for it everywhere but still it.A. has lost, dont find B. is missing, dont find C. has lost, havent found D. is

30、 missing, havent found.答案D.前句是一个仍在持续的状态，应用进行时，由于没有找到，其影响仍然存在，应用完成时，瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。返回动词的时态目录11.19 不用进行时的动词1）表示事实状态的动词，如 have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue 等。例如：I have two brothers.我有两兄弟。This house belongs to my sister.这房子是我姐的。2）表示心理状态的动词，如 kn

31、ow, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate 等。例如：I need your help.我需要你的帮助。He loves her very much.他爱她很深。3）瞬间动词,如 accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse 等。例如：I accept your advice.我接受你的劝告

32、。4） 系动词，seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn 例如：You seem a little tired.你看上去有点累。返回动词的时态目录11.20过去进行时1）概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。2）过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作延续的时候，另一个短动作发生。3） 常用的时间状语有 this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, whi

33、le等。例如：My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.我兄弟骑车时摔了下来，受了伤。It was raining when they left the station.他们离开车站时，正下着雨。When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.我到达山顶时,阳光灿烂。2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。例如:When I was a child, I often played football in the street.我是

34、个孩子的时候，常在马路上踢足球。Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.那时，布朗一家无论什么时候去，都受到热烈欢迎。3）句型：It is time for sb. to do sth ”到时间了”“该了“。例如：It is time for you to go to bed.你该唾觉了。It is time that sb. did sth. ”时间已迟了 ”早该了，例如 It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。would （had） rather sb

35、. did sth.表示咛愿某人做某事例如：Id rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。4） wish, wonder, think, hope等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等，而一般过去时表示的动作或状 态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。例如：I thought you might have some.我以为你想要一些。比较：Christine was an invalid all her life.（含义：她已不在人间。）Christine has been an invalid all her life.（含义：她现在还活着）Mrs. Darby lived

36、 in Kentucky for seven years.（含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。）Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.（含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去）注意：用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。1）动词 want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如：Did you want anything else?您还要些什么吗？I wondered if you could help me.能不能帮我下。2）情态动词could, wouldo例如：Could you lend me your

37、 bike?你的自行车，能借用一些吗？II .3 used to / be used toused to + do：”过去常常”表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。例如：典型例题1) Marya dress when she cut her finger.A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes答案C.割伤手指是已发生的事情，应用过去时。同时，when表时间的同时性，”玛丽在做衣服时”提供事情 发生的背景，因此用过去进行时。2) As shethe newspaper, Granny asleep.A. read； was falling

38、B. was reading； fell C. was reading； was falling D. read； fell答案B.句中的as = when, while,意为当之时”。描述一件事发生的背景时，用过去进行；一个长动作 发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。句意为”在她看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。”句中的fell (fall的过去时)，是 系动词,后跟形容词,如：fall sicko参考资料：回答者：心莲天-实习生 一级 2009-2-9 09:281.名词名词可以分为专有名词(Proper Nouns)和普通名词(Common Nouns),专有名词是某个(些)人，地方， 机构等专有的名称，

39、如Beijing, China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book, sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类：1)个体名词(Individual Nouns)：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。2)集体名词(Collective Nouns)：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：familyo3)物质名词(Material Nouns)：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。4)抽象名词(AbstractNouns)：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词(Countable Nouns),物质名词和抽象

40、名词一般无法 用数目计算，称为不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)。归纳一下，名词的分类可以下图表示：II专有名词II |名11个体名词| 1111可数名词I III集体名词| II普通名词III I词II物质名词11 1111不可数名词| I 11抽象名词I I一般现在时的用法1）经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语： every，sometimes, at-*, on SundayI leave home for school at 7 every morning.2）客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。The earth moves around the s

41、un.Shanghai lies in the east of China.3）表示格言或警句中。Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round.4）现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。I dont want so much.Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.比较： Now I put the sugar in the cup.I am doing my

42、 homework now.第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back.第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况， 所以后句用一般现在时。名词复数的规则变化情况构成方法读音例词 一般情况 加-s 1 .清辅音后读/s/; map-maps2.浊辅音和元音后bag-bags读 /z/; car-cars以 s,sh,ch,x等结尾的词加-es读/iz/ bus-buses watch-watches以 ce,se,ze, (d)ge等

43、结尾的词力口 -s 读 /iz/license-licenses以辅音字母+y变y为i结尾的词 再加es读/z/ babybabies人称代词的用法1）人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或主语补语，例如：John waited a while but eventually he went home.约翰等了一会儿，最后他回家了。John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she.约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽，还真是她。说明：在复合句中，如果主句和从句主语相同，代词主语要用在从句中，名词主语用在主句中，例如：When he arrived

44、, John went straight to the bank.约翰一到就直接去银行了。2）人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语，但在口语中也能作主语补语，第一人称在省略句中，还可 以作主语，例如：I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.我看到她和他们在一起，至少我认为是她。（her做宾 语，them做介词宾语，her做主语补语）a. Who broke the vase? 一谁打碎了 花瓶？b. Me.-我。（me 做主语补语=Its me.）说明：在上面两例句中，her和me分别作主语补语。现代英语中多用宾格，在正式文体中

45、这里应为she和I。名词的格在英语中有些名词可以加“s”来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teachefs booko名词所有格的规则如下：1）单数名词词尾加“,s，复数名词词尾没有s,也要加“s，Uli the boy*s bag男孩的书包，men*s room男厕 所。2）若名词已有复数词尾-s 只加0：the workers* struggle工人的斗争。3）凡不能加“s”的名词，都可以用名词+of+名词”的结构来表示所有关系，如：the title of the song歌的名 字。4）在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰

46、的名词，如：the barbers 理发店。5）如果两个名词并列，并且分别有，s,则表示“分别有”；只有一个k,则表示共有:如：Johns and Mary*s room （两间）John and Marys room （一 间）6）复合名词或短语，1加在最后一个词的词尾。如：a month or twos absenceMother used not to be so forgetful.老妈过去没那么健忘。Scarf used to take a walk.斯卡夫过去常常散步。be used to + doing：对已感到习惯，或习惯于，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。例如：He is u

47、sed to a vegetarian diet.Scarf is used to taking a walk.斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。11.4 一般将来时1) shall用于第一人称，常被will所代替。will在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。 例如：Which paragraph shall I read first?我先读哪一段呢？Will you be at home at seven this evening?今晚七点回家好吗？2) be going to +不定式，表示将来。a.主语的意图，即将做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow?明天打算作什么呢？b.计划，安排要发生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced next montho这出戏下月开播。c.有迹象要发生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.看那乌云，快要下雨了。3) be