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1、Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.VolcanoesA Reading AZ Level Z Leveled BookWord Count:2,415www.readinga-VolcanoesLEVELED BOOK ZWritten by Chuck GarofanoSVZWritten by Chuck Garofanowww.readinga-VolcanoesLevel Z Leveled Book Learning AZISBN 1-59827-752-9Written by Chuck Garofan

2、oAll rights reserved.www.readinga-CorrelationLEVEL ZUVN/A50Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRAVolcanoesPhoto Credits:Front cover:iS Grodin;back cover:iS Albiez;title page:courtesy of Robert Krimmel/U.S.Geological Survey;page 3:Windwardskies/D;page 4:ArtToday;page 5:iS Huss;page 6:InterNetworkMedia/Ph

3、otoDisc/Getty Images;page 7:Peter Horree/Alamy;page 8:courtesy of James St.John;page 9:Jill Battaglia/D;page 10:Andrea Danti/D;page 13(inset):courtesy of Jacques Descloitres/MODIS Land Rapid Response Team/NASA/GSFC;page 14:iS 15(left):courtesy of Jim Nieland,U.S.Forest Service,Mount St.Helens Nation

4、al Volcanic Monument;page 15(right):courtesy of Lyn Topinka/USGS;page 16:courtesy of Tom Casadevall/USGS;page 17:Pierrette Guertin/123RF;page 18:Keoni Debelka/D;page 19:iS Moments;page 20:iS Fortelny;page 21(top):courtesy of T.P.Miller/USGS;page 21(bottom):courtesy of Lyn Topinka/USGS;page 22:Hirosh

5、i Ichikawa/DArt Credits:page 11:Signe Nordin/Learning AZ;pages 12,13(main):Craig Frederick/Learning AZVolcanoes Level Z 2324Glossaryairborne(adj.)carried through the air(p.6)billowed(v.)bulged and swelled out in response to wind(p.7)caldera(n.)a large bowl-shaped basin where the land has collapsed i

6、nto an empty magma chamber(p.17)cinders(n.)lightweight black rocks or pebbles formed by small pieces of flying lava and ash(p.20)crater(n.)a bowl-shaped hollow area in a volcano where lava,ash,and gases come out(p.14)debris(n.)scattered pieces of something that are left after the rest has gone or be

7、en destroyed(p.5)dormant(adj.)quiet for many hundreds of years(p.4)evacuate(v.)to move out of danger(p.6)extinct(adj.)not having erupted in thousands of years and showing no sign of future eruptions(p.4)forge(n.)a very hot fire where metal is melted to be shaped by blacksmiths(p.9)geothermal(adj.)of

8、 or related to the heat produced naturally inside Earth(p.22)geysers(n.)springs that periodically shoot out jets of heated water and steam (p.13)lahar(n.)a large mudslide caused by an erupting volcano(p.16)magma(n.)melted liquid rock beneath Earths surface(p.10)obliterated(v.)completely destroyed(p.

9、15)pyroclastic a hot mixture of rocks,water,flow(n.)and gases that moves rapidly in response to gravity(p.6)seismic(adj.)relating to the shaking of the Earth,as by an earthquake(p.4)surge cloud(n.)a fast,superheated cloud of ash,gas,dust,and rock that moves along the ground(p.7)tectonic plates(n.)th

10、e large sheets of rock that make up Earths crust(p.10)teeming(v.)filled with;swarming(p.4)threshold(n.)the point at which an effect begins to be produced(p.15)traverse(v.)to move through or across an area(p.6)tremendous(adj.)very great in size,amount,strength,or excitement(p.5)viscous(adj.)having a

11、thick,syrupy consistency(p.15)volcanologists(n.)scientists who study volcanoes (p.9)Written by Chuck Garofanowww.readinga-VolcanoesLevel Z Leveled Book Learning AZISBN 1-59827-752-9Written by Chuck GarofanoAll rights reserved.www.readinga-CorrelationLEVEL ZUVN/A50Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRAVo

12、lcanoesPhoto Credits:Front cover:iS Grodin;back cover:iS Albiez;title page:courtesy of Robert Krimmel/U.S.Geological Survey;page 3:Windwardskies/D;page 4:ArtToday;page 5:iS Huss;page 6:InterNetworkMedia/PhotoDisc/Getty Images;page 7:Peter Horree/Alamy;page 8:courtesy of James St.John;page 9:Jill Bat

13、taglia/D;page 10:Andrea Danti/D;page 13(inset):courtesy of Jacques Descloitres/MODIS Land Rapid Response Team/NASA/GSFC;page 14:iS 15(left):courtesy of Jim Nieland,U.S.Forest Service,Mount St.Helens National Volcanic Monument;page 15(right):courtesy of Lyn Topinka/USGS;page 16:courtesy of Tom Casade

14、vall/USGS;page 17:Pierrette Guertin/123RF;page 18:Keoni Debelka/D;page 19:iS Moments;page 20:iS Fortelny;page 21(top):courtesy of T.P.Miller/USGS;page 21(bottom):courtesy of Lyn Topinka/USGS;page 22:Hiroshi Ichikawa/DArt Credits:page 11:Signe Nordin/Learning AZ;pages 12,13(main):Craig Frederick/Lear

15、ning AZVolcanoes Level Z 2324Glossaryairborne(adj.)carried through the air(p.6)billowed(v.)bulged and swelled out in response to wind(p.7)caldera(n.)a large bowl-shaped basin where the land has collapsed into an empty magma chamber(p.17)cinders(n.)lightweight black rocks or pebbles formed by small p

16、ieces of flying lava and ash(p.20)crater(n.)a bowl-shaped hollow area in a volcano where lava,ash,and gases come out(p.14)debris(n.)scattered pieces of something that are left after the rest has gone or been destroyed(p.5)dormant(adj.)quiet for many hundreds of years(p.4)evacuate(v.)to move out of d

17、anger(p.6)extinct(adj.)not having erupted in thousands of years and showing no sign of future eruptions(p.4)forge(n.)a very hot fire where metal is melted to be shaped by blacksmiths(p.9)geothermal(adj.)of or related to the heat produced naturally inside Earth(p.22)geysers(n.)springs that periodical

18、ly shoot out jets of heated water and steam (p.13)lahar(n.)a large mudslide caused by an erupting volcano(p.16)magma(n.)melted liquid rock beneath Earths surface(p.10)obliterated(v.)completely destroyed(p.15)pyroclastic a hot mixture of rocks,water,flow(n.)and gases that moves rapidly in response to

19、 gravity(p.6)seismic(adj.)relating to the shaking of the Earth,as by an earthquake(p.4)surge cloud(n.)a fast,superheated cloud of ash,gas,dust,and rock that moves along the ground(p.7)tectonic plates(n.)the large sheets of rock that make up Earths crust(p.10)teeming(v.)filled with;swarming(p.4)thres

20、hold(n.)the point at which an effect begins to be produced(p.15)traverse(v.)to move through or across an area(p.6)tremendous(adj.)very great in size,amount,strength,or excitement(p.5)viscous(adj.)having a thick,syrupy consistency(p.15)volcanologists(n.)scientists who study volcanoes (p.9)Volcanoes L

21、evel Z 2122Lava domes also result from small,brief eruptions,but the lava that forms these structures is a thick,pasty liquid that oozes from the vent and quickly hardens.Sometimes,more lava pushes up and expands through the center of the dome,cracking the outside.These domes often form in areas wit

22、h other volcanic activity.They are often found in the craters and calderas of larger volcanoes.Like composite volcanoes,lava domes often explode violently.ConclusionVolcanoes are the most spectacular evidence we have that Earth is a changing planet.Lava pouring from a volcanic vent creates new rock

23、and new land,and volcanic ash makes extremely fertile soil that is useful for farming.In some places,people use the geothermal energy from volcanoes to run power plants and produce electricity.Some people even live inside volcanoes.In Rabaul,in the country of Papua New Guinea,volcanoes sometimes eru

24、pt inside the town.Volcanic mountains,including Mount Fuji in Japan,Mount Rainier in Washington,and Mauna Loa in Hawaii,are some of the most recognizable and beautiful mountains in the world.It is no wonder that humans often choose to live near volcanoes,but we should always remember that volcanoes

25、can be violent,dangerous places.Volcanoes unleash some of Earths most powerful forces.Beautiful Mount Fuji in JapanLava dome atop Novarupta vent,Katmai National Park and Preserve,Alaska(above);a scientist monitoring a lava dome inside a craterlava domeVolcanoes Level Z 34Table of ContentsThe Eruptio

26、n of Vesuvius.4People and Volcanoes .8Where and Why Volcanoes Form .10Composite Volcanoes.14Shield Volcanoes.18Cinder Cones and Lava Domes.20Conclusion.22Glossary.23The Eruption of VesuviusFew people in the Roman city of Pompeii were alarmed by the earthquakes that began shaking the region in ad 79.

27、They had endured seismic activity in the past and had rebuilt their city whenever any significant damage occurred.Usually,though,the earthquakes were minor,and people had grown accustomed to them.The residents of Pompeii loved their beautiful city and would not leave just because the ground occasion

28、ally shook or a building fell down.No one connected the trembling ground with the plume of smoke that steadily hissed from nearby Mount Vesuvius.After all,people had lived in Pompeii for centuries without ever witnessing a volcanic eruption,and the slopes of Mount Vesuvius were teeming with life and

29、 were covered with trees,flowers,and grass.It had been a thousand years since the volcano had erupted,so most people assumed that it was dormant,or even extinct.This volcano shows signs of activity.Volcanoes Level Z 34Table of ContentsThe Eruption of Vesuvius.4People and Volcanoes .8Where and Why Vo

30、lcanoes Form .10Composite Volcanoes.14Shield Volcanoes.18Cinder Cones and Lava Domes.20Conclusion.22Glossary.23The Eruption of VesuviusFew people in the Roman city of Pompeii were alarmed by the earthquakes that began shaking the region in ad 79.They had endured seismic activity in the past and had

31、rebuilt their city whenever any significant damage occurred.Usually,though,the earthquakes were minor,and people had grown accustomed to them.The residents of Pompeii loved their beautiful city and would not leave just because the ground occasionally shook or a building fell down.No one connected th

32、e trembling ground with the plume of smoke that steadily hissed from nearby Mount Vesuvius.After all,people had lived in Pompeii for centuries without ever witnessing a volcanic eruption,and the slopes of Mount Vesuvius were teeming with life and were covered with trees,flowers,and grass.It had been

33、 a thousand years since the volcano had erupted,so most people assumed that it was dormant,or even extinct.This volcano shows signs of activity.Volcanoes Level Z 2122Lava domes also result from small,brief eruptions,but the lava that forms these structures is a thick,pasty liquid that oozes from the

34、 vent and quickly hardens.Sometimes,more lava pushes up and expands through the center of the dome,cracking the outside.These domes often form in areas with other volcanic activity.They are often found in the craters and calderas of larger volcanoes.Like composite volcanoes,lava domes often explode

35、violently.ConclusionVolcanoes are the most spectacular evidence we have that Earth is a changing planet.Lava pouring from a volcanic vent creates new rock and new land,and volcanic ash makes extremely fertile soil that is useful for farming.In some places,people use the geothermal energy from volcan

36、oes to run power plants and produce electricity.Some people even live inside volcanoes.In Rabaul,in the country of Papua New Guinea,volcanoes sometimes erupt inside the town.Volcanic mountains,including Mount Fuji in Japan,Mount Rainier in Washington,and Mauna Loa in Hawaii,are some of the most reco

37、gnizable and beautiful mountains in the world.It is no wonder that humans often choose to live near volcanoes,but we should always remember that volcanoes can be violent,dangerous places.Volcanoes unleash some of Earths most powerful forces.Beautiful Mount Fuji in JapanLava dome atop Novarupta vent,

38、Katmai National Park and Preserve,Alaska(above);a scientist monitoring a lava dome inside a craterlava domeVolcanoes Level Z 1920Eruptions of shield volcanoes are usually gentle rather than explosive,although the lava flows can still destroy roads,homes,and forests.Sometimes a shield volcano contain

39、s hot gases or steam that sprays from the crater,creating a bright lava fountain.Since the paths of the lava flows are stable and predictable,scientists are often able to get very close to study them.Shield volcanoes can remain quietly active for long periods of time and grow to become extremely lar

40、ge in the process.Mauna Loa on Hawaii is the tallest volcano in the world,rising 9,170 meters(30,080 ft)from its base on the seafloor,making it taller than Mount Everest.If Mauna Loa erupts again,it could grow even taller.However,even Mauna Loa seems tiny when compared to the largest known volcano i

41、n our solar systemOlympus Mons on Mars.This enormous Martian shield volcano stands 27 kilometers(17 mi)tall.Cinder Cones and Lava DomesSome volcanoes are not active long enough to form large mountains.Instead,they may just spray small bits of lava into the air for brief periods of time.The small lav

42、a chunks and bits of ash harden into lightweight black rocks called cinders.The cinders pile up around the vent into a cone-shaped hill with a crater at the top.Such hills are called cinder cones.Brand-new volcanoes that suddenly appear often form cinder cones.Other cinder cones pile up inside the c

43、raters or calderas of larger,older volcanoes.Most cinder cones erupt only once.Because cinder cones are made of loose rocks,they usually erode quickly in the wind and rain.Olympus Mons,on the surface of Mars,is the largest volcano in the solar system.It would cover the entire state of Arizona.Cinder

44、 cones at Mauna Kea volcano,HawaiiVolcanoes Level Z 56People in the cities surrounding Mount Vesuvius tried to evacuate the area as the volcano demolished their homes and farms.They gathered their valuables and most portable treasures and hurried their families away from the disaster.Some people tri

45、ed to traverse the thick layers of ash that covered the ground,but the ash was so deep and so hot that many people died.Others were struck and killed by stones falling from the dark sky,and some choked and suffocated on the ash-and dust-clogged air.Around midnight,the crisis grew even worse.The mass

46、ive cloud of ash,poisonous gases,glowing-hot dust,and smoke had become so dense and heavy that it could no longer remain airborne.The cloud collapsed into a pyroclastic flow,racing down the mountain at speeds of up to 500 kilometers per hour(310 mph).But everything changed on August 24 around one oc

47、lock in the afternoon.Suddenly,a tremendous explosion shook the area around the mountain,sending molten rock,ash,and dust spewing from the summit of the volcano and darkening the sky.This dust,ash,and stone(collectively known as tephra)rained down on the city,covering the ground as far away as 16 ki

48、lometers(10 mi)from the mountain.By three oclock,lava gushed from the mouth of the volcano at an alarming rate,destroying everything in its path.By six oclock,the cloud of dust and ash had ascended to 32 kilometers (20 mi)in height,and the swirling energy inside it generated lightning bolts.The ash

49、continued to blanket the area,covering the ground to a depth of 1 meter(3.3 ft)and causing buildings to collapse under the weight of the falling debris.Glowing-hot lava bubbles up inside a volcano.Mount Vesuvius overlooks the excavated ruins of Pompeii.Volcanoes Level Z 56People in the cities surrou

50、nding Mount Vesuvius tried to evacuate the area as the volcano demolished their homes and farms.They gathered their valuables and most portable treasures and hurried their families away from the disaster.Some people tried to traverse the thick layers of ash that covered the ground,but the ash was so