原版英语RAZ 教案(U) Get Moving! All About Muscles.pdf

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1、www.readinga-LEVELED BOOK UGet Moving!All About MusclesA Reading AZ Level U Leveled BookWord Count:2,002Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.Written by Lisa TrumbauerGet Moving!All About MusclesCorrelationLEVEL UQ4040Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRAWritten by Lisa Trumbauerwww.

2、readinga-Get Moving!All About MusclesLevel U Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Lisa TrumbauerAll rights reserved.www.readinga-Photo Credits:Front cover,pages 3,5(top),6,7,9(inset),10(all),11(inset),13(inset),14,19(inset),23:Jupiterimages Corporation;back cover,pages 8,11,12,15,20(all):ArtToday;titl

3、e page:Frank Franklin II/AP Images;page 4:Lawrence Manning/Corbis;pages 5(bottom),9,18:Learning AZ;page 13:Jupiterimages Corporation;page 16:Klaus Guldbrandsen/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers,Inc.;page 19(left):Astrid&Hanns-Frieder Michler/Photo Researchers,Inc.;page 19(center):Science Photo

4、 Library/Photo Researchers,Inc.;page 19(right):Innerspace Imaging/Photo Researchers,Inc.;page 21:Goodshoot/CorbisGet Moving!All About MusclesGet Moving!All About Muscles Level U 34Table of ContentsA Moving Machine.4Muscle Monster.6Make a Musclethe Skeletal Muscles.8Mirror,Mirror .12Dont Think About

5、Itthe Smooth Muscles .14One Morethe Cardiac Muscle .16A Closer Look .18Muscle Building .20Conclusion .22Glossary .23Index .24A Moving MachineHave you ever walked by a gym and watched people lifting weights?Maybe you even have weight training in school.Running,bending,twistingthese are all forms of t

6、raining your body and“shaping up.”But what,exactly,are you training?What are you shaping?What is all this lifting and grunting and straining about?Its about your muscles.Muscles are the parts of the body that allow you to move.If you didnt have muscles,you wouldnt be able to lift or jump or walk,or

7、even write or smile or chew.Your muscles make your body a moving machine.Shaping up,or getting into shape,means shaping your muscles so they are strong and powerful.Strong,powerful muscles make your body move more efficiently.This woman lifts weights to keep her arm muscles in shape.Muscle MonsterTh

8、is scary creature isnt the latest creepy movie monster,or even an oddball superhero.Actually,this creature is you.Its what you look like,under your skin,with all your skeletal muscles in place.The dark,stringy-looking things are the muscles,and the whitish parts are the tendons.Tendons are fibers th

9、at attach muscles to bones.You cant see any bones in this diagram,can you?Thats because muscles cover the bones and are attached to them.The muscles literally pick up the bones,such as those in your arms and legs,and make them move.Get Moving!All About Muscles Level U 56The human body is loaded with

10、 muscles of many different sizesmore than 600 muscles in all.Although all muscles help your body move,muscles are divided into three main types:the skeletal muscles,the smooth muscles,and the cardiac muscle.Two of these muscle typesthe smooth muscles and the cardiac muscleare involuntary muscles.Tha

11、t means that they move on their own,without our telling them to move.Skeletal muscles,in contrast,are voluntary,which means they move because we want them to.Most of the muscles in your body are skeletal muscles.So lets get moving,and see what the skeletal muscles are all about.A Muscle MinuteYoure

12、getting ready to turn the page,arent you?As you do,think of all the muscles you use just to do this one small task.Muscles lift your arm,and muscles move your hand and fingers,which enable you to flip the page.You could say that muscles made you do it!This is what your body looks like under your ski

13、n.Muscle MonsterMake a Musclethe Skeletal MusclesHave you ever asked anyone to“feel your muscle”?What did you do?You probably made a fist,lifted your forearm toward your shoulder,and pointed to the bulge that formed on your upper arm.Good job!Youve just provided a good example of how muscles work.Wh

14、en you pulled your arm upward,the muscle in your upper arm,the biceps,contracted.It pulled on the bone,causing your forearm to lift.You can feel the contracted biceps muscle bulging under your skin.Although muscles allow us to do all kinds of movements,pulling is the only movement that muscles thems

15、elves can do.Get Moving!All About Muscles Level U 78Heres how these muscles work.If you want to move,you form the thought in your brain.Your brain then sends a signal to the muscles needed to make the movement you are thinking about.You might wiggle your toes,or snap your fingers,or even lift your e

16、yebrows.Once the signal reaches the muscles,your muscles begin to move.Each muscle pulls on the bone to which it is attached,and this pulling puts your body in motion.Because your brain must tell these muscles to move,these movements are voluntary.The voluntary muscles are your skeletal muscles.Your

17、 brain tells your leg muscles to kick a ball.The biceps muscle contracts to pull up the forearm.biceps muscleGet Moving!All About Muscles Level U 910In order for you to lower your arm,another muscle must get into action.This muscle is the triceps muscle,and it lies on the underside of your upper arm

18、.When you lower your arm,the biceps muscle relaxes,and the triceps muscle contractsit pulls your forearm down.In most cases,therefore,your muscles must work as a team.One muscle pulls,or contracts,so that you can move in one way;then another muscle must pull,or contract,so your body can move in the

19、opposite way.Muscles in your legs move your legs in a similar way as the muscles in your arms.Try this:sit down,stretch out your leg,and feel the top of your thigh.The muscle you feel here is the quadriceps(KWAD-ri-seps),which enables you to lift your leg.If you bend your knee toward you,you might f

20、eel a muscle on the back of your thigh.This is the hamstring,which makes your knee bend.A big muscle bulges on your lower leg,at the back.You might call this your calf muscle,but its more scientific name is the gastrocnemius(gas-trok-NEE-mee-us).Stand up,and lift your foot behind you.This is the fun

21、ction of the calf muscleto pull up the heel of your foot.quadricepshamstringcalf musclesartoriusAchilles tendongluteus maximusMuscles work as a team so this man can lift the box.A Muscle MinuteThe deltoid muscles in the shoulders lift the arms.The trapezius(treh-PEE-zee-us)muscles are near the neck,

22、and they lift the shoulders.The biceps and triceps move the lower arm.deltoidstricepstrapeziusRunners use their leg muscles.bicepsGet Moving!All About Muscles Level U 1112Run your hand down from the back of your calf to the top of your heel.Do you feel that flexible part,just above your ankle?This i

23、s actually a tendon,called the Achilles(eh-KIL-eez)tendon.It is your bodys longest and strongest tendon,connecting your calf muscle to the bone in your heel.A few other important muscles are found in your legs,such as the sartorius(sahr-TOR-ee-us).It is your bodys longest muscle,and it is responsibl

24、e for allowing your leg to twist and bend at the knee.Then theres the biggest muscle of allthe gluteus maximus(GLEWT-ee-us MAK-seh-mus).This is the muscle that you feel in your butt.Mirror,Mirror Take a look at yourself in the mirror,and make a bunch of funny faces.Wiggle your eyebrows,move your lip

25、s,blink your eyes.How is your face able to make all these expressions?Once again,your skeletal muscles made you do it.In fact,the muscles of your eye are the most active muscles in your body.Scientists think that these muscles move more than 100,000 times a day.The skull is the bone that makes up mo

26、st of your head,and it is largely covered with muscles.Only one bone on your face actually movesyour jaw,or the mandible(MAN-dih-bul).Only two muscles on your face are needed to raise and lower your jaw.The temporalis is connected to your temple,and the masseter(ma-SEET-er)is connected to your cheek

27、bone.A Muscle MinuteAchilles was a warrior in Greek myth whose only weak spot was his heel.The tendon that connects the calf muscle to the heel bone is called the Achilles tendon after him.Your jaw muscles help you bite and chew food.The sartorius muscle allows this runners knee to bend so she can s

28、tretch her leg muscles.Get Moving!All About Muscles Level U 1314Dont Think About Itthe Smooth MusclesEvery time you eat,you set a variety of muscles into motion.A few of those muscles are skeletal,because they move your jaw up and down.Other muscles move inside your body to help move food through yo

29、ur system.These muscles move without any instructions from you.Moving all on their own,or involuntarily,these muscles are called smooth muscles.Smooth muscles are generally smaller and thinner than skeletal muscles.They are responsible for the small ways in which the organs inside your body move.Smo

30、oth muscles push food to your stomach;then smooth muscles push food from your stomach into your intestines.Eventually,smooth muscles push the unused food out of your body.So what do the other muscles on your face move?They move other muscles,which are attached to the skull.As the muscles move under

31、your skin,your face shows different expressions.For example,some muscles of your face help you to smile and frown.Muscles that help you smile are attached to your cheekbone on one end and to your lips on the other.When the muscles contract,your lips move up.Other muscles are attached to the chin and

32、 the lips.These muscles pull your lips down into a frown.A Muscle MinuteHow many muscles are needed to make you smile?Seventeen!Thats nothing,though,compared to how many muscles are needed to form a frownforty!Thats more than double the amount needed to smile.So it really does take less effort to sm

33、ile than to frown.Involuntary muscles keep your food moving through your body.You can use your muscles to make unusual faces.Get Moving!All About Muscles Level U 1516One Morethe Cardiac MuscleYour body has one more type of muscle,and it is the only one of its kind.It is the cardiac muscle,or your he

34、art.Like the smooth muscles,your heart muscle is always in motion,even though you havent asked it to do anything.It is an involuntary muscle,pumping and pushing blood through your body,every minute,every second,of every day.Your heart keeps your body running smoothly by pumping blood throughout your

35、 body.The heart has openings that control the flow of blood moving through it.These openings,called valves,are controlled by smooth muscles,which open and close the valves.In fact,the shutting of the valves is the sound of your heart beating.When smooth muscles inside your heart contract,blood moves

36、 from one section of the heart to the other.Your heart might not be the biggest muscle in your body,but it is definitely the most important.Blood vessels also have smooth muscles,and these muscles are found inside the vessels walls.These smooth muscles help push blood through the vessels and ultimat

37、ely through your body.Smooth muscles are also important for breathing.Once the air enters your body,smooth muscles push the air downward and into your lungs.Without smooth muscles,you wouldnt be able to breathe,your blood would not be able to flow,and your food would not pass into your stomach and o

38、ut again.The Eyes Have ItAnother important smooth muscle is in your eye.The black part of your eye is called the pupil.It gets bigger when you are in the dark to let in more light,and it gets smaller when you are in the light to limit the light.How does the pupil get bigger and smaller?Muscles pull

39、the pupil open and closed.What you need:A flashlight,mirror,and dark room.1.Put your face close to the mirror.Look into the mirror with the flashlight off.See how large your pupils are.2.Turn on the flashlight.Shine the light toward your eyes,but not directly in them,and watch your pupils get smalle

40、r.A doctor holds a human heart removed during transplant surgery.Try ThisThe average adult heart beats 72 times per minute.One beat is one lub-dub.That means each lub-dub and rest happens in less than one second!Get Moving!All About Muscles Level U 1718A Closer LookYouve probably noticed that skelet

41、al muscles appear to be dark and rather stringy.Muscles are made up of special cells called fibers,and the fibers are,indeed,very long.In addition,each muscle fiber is made up of smaller fibers,called myofibrils.Long muscle fibers are bound together in groups called fascicles.All the fascicles are h

42、eld together by tissues,and the fascicles and tissues make up one strand of muscle.So one muscle can have several thousand fibers,and many more myofibrils.Protein PowerProtein is an important building block for muscles.Eating protein replenishes the protein in your muscles,keeping your muscles stron

43、g.Luckily,you can get all the protein you need from almost any food that isnt“junk food,”including grains,vegetables,meat,eggs,and legumes(beans,peas,soy,lentils,and peanuts).How the Cardiac Muscle Works When doctors listen to your heart they hear your cardiac muscle contracting.The sound it makes i

44、s lub-dub.The lub is the cardiac muscle contracting the upper chambers of the heart.The dub is the cardiac muscle contracting the lower chambers of the heart.1 The lub,or first contraction,pushes blood from the upper chambers of the heart to the lower chambers.2 The dub,or second contraction,pushes

45、the blood from the lower chambers out to the lungs and the rest of your body.3 Then the cardiac muscle rests,which allows the upper chambers to fill with blood again.4 The next lub-dub,or pair of contractions,happens without you having to think about it.upper chamberupper chamberto lungsto bodyblood

46、 from bodyblood from lungs3131lower chamberlower chamber22Get Moving!All About Muscles Level U 1920Muscle BuildingYour smooth muscles and your cardiac muscle are constantly moving,so you dont need to exercise them.Your skeletal muscles,however,need you to take care of them.Your muscles adjust to the

47、 way your body uses them.If you use your muscles a lot,your muscles remain strong and may even become stronger.Health experts tell us to exercise to keep our muscles working properly.Muscles also become tired.Unlike your smooth and cardiac muscles,which never rest,your skeletal muscles do need to re

48、st.It takes a lot of oxygen to keep these muscles moving.Rest helps the muscles regain their strength.If you compare the three types of muscles under a microscope,you can see other ways in which skeletal,smooth,and cardiac muscles differ.The cells of the skeletal muscles appear separate and straight

49、.Smooth-muscle cells are also straight,but they are more firmly connected.The cells of the cardiac muscle,or the heart,are more wavy and branching.Different ways to exercise your skeletal musclesCardiacmuscle cellsA Muscle MinuteThe smallest muscle in your body is a smooth muscle,and it is in your e

50、ar.It is called the stapedius,and it controls the movement of a bone in your ear.You would need a microscope to see this muscleit is only 0.01 inches(0.0254 cm)long.Smoothmuscle cellsSkeletalmuscle cellsGet Moving!All About Muscles Level U 2122However,when you are not very active,your muscles are no