原版英语RAZ 教案(S) Galileo.pdf

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1、Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.GalileoA Reading AZ Level S Leveled BookWord Count:1,044WritingResearch to learn more about one of Galileos discoveries.Write at least one paragraph describing the discovery and how it changed peoples understanding of the world.ScienceDraw a d

2、iagram or create a model of the solar system.Include details that Galileo discovered.Share your work with your class.Connectionswww.readinga-LEVELED BOOK SPSVWritten by Keith and Sarah KortemartinIllustrated by Wesley LoweGalileoGalileowww.readinga-How do questions lead to new discoveries?Focus Ques

3、tionWritten by Keith and Sarah KortemartinIllustrated by Wesley LoweGalileoPhoto Credits:Title page,page 10(left):Granger,NYC;page 4:iS 7:Alexey Gnilenkov/Alamy Stock Photo;page 10(right):courtesy of NASA/JPL;page 11(Sun):Chad Baker/Photodisc/Getty Images;page 11(Venus):Stocktrek Images/Stocktrek Im

4、ages/Getty Images;page 11(Earth):Wavebreakmedia Ltd/Wavebreak Media/Getty Images Plus;page 11(background):iS to Knowaccurateastronomychandeliergravitylaws of naturemeasurablephasepublishedsolar systemsunspotstelescopetrialCorrelationLEVEL SO3434Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRAGalileoLevel S Levele

5、d Book Learning AZWritten by Keith and Sarah KortemartinIllustrated by Wesley LoweAll rights reserved.www.readinga-3Table of ContentsIntroduction .4Galileos Childhood .5The Student .6The Professor .8The Astronomer .9In Trouble with the Church .12Science After Galileo .15Glossary .16MEDITERRANEAN SEA

6、ItalySicilyFranceSwitzerlandAustriaSardiniaPisaRomeMEDITERRANEAN SEASpainGermanyFranceEnglandItalyRomeATLANTIC OCEAN02001003005007004006008000100mileskilometers200300400500CorsicaGalileo Level S4IntroductionWhat do music,a chandelier,and the planet Venus have in common?They each played a part in the

7、 discoveries of one of historys greatest scientists,a man who lived five hundred years ago.That man was Galileo Galilei.Galileo was born in Italy in 1564 during the Italian Renaissance.The Renaissance was a time of excitement and discovery.Painters,writers,mathematicians,musicians,builders,and scien

8、tists all developed new ideas during the Renaissance.Galileo was what we now call a“Renaissance man,”an expert in several subjects at once.He used ideas from many areas to make scientific discoveries.Even more importantly,though,Galileo was good at asking questions.Though this habit eventually got h

9、im in trouble,Galileos questions would change the way we understand the world.Galileo Galilei5Galileos ChildhoodGalileo was the son of Vincenzo Galilei,a musician and composer.Vincenzo was curious about how music worked.He taught young Galileo to be curious,too.Galileo would remain curious all his l

10、ife.He looked closely at everything,recorded what he saw,and tried to explain what he had recorded.Galileo Level S6The StudentAs a young man,Galileo became fascinated with math and physicsthe scientific study of matter,energy,and motion.In fact,he made one of his first major discoveries in physics a

11、 year before he entered university.On a windy day in 1582,Galileo went to church.The church had a large chandelier hanging from the ceiling.Galileo noticed that the wind outside was making the chandelier swing back and forth.Sometimes the chandelier swung only a few inches from side to side.Sometime

12、s the movement was much largeras much as a few feet from side to side.But Galileo noticed something strange.Although some swings were much wider than others,every swing took exactly the same amount of time.7By watching the chandelier,Galileo discovered that a weight that swings back and forth can ke

13、ep time.Later,he designed the first clock that used a swinging weight.Clocks like his are still in use today.Despite his early achievements in math and physics,Galileo did not study math when he first entered the University of Pisa in 1583.His father urged Galileo to become a doctor instead.Galileos

14、 medical studies never fascinated him as much as math and physics,though.In fact,he never finished his degree;he left university in 1585 because of money problems.For the next four years,Galileo worked as a math tutor,but he would not stay away from the university for long.Grandfather clocks such as

15、 this one still use pendulums to keep time.Galileo Level S8The ProfessorIn 1589,Galileo returned to the University of Pisa to teach mathematics.Shortly afterward,he was invited to teach math in Padua.He remained in Padua for the next eighteen years.Throughout his teaching career,Galileo continued to

16、 test his ideas.He was interested in gravity and conducted several experiments with falling objects.In the process,he proved that heavy objects fall at the same rate as lighter ones.However,the discoveries that would make him famous were still to come.Galileos biggest discoveries happened when he be

17、gan to study the sky.Do You Know?There is a famous story about one of Galileos experiments.When he was a young professor,the story goes,he dropped two cannonballs from the Leaning Tower of Pisa.One cannonball was much heavier than the other,but they fell at the same speed.Today,its not certain wheth

18、er Galileo actually tossed cannonballs from the Leaning Tower of Pisa as part of his experiments with gravity.9The AstronomerIn 1609,Galileo heard about a“spyglass”invented in the Netherlands.When a person gazed through the spyglass,faraway objects looked much closer.Galileo had never seen a spyglas

19、s,but he figured out how to build one.He then made improvements on his original design.Soon he was able to make distant objects look thirty times bigger.He had built a telescope,in other words.In a fateful decision,he began to use his telescope to study the heavens.Galileos telescope changed his lif

20、e,and astronomy,forever.Galileo Level S10Galileo examined the solar system and made discovery after discovery.He was the first European to observe sunspots.He discovered Jupiters four largest moons.He was also the first person to observe that Venus appears to change shape,just as the Moon does.Venus

21、 has a full phase,a new phase,and crescent phases.Galileo published some of these discoveries in 1610 in a book called The Starry Messenger.The book made Galileo famousbut fame had a price.Galileo sketched the surface of the Moon(left)as he saw it through his telescope in 1610.NASA(the National Aero

22、nautics and Space Administration)sent a probe named after Galileo to the Moon in 1992.The probe made a detailed scan of the Moons surface(right)that clearly shows many of the same features Galileo noticed hundreds of years earlier.11SunfullnewcrescentEarthcrescentDuring Galileos time,many people bel

23、ieved that Earth was the center of our solar system and that the other planets and the Sun moved around Earth.They thought that planets such as Venus moved in small circles as they made a big circle around Earth.This would mean that Venus would only appear as a crescent shape in the night sky when s

24、een from Earth.Galileo saw through his telescope that Venus had many different shapes when seen from Earth.These changing shapes suggested that Venus and Earth were both moving around the Sun.SunnewnewcrescentVenusEarthcrescentSuns orbit of EarthVenuss orbit of Earthnearly fullnearly fullhalfhalfGal

25、ileo Level S12In Trouble with the ChurchGalileos discoveries about the solar system got him in a lot of trouble.The Catholic Church did not like his ideas about the solar system.Why did his discoveries upset them so much?The answer lies in the religious beliefs of the time.For centuries,the Church h

26、ad taught that the Sun,Moon,planets,and stars all moved around Earth.But the way that Venus changed shape was a big clue that it and the other planets in our solar system moved around the Sun instead.Galileo was not the first person to come up with this idea.However,his discoveries were the best pro

27、of yet that Earth was not the center of our solar system.13Galileo published writings about his discoveries that angered the Church.During the Renaissance,the Church had the power to punish people for unacceptable beliefs.Galileo had dared to insist that the Church was wrong,and in 1633 the Church p

28、ut him on trial.At the trial,he was found guilty and threatened with death.Galileo was forced to say that his earlier discoveries had been lies,even though they were accurate.For the rest of his life,he was not allowed to leave his home.He was also forbidden to publish.Galileo Level S14Galileo conti

29、nued to write about his discoveries,however.He even managed to publish,despite the Church ordering him not to.He published Two New Sciences in 1638.It was his final publication.At that point,Galileo had become blind.Galileos health continued to fail.He died in 1642 of natural causes.Do You Know?A po

30、pular,but unproven,story says that Galileo“talked back”to the judges at his trial.The legend claims that he murmured,“And yet it moves”under his breath after he was forced to say that Earth did not move around the Sun.This story is not included in the records of the trial and is probably not true.Ho

31、wever,the words“and yet it moves”have become very famous;people quote them to this day.15Science After GalileoWe now know that Galileo was right:Earth moves around the Sun.Galileos gift for asking important questions helped him make some of the greatest discoveries of his time.Scientists are still f

32、ollowing many of Galileos ideas.For example,he was the first to say that laws of nature could be described using math.He was also one of the first scientists to insist on using measurable data in his experiments.By doing so,he made it easier for other scientists to test his ideas.Galileo set an impo

33、rtant example for many scientists who followed him,including Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein.Today,we call him the father of modern science.Science and the Catholic ChurchIn 1757,the Catholic Church removed Galileos book from a list of banned books.In 1992,the Church formally cleared Galileo of any

34、 wrongdoing.The modern Church accepts proven scientific facts and has supported scientific research for centuries.Galileo Level S16Glossaryaccurate(adj.)correct or exact;precise(p.13)astronomy(n.)a field of science involving the study of the stars,planets,comets,and other things found in space(p.9)c

35、handelier(n.)a fancy light fixture that hangs from the ceiling,often with branches for holding lights(p.4)gravity(n.)the natural force that tends to pull objects toward each other,such as objects being pulled toward the center of Earth(p.8)laws of nature(n.)scientific truths or principles that expla

36、in how nature works(p.15)measurable(adj.)able to have a size or amount determined in measured units(p.15)phase(n.)any of the possible ways that a planet or moon appears as viewed from Earth(p.10)published(v.)made writing available to the public (p.10)solar system(n.)a group of objects in space that orbit a star(p.10)sunspots(n.)dark patches that sometimes appear on the Suns surface(p.10)telescope(n.)an instrument used to make distant objects look closer(p.9)trial(n.)a legal process by which a person or group accused of wrongdoing is found innocent or guilty in a court of law (p.13)