原版英语RAZ 教案O61-What Happens When You Flush.pdf

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1、When You Flush?Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.What Happens When You Flush?A Reading AZ Level O Leveled BookWord Count:759Writing and ArtDraw a diagram of the route sewage takes after a toilet is flushed.Label your diagram and write a step-by-step explanation of the process.

2、Social StudiesWrite a paragraph describing how modern sewerage systems have solved sewage problems of the past.Discuss your ideas with a partner.ConnectionsORUWhat HappensWhen You Flush?LEVELED BOOK Owww.readinga-Written by Lisa Meltzerwww.readinga-Written by Lisa MeltzerWhat Happens When You Flush?

3、Where does sewage go,and how is it treated?Focus QuestionPage 3:This pond at a sewage treatment plant helps bacteria grow.The bacteria in turn break down the sewage.Photo Credits:Front cover:Rasulovs/iStock/Thinkstock;title page:Brett Rabideau/Hemera/Thinkstock;page 3:Phil Degginger/Science Source;p

4、age 6:Wissam Al-Okaili/AFP/Getty Images;page 7:blickwinkel/Alamy Stock Photo;page 8:Ute Grabowsky/Photothek/Getty Images;page 10:N J Gargasz/Alamy Stock Photo;page 12:Stephen Parker/Alamy Stock Photo;page 13:Sklifas Steven/Alamy Stock Photo;page 14:Bettmann/Getty Images;page 15:Collection of the New

5、-York Historical Society,USA/Bridgeman ImagesData Source:Page 5(chart):DeOreo,W.B.,P.Mayer,B.Dziegelewski,and J.Kiefer.2016.Residential End Uses of Water,Version 2.Project#4309A.Denver,Colo:Water Research Foundation.2016 Water Research Foundation.Reprinted with permission.Illustration Credit:Pages 5

6、,9,11:Signe Nordin/Learning AZWords to Knowbacteriadigesterfilterprocessseptic tanksewagesewage treatment plantsewersewerage systemsCorrelationLEVEL OM2028Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRAWhat Happens When You Flush?Level O Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Lisa MeltzerAll rights reserved.www.read

7、inga-3Table of ContentsIntroduction .4Where Does Waste Come From?Where Does It Go?.5Inside the Treatment Plant .7The Septic SystemAnother Way to Deal with Waste .11Sewage Through the Ages .13Glossary .16What Happens When You Flush?Level O4IntroductionSWOOSH!You hear this sound every time you flush a

8、 toilet.But did you ever stop to wonder where everything that you flush down winds up?Getting rid of waste is often a complex process.That process can stretch over(or under)many miles in your city or town.1 Water in the tank and bowl are at their maximum levels.First,the Flush2 When the toilet is fl

9、ushed,the valve opens,and clean tank water passes into the bowl.Dirty water passes down the trap.3 Once the tank is empty,the valve closes and the tank and bowl begin to refill.4 Water in the tank and bowl are back to their maximum levels.bowltraptankvalve3Table of ContentsIntroduction .4Where Does

10、Waste Come From?Where Does It Go?.5Inside the Treatment Plant .7The Septic SystemAnother Way to Deal with Waste .11Sewage Through the Ages .13Glossary .16What Happens When You Flush?Level O4IntroductionSWOOSH!You hear this sound every time you flush a toilet.But did you ever stop to wonder where eve

11、rything that you flush down winds up?Getting rid of waste is often a complex process.That process can stretch over(or under)many miles in your city or town.1 Water in the tank and bowl are at their maximum levels.First,the Flush2 When the toilet is flushed,the valve opens,and clean tank water passes

12、 into the bowl.Dirty water passes down the trap.3 Once the tank is empty,the valve closes and the tank and bowl begin to refill.4 Water in the tank and bowl are back to their maximum levels.bowltraptankvalve5What Makes Up My Sewage?Where Does Waste Come From?Where Does It Go?Human waste is called se

13、wage.In most homes,it is created by using the toilet,sink,or anything that makes water dirty.If all this sewage reached our drinking water,it would make it unsafe.For more than two billion people around the globe,waste either piles up on the land or runs into lakes and rivers.Millions of people die

14、each year,sick from drinking water that sewage has made unsafe.Sewage treatment experts are working hard to solve this problem,but it is a huge task.This information comes from a 2016 survey that sampled 23,749 homes spread throughout the United States.Toilet24%Shower20%Faucet19%Clothes washer17%Lea

15、ks12%Other 4%Bath 3%Dishwasher 1%What Happens When You Flush?Level O6Sewer pipes carry waste to the sewage treatment plant.Some storm sewer pipes carry rainwater to the plant as well.Others carry rain directly to creeks,ponds,and other waterways.Two Underground Systemscatch basinsewer pipehousehold

16、sewage(toilets,sinks,and so on)storm sewer pipeLucky for us,the sewer pipes in our homes dont just empty into our drinking water.Instead,in many cities and towns,all of this dirty water ends up in the local sewer.A boy drinks from a water pipe crossing an uncovered sewage canal.5What Makes Up My Sew

17、age?Where Does Waste Come From?Where Does It Go?Human waste is called sewage.In most homes,it is created by using the toilet,sink,or anything that makes water dirty.If all this sewage reached our drinking water,it would make it unsafe.For more than two billion people around the globe,waste either pi

18、les up on the land or runs into lakes and rivers.Millions of people die each year,sick from drinking water that sewage has made unsafe.Sewage treatment experts are working hard to solve this problem,but it is a huge task.This information comes from a 2016 survey that sampled 23,749 homes spread thro

19、ughout the United States.Toilet24%Shower20%Faucet19%Clothes washer17%Leaks12%Other 4%Bath 3%Dishwasher 1%What Happens When You Flush?Level O6Sewer pipes carry waste to the sewage treatment plant.Some storm sewer pipes carry rainwater to the plant as well.Others carry rain directly to creeks,ponds,an

20、d other waterways.Two Underground Systemscatch basinsewer pipehousehold sewage(toilets,sinks,and so on)storm sewer pipeLucky for us,the sewer pipes in our homes dont just empty into our drinking water.Instead,in many cities and towns,all of this dirty water ends up in the local sewer.A boy drinks fr

21、om a water pipe crossing an uncovered sewage canal.7Some sewer pipes,like this one in Germany,are big enough to stand in.Inside the Treatment PlantSmall sewer pipes join up to form bigger and bigger pipes.The sewage moves through this large group of pipes to a sewage treatment plant.Here,the water i

22、s cleaned.Things in the water that can make people sick are removed.What Happens When You Flush?Level O8Not all sewage treatment systems are alike.One common type cleans sewage in the following way:STEP 1 A big screen(think of a giant kitchen strainer)removes large items such as rocks,sticks,and gar

23、bage.That way,they dont jam up the treatment plants machines.STEP 2 What is left over after this process is called sludge,which is thick,dirty water.The treatment plant helps bacteria grow in the sludge.These bacteria eat the sludge to break it down.Water moves into the clarifier tank(step#3)at a se

24、wage treatment plant.7Some sewer pipes,like this one in Germany,are big enough to stand in.Inside the Treatment PlantSmall sewer pipes join up to form bigger and bigger pipes.The sewage moves through this large group of pipes to a sewage treatment plant.Here,the water is cleaned.Things in the water

25、that can make people sick are removed.What Happens When You Flush?Level O8Not all sewage treatment systems are alike.One common type cleans sewage in the following way:STEP 1 A big screen(think of a giant kitchen strainer)removes large items such as rocks,sticks,and garbage.That way,they dont jam up

26、 the treatment plants machines.STEP 2 What is left over after this process is called sludge,which is thick,dirty water.The treatment plant helps bacteria grow in the sludge.These bacteria eat the sludge to break it down.Water moves into the clarifier tank(step#3)at a sewage treatment plant.9STEP 3 N

27、ext,the broken-down sludge is sent to another machine.Here,all of the solid waste settles to the bottom.The water at the top is sent to a filter that cleans it.Once its safe,this water can be sent to a stream,lake,or the sea.1324The four basic steps in this diagram match the four steps on pages 810.

28、The tanks many city plants require are huge.San Francisco,California,has a water treatment plant that handles 60 million gallons(227 million L)a day and 250 million gallons(946 million L)on rainy days.The Water Treatment ProcessWhat Happens When You Flush?Level O10STEP 4 The solids are sent to a gia

29、nt tank called a digester.Here,a second kind of bacteria eats much of the sludge.The digester breaks down the solid sludge again and pulls more water from it.About half of the sludge turns into gas.Some of the gas helps power the plants machines.The other half of the sludge is dried.Its often used o

30、n farm fields to help grow crops.Reclaimed water irrigates a golf course in the desert southwest.Reusing sewer water saves precious fresh water.A desert golf course can use the same amount of water in one day that a family of four does in five years.9STEP 3 Next,the broken-down sludge is sent to ano

31、ther machine.Here,all of the solid waste settles to the bottom.The water at the top is sent to a filter that cleans it.Once its safe,this water can be sent to a stream,lake,or the sea.1324The four basic steps in this diagram match the four steps on pages 810.The tanks many city plants require are hu

32、ge.San Francisco,California,has a water treatment plant that handles 60 million gallons(227 million L)a day and 250 million gallons(946 million L)on rainy days.The Water Treatment ProcessWhat Happens When You Flush?Level O10STEP 4 The solids are sent to a giant tank called a digester.Here,a second k

33、ind of bacteria eats much of the sludge.The digester breaks down the solid sludge again and pulls more water from it.About half of the sludge turns into gas.Some of the gas helps power the plants machines.The other half of the sludge is dried.Its often used on farm fields to help grow crops.Reclaime

34、d water irrigates a golf course in the desert southwest.Reusing sewer water saves precious fresh water.A desert golf course can use the same amount of water in one day that a family of four does in five years.11The Septic SystemAnother Way to Deal With WasteMany homes in the country are far apart fr

35、om each other.Building a system large enough to serve homes so far away from one another wouldnt make much sense.Instead,each home sends human waste into a septic tank.This is a small sewage treatment system that serves only one home.A septic tank sends liquid to the soil,which filters it.Solids sta

36、y in the tank.septic tankyard or field where liquid is filteredgroundwaterThe Septic TankWhat Happens When You Flush?Level O12The septic tank is buried underground in the yard near the home.Any waste from the home runs straight into the tank.Inside the tank,the solids drop to the bottom.The liquid r

37、uns out through underground pipes into the yard and spreads into the soil.The liquid is filtered as it moves through the soil,which pulls out harmful things before they reach drinking water.The septic tank collects all of the solid sludge,which builds up over time.When there is too much sludge in th

38、e tank,a septic business must pump it out.Gurgling toilets and slow drains are signs that its time to pump out your septic tank.11The Septic SystemAnother Way to Deal With WasteMany homes in the country are far apart from each other.Building a system large enough to serve homes so far away from one

39、another wouldnt make much sense.Instead,each home sends human waste into a septic tank.This is a small sewage treatment system that serves only one home.A septic tank sends liquid to the soil,which filters it.Solids stay in the tank.septic tankyard or field where liquid is filteredgroundwaterThe Sep

40、tic TankWhat Happens When You Flush?Level O12The septic tank is buried underground in the yard near the home.Any waste from the home runs straight into the tank.Inside the tank,the solids drop to the bottom.The liquid runs out through underground pipes into the yard and spreads into the soil.The liq

41、uid is filtered as it moves through the soil,which pulls out harmful things before they reach drinking water.The septic tank collects all of the solid sludge,which builds up over time.When there is too much sludge in the tank,a septic business must pump it out.Gurgling toilets and slow drains are si

42、gns that its time to pump out your septic tank.13Sewage Through the AgesThink these systems are yucky?Think again.The first sewerage systems were built thousands of years ago in places such as ancient Greece and Rome.These early systems sent human waste with harmful bacteria away from citiesand dire

43、ctly into nearby water.The water made people sick.An ancient sewer canal still remains in modern Greece.What Happens When You Flush?Level O14Even by the 1800s,large cities like New York still had a hard time with their waste.Peoples homes had no toilets.Sometimes they just had a hole in the ground.S

44、ince there was no way to flush,human waste would pile up in the hole.Some people allowed their waste to spill over and wash into the streets.It would pile up where people walked and children played.The smell was awful.Before modern plumbing,many people used outhouses like this one.Some outhouses had

45、 two stories.Others had two seats!13Sewage Through the AgesThink these systems are yucky?Think again.The first sewerage systems were built thousands of years ago in places such as ancient Greece and Rome.These early systems sent human waste with harmful bacteria away from citiesand directly into nea

46、rby water.The water made people sick.An ancient sewer canal still remains in modern Greece.What Happens When You Flush?Level O14Even by the 1800s,large cities like New York still had a hard time with their waste.Peoples homes had no toilets.Sometimes they just had a hole in the ground.Since there wa

47、s no way to flush,human waste would pile up in the hole.Some people allowed their waste to spill over and wash into the streets.It would pile up where people walked and children played.The smell was awful.Before modern plumbing,many people used outhouses like this one.Some outhouses had two stories.

48、Others had two seats!15Experts began to understand that streets flowing with waste were also making people sick.New York City began building sewerage systems so the waste would have somewhere to go.By 1914,it had nearly 850 miles(1,368 km)of sewer lines.Today in the United States,waste disappears do

49、wn toilets and sinks as if by magic.Now you know how it really works,though.So the next time you flush,take a moment to thank your modern sewerage system!Men work in the New York City sewer around 1911.What Happens When You Flush?Level O16Glossarybacteria(n.)small one-celled organisms that sometimes

50、 cause disease(p.8)digester(n.)a large tank in a sewage treatment plant where microorganisms break down solid waste(p.10)filter(n.)a porous material that is used to remove something unwanted from a liquid or gas that is passed through it(p.9)process(n.)a series of actions that may be natural or that