原版英语RAZ 教案O62-Discovering Dinosaurs.pdf

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1、Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.Writing and ArtImagine you are a scientist studying dinosaurs and have discovered new fossils.Draw a picture of your discovery and write a postcard home about it.Science and ArtCreate a list of different types of fossils.Draw a picture of two

2、examples and discuss with a partner what scientists can learn from these fossils.ConnectionsDiscovering DinosaursA Reading AZ Level O Leveled BookWord Count:750www.readinga-LEVELED BOOK OILOWritten by Kira Freedwww.readinga-Written by Kira FreedWhat are fossils,and how have they helped us learn abou

3、t dinosaurs?Focus QuestionDiscovering DinosaursLevel O Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Kira FreedAll rights reserved.www.readinga-decayeddinosaursextinctfossilsmuseumpaleontologistsWords to KnowPhoto Credits:Front cover,title page,pages 5 (top right,bottom right),9(both),14(top right,center left,

4、center right,bottom left):ArtToday;page 3:Science Source;page 4:iStock/Beth Skwarecki;pages 5(left),8(both):Jupiterimages Corporation;page 6:REUTERS/Rickey Rogers;page 7:courtesy of Library of Congress,Prints and Photographs Division LC-USZ62-127774;page 10:Imaginechina/Corbis;page 11:REUTERS/Nacho

5、Doce;page 12:Jaroslav Moravcik/D;page 13(top left):Kevin Schafer/Corbis;page 13(bottom left):Tomas Bravo/Reuters/Landov;pages 13(right),14(bottom right):John Cancalosi/Alamy Stock Photo;page 15:iStock/Klaus NilkensCorrelationLEVEL OM2028Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRA3Table of ContentsFinding Fos

6、sils .4Learning from Fossils .8How Long Ago?.14Glossary .16Discovering Dinosaurs Level O4Finding FossilsHow do we know dinosaurs lived on Earth?Scientists called paleontologists discover fossils in rocks all over the world.Studying fossils helps them learn about dinosaurs,including what they looked

7、like,where they lived,and what they ate.Many dinosaur fossils are on display in natural history museums.3Table of ContentsFinding Fossils .4Learning from Fossils .8How Long Ago?.14Glossary .16Discovering Dinosaurs Level O4Finding FossilsHow do we know dinosaurs lived on Earth?Scientists called paleo

8、ntologists discover fossils in rocks all over the world.Studying fossils helps them learn about dinosaurs,including what they looked like,where they lived,and what they ate.Many dinosaur fossils are on display in natural history museums.5Bone fossils start to form after the death of a dinosaur.Over

9、time,layers of mud,sand,or dirt cover the remains of the dead dinosaur.Once covered,the bones are protected from scavengers as well as rain and other weather conditions.They remain underground until they are discovered millions of years later.Sometimes the dinosaurs bones have turned to stone.In oth

10、er cases,hard mud surrounds the bones,but the bones have actually decayed.Paleontologists can study the spaces where the bones used to be.They can then recreate the bones based on the shapes of the spaces left behind.Paleontologists have found many different types of dinosaur fossils,including bones

11、,footprints,teeth,nests,and eggs.tootheggbonesDiscovering Dinosaurs Level O6These paleontologists are excavating,or carefully digging,bone fossils out of the ground.After recording information about them,the paleontologists will wrap the fossils to keep them safe.Then they will take the fossils to a

12、 museum,where they will examine them.Paleontologists will study different features of the fossils,such as their shape and color.Theyll consider where the fossils were discovered and how deep underground they were discovered.Paleontologists excavate a leg bone fossil.5Bone fossils start to form after

13、 the death of a dinosaur.Over time,layers of mud,sand,or dirt cover the remains of the dead dinosaur.Once covered,the bones are protected from scavengers as well as rain and other weather conditions.They remain underground until they are discovered millions of years later.Sometimes the dinosaurs bon

14、es have turned to stone.In other cases,hard mud surrounds the bones,but the bones have actually decayed.Paleontologists can study the spaces where the bones used to be.They can then recreate the bones based on the shapes of the spaces left behind.Paleontologists have found many different types of di

15、nosaur fossils,including bones,footprints,teeth,nests,and eggs.tootheggbonesDiscovering Dinosaurs Level O6These paleontologists are excavating,or carefully digging,bone fossils out of the ground.After recording information about them,the paleontologists will wrap the fossils to keep them safe.Then t

16、hey will take the fossils to a museum,where they will examine them.Paleontologists will study different features of the fossils,such as their shape and color.Theyll consider where the fossils were discovered and how deep underground they were discovered.Paleontologists excavate a leg bone fossil.7By

17、 comparing their finds to other fossils,paleontologists try to figure out what type of dinosaur they have discovered.Sometimes they can fit bone fossils together to form a complete skeleton.However,its rare that a complete skeleton is found together or can be put together over time.Most dinosaurs ha

18、d hundreds of bones,so it is difficult to find all of them.Scientists use other dinosaur skeletons as models for the ones they are trying to put together.A scientist fits triceratops bone fossils together.Discovering Dinosaurs Level O8Learning from FossilsPaleontologists use many other types of anim

19、al skeletons to help them learn about dinosaur skeletons.Although dinosaurs are extinct,many animals alive today share certain characteristics with them.Some dinosaur bones may be bigger than those of animals alive today.However,the shapes of certain bones and the way their bones fit together are so

20、metimes related.horsetriceratopsTriceratops and horse skeletons look the same in some ways.7By comparing their finds to other fossils,paleontologists try to figure out what type of dinosaur they have discovered.Sometimes they can fit bone fossils together to form a complete skeleton.However,its rare

21、 that a complete skeleton is found together or can be put together over time.Most dinosaurs had hundreds of bones,so it is difficult to find all of them.Scientists use other dinosaur skeletons as models for the ones they are trying to put together.A scientist fits triceratops bone fossils together.D

22、iscovering Dinosaurs Level O8Learning from FossilsPaleontologists use many other types of animal skeletons to help them learn about dinosaur skeletons.Although dinosaurs are extinct,many animals alive today share certain characteristics with them.Some dinosaur bones may be bigger than those of anima

23、ls alive today.However,the shapes of certain bones and the way their bones fit together are sometimes related.horsetriceratopsTriceratops and horse skeletons look the same in some ways.9Many different types of dinosaurs once roamed Earth.Paleontologists study fossils to learn how dinosaurs moved aro

24、und.Some dinosaurs walked on two or four legs,and some used wings to fly.flying dinosaurwalking dinosaurDiscovering Dinosaurs Level O10As dinosaurs moved around Earth,they left tracks behind in mud.Paleontologists study fossil footprints to learn how fast or slow dinosaurs moved.Footprints also give

25、 paleontologists clues about how big or small the dinosaur leaving the tracks might have been.A large group of dinosaur footprints was discovered in China.9Many different types of dinosaurs once roamed Earth.Paleontologists study fossils to learn how dinosaurs moved around.Some dinosaurs walked on t

26、wo or four legs,and some used wings to fly.flying dinosaurwalking dinosaurDiscovering Dinosaurs Level O10As dinosaurs moved around Earth,they left tracks behind in mud.Paleontologists study fossil footprints to learn how fast or slow dinosaurs moved.Footprints also give paleontologists clues about h

27、ow big or small the dinosaur leaving the tracks might have been.A large group of dinosaur footprints was discovered in China.11Paleontologists study fossil teeth to learn about what dinosaurs ate.Many dinosaurs grew new teeth to replace those they had worn down or lost.Carnivores often had razor-sha

28、rp teeth that helped them cut through meat.Some of their teeth were even strong enough to crush bone.Herbivores usually had sharp beaks that they used to gather plants.Some also had flat teeth to grind tougher plant materials,while others had sharper teeth for chopping their food.Still other dinosau

29、rs had both flat and sharp teeth.Some of the sharp teeth of this carnivorous dinosaur are as large as a human hand.Discovering Dinosaurs Level O12Paleontologists learn about dinosaur babies from fossil nests and eggs.Dinosaur eggs came in many different shapes and sizes,including small round eggs an

30、d large oval eggs.Some dinosaurs laid over twenty eggs at a time,while others laid only a few eggs.Similar to birds,some dinosaurs may have sat on their nests until their eggs hatched.This fossil nest contains large,fossilized dinosaur eggs.11Paleontologists study fossil teeth to learn about what di

31、nosaurs ate.Many dinosaurs grew new teeth to replace those they had worn down or lost.Carnivores often had razor-sharp teeth that helped them cut through meat.Some of their teeth were even strong enough to crush bone.Herbivores usually had sharp beaks that they used to gather plants.Some also had fl

32、at teeth to grind tougher plant materials,while others had sharper teeth for chopping their food.Still other dinosaurs had both flat and sharp teeth.Some of the sharp teeth of this carnivorous dinosaur are as large as a human hand.Discovering Dinosaurs Level O12Paleontologists learn about dinosaur b

33、abies from fossil nests and eggs.Dinosaur eggs came in many different shapes and sizes,including small round eggs and large oval eggs.Some dinosaurs laid over twenty eggs at a time,while others laid only a few eggs.Similar to birds,some dinosaurs may have sat on their nests until their eggs hatched.

34、This fossil nest contains large,fossilized dinosaur eggs.13Paleontologists find fossils of plants,fish,insects,and other animals in the same rocks as dinosaur fossils.These fossils help them learn what Earth was like when dinosaurs lived here.More examples of these other types of fossils have been d

35、iscovered than dinosaur fossils.These fossils are usually smaller and more complete than dinosaur fossils.Therefore,paleontologists can more easily tell the age of these other fossils.They are then able to use the other fossils to estimate the age of dinosaur fossils.insectfrogfishDiscovering Dinosa

36、urs Level O14How Long Ago?Paleontologists can perform tests to find out the age of fossils.Older fossils are found deeper in the ground than newer fossils.More recent fossils are found in rocks closer to the surface.The oldest dinosaurs lived around 230 million years ago.These dinosaurs were only th

37、e size of large dogs.It wasnt until around 145 million years ago that giant dinosaurs roamed on Earth.The age of dinosaur fossils is dependent upon how deep they lie within layers of rock.newerolderoldest13Paleontologists find fossils of plants,fish,insects,and other animals in the same rocks as din

38、osaur fossils.These fossils help them learn what Earth was like when dinosaurs lived here.More examples of these other types of fossils have been discovered than dinosaur fossils.These fossils are usually smaller and more complete than dinosaur fossils.Therefore,paleontologists can more easily tell

39、the age of these other fossils.They are then able to use the other fossils to estimate the age of dinosaur fossils.insectfrogfishDiscovering Dinosaurs Level O14How Long Ago?Paleontologists can perform tests to find out the age of fossils.Older fossils are found deeper in the ground than newer fossil

40、s.More recent fossils are found in rocks closer to the surface.The oldest dinosaurs lived around 230 million years ago.These dinosaurs were only the size of large dogs.It wasnt until around 145 million years ago that giant dinosaurs roamed on Earth.The age of dinosaur fossils is dependent upon how d

41、eep they lie within layers of rock.newerolderoldest15Paleontologists have many different ideas to explain how dinosaurs disappeared around 65 million years ago.Studying dinosaur fossils helps paleontologists look for clues to understand what happened.These footprints of a large three-toed dinosaur w

42、ere discovered in Germany.Discovering Dinosaurs Level O16Glossarydecayed(v.)broken down slowly or decomposed through natural processes(p.5)dinosaurs(n.)large groups of reptiles that roamed Earth until they became extinct over 65 million years ago(p.4)extinct(adj.)no longer living;completely wiped ou

43、t(p.8)fossils(n.)remains of plants or animals that turned to stone over time(p.4)museum(n.)a building used to store and show things that are important to history,science,or art(p.6)paleontologists(n.)people who study plant and animal fossils(p.4)15Paleontologists have many different ideas to explain

44、 how dinosaurs disappeared around 65 million years ago.Studying dinosaur fossils helps paleontologists look for clues to understand what happened.These footprints of a large three-toed dinosaur were discovered in Germany.Discovering Dinosaurs Level O16Glossarydecayed(v.)broken down slowly or decompo

45、sed through natural processes(p.5)dinosaurs(n.)large groups of reptiles that roamed Earth until they became extinct over 65 million years ago(p.4)extinct(adj.)no longer living;completely wiped out(p.8)fossils(n.)remains of plants or animals that turned to stone over time(p.4)museum(n.)a building use

46、d to store and show things that are important to history,science,or art(p.6)paleontologists(n.)people who study plant and animal fossils(p.4)www.readinga-Written by Kira FreedWhat are fossils,and how have they helped us learn about dinosaurs?Focus QuestionDiscovering DinosaursLevel O Leveled Book Le

47、arning AZWritten by Kira FreedAll rights reserved.www.readinga-decayeddinosaursextinctfossilsmuseumpaleontologistsWords to KnowPhoto Credits:Front cover,title page,pages 5 (top right,bottom right),9(both),14(top right,center left,center right,bottom left):ArtToday;page 3:Science Source;page 4:iStock

48、/Beth Skwarecki;pages 5(left),8(both):Jupiterimages Corporation;page 6:REUTERS/Rickey Rogers;page 7:courtesy of Library of Congress,Prints and Photographs Division LC-USZ62-127774;page 10:Imaginechina/Corbis;page 11:REUTERS/Nacho Doce;page 12:Jaroslav Moravcik/D;page 13(top left):Kevin Schafer/Corbi

49、s;page 13(bottom left):Tomas Bravo/Reuters/Landov;pages 13(right),14(bottom right):John Cancalosi/Alamy Stock Photo;page 15:iStock/Klaus NilkensCorrelationLEVEL OM2028Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRAVisit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.Writing and ArtImagine you are a scientist

50、 studying dinosaurs and have discovered new fossils.Draw a picture of your discovery and write a postcard home about it.Science and ArtCreate a list of different types of fossils.Draw a picture of two examples and discuss with a partner what scientists can learn from these fossils.ConnectionsDiscove