原版英语RAZ 教案Valley of the Kings.pdf

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1、Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.Valley of the KingsA Reading AZ Level W Leveled BookWord Count:1,317WritingWrite a newspaper article about the discovery of King Tutankhamens tomb in 1922.In your article,include the questions and answers you imagine would have been discussed

2、in an interview with Howard Carter and other eyewitnesses.Social StudiesChoose two pharaohs from Egypts New Kingdom.Create a Venn diagram comparing the two pharaohs.Use information from the book as well as outside resources to complete your Venn diagram.Connectionswww.readinga-Written by Ryan JamesL

3、EVELED BOOK WLEVELED BOOK WValley of the Kingswww.readinga-How can Egypts past be revealed by studying the Valley of the Kings?Focus QuestionWritten by Ryan JamesValley of the KingsValley of the KingsWorld Landmarks Level W Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Ryan JamesAll rights reserved.www.reading

4、a-Front and back cover:The entrance to the tomb chamber of Ramses V and Ramses VITitle page:Hieroglyphs and paintings in the tomb chamber of Ramses VPhoto Credits:Front cover,back cover,title page:blickwinkel/Alamy;page 4(left):Scherl/Sueddeutsche Zeitung Photo/The Image Works;page 4(right):Heaton/T

5、opham/The Image Works;page 5:Ancient Art&Architecture Collection Ltd/Alamy;page 6:Everett Collection Historical/Alamy;page 7:DeAgostini/DeAgostini/Superstock;page 8:Jim Henderson/Alamy;page 11:age fotostock/age fotostock/Superstock;page 12:Mike P Shepherd/Alamy;page 13:Heritage Image Partnership Ltd

6、/Alamy;page 14:Sandro Vannini/Corbis;page 15:Leemage/CorbisCorrelationLEVEL WS4040Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRAafterlifearchaeologistchamberschariotsdynastieshieroglyphshumiditylimestone mummificationpharaohssarcophagusscribesWords to Know3MEDITERRANEAN SEAEGYPTCairoValley of the KingsLuxor(The

7、bes)MemphisNile RiverHValley of the KingsValley of the KingsRED SEAValley of the Kings Level WTable of ContentsTreasure Beyond Imagining .4Valley of Kings .5The Afterlife .6Tomb Construction .10Modern Times .14Tomorrows Treasure .15Glossary .164Howard Carter(left)found King Tutankhamens small four-c

8、hamber tomb.It was packed with priceless objects.Treasure Beyond ImaginingIn November 1922,a British archaeologist named Howard Carter discovered the tomb of King Tutankhamen(toot-an-KAH-muhn).Not only was this a new discovery in Egypts Valley of the Kingsan area that explorers had thought was“playe

9、d out”it was the first tomb found with its royal seal intact.The tomb held more than five thousand objects,many of them solid gold.Tutankhamens golden funeral mask has become one of Egypts most famous treasures.Tutankhamen was one of the least important pharaohs buried in the valley.His tomb was one

10、 of the smallest,with only four small chambers.Yet it held so many treasures that experts are still listing them almost a century after Carters discovery.5Valley of the Kings Level WValley of KingsThe Valley of the Kings houses the tombs of almost every pharaoh of Egypts golden age,a period known as

11、 the New Kingdom.The New Kingdom took place during the rule of the Eighteenth,Nineteenth,and Twentieth Egyptian Dynasties.It lasted from 1550 to 1080 bc.During this time,the ancient city of Thebes(now known as Luxor)was Egypts capital and religious center.Thebes had many temples honoring the Egyptia

12、n empires pharaohs,whom Egyptians believed joined the gods after death.However,a royal tomb required a remote location.A network of steep-sided valleys across the Nile River provided the perfect location.Tombs could be carved from the limestone found there.The valleys steep cliffs and single access

13、point made it relatively easy to protect from robbers.Several tombs are not shown on this map.Some are farther west.KV 62:TutankhamenKV 9:Ramses IVKV 57:Horemhebdiscovered tombKings ValleyKeyKVTomb Map of the Valley of the KingsTomb Map of the Valley of the KingsKV 17:Seti I6Howard Carter removes a

14、covering of the third,innermost coffin of Tutankhamen.The AfterlifeTo the ancient Egyptians,a pharaohs tomb was important because it provided safe passage to the afterlife.A tomb protected the physical body,which ancient Egyptians believed could return to life after burial.After death,the body of th

15、e person who had died went through a seventy-day mummification process to keep it from breaking down.Priests removed and mummified internal organs and placed them inside a stone box.Next,the mummified body was placed inside nested coffins that were,in turn,placed inside a stone sarcophagus.Carved fr

16、om solid stone,the sarcophagus could weigh up to 9 metric tons(10 T).Egyptians believed the tomb also protected the pharaohs spirit as it traveled through the underworld.Priests placed protective amulets,which they believed had powers,inside the mummys wrappings.7Ras many names and prayers are often

17、 inscribed with images and hieroglyphs in the entrances to royal tombs.Valley of the Kings Level W Spells and prayers covered the tombs walls and ceilingsand often the sarcophagusin long columns of hieroglyphs and images.Some were intended to restore the body to life.Others were supposed to frighten

18、 away demons.Hieroglyphs also provided information the soul might need for its journey to the afterlife.Ancient Egyptians believed the kings soul had to travel through the underworld with the Sun god,Ra.Writings on tomb walls described the Sun gods travels through the underworld and warned what dang

19、ers the soul would face.They also told how to overcome challenges such as demon-guarded gates and questions in the Hall of Judgment.8Royal tombs held everything a king might need in the afterlife.Storerooms were filled with wooden models of equipment,such as boats and chariots.They held personal ite

20、ms,such as makeup,clothing,and board games,and everyday items,such as furniture and lamps.The tombs held treasure to enjoyexpensive gems,golden jewelry,and artwork.They even held things to eat and drink.Since the pharaohs would need servants in the afterlife,the tombs also contained hundreds of carv

21、ed figures called shabtis(SHAB-teez),or“answerers.”Each shabti was carved with a spell to bring it to life to serve its master.King Tutankhamen was buried with 413 shabti figures.These wooden or stone statuettes provide valuable information about ancient Egyptian beliefs.9 Tomb Layouts Tomb LayoutsE

22、arly tombs(right)included one or more turns to the left.Later tombs(left)had no turns.Experts think this was to help prevent workers from accidentally running into other,older tombs.early tomb designBACDElater tomb designValley of the Kings Level W Common Tomb ChambersA entranceB passage of RaC hall

23、 of hindering(contains deep well)D chariot hall(contains sets of pillars;no chariots have ever been found here)E burial chamberBACDE10Tomb ConstructionMost tombs in the Valley of the Kings have similar layouts.An entryway leads into a hall the Egyptians called the“passage of Ra,”which is decorated w

24、ith images of the Sun gods forms.In many tombs,one room has a deep well cut into its floor.Some experts think this pit may have been intended to slow down tomb robbers or for protection in case of flooding.The tombs all ended in the burial room,which often had attached storerooms filled with supplie

25、s.Although they are similar,no two tombs in the Valley of the Kings are identical.Each was constructed and decorated according to the tastes of the current rulerup to a point.Even though tomb builders began while the king was still living,tombs took years to complete.Once a king died,the tomb builde

26、rs had only seventy days to finish their work.Thats when the mummification of the dead pharaoh would be complete and burial had to take place.If a tomb wasnt finished,workers might cut corners to get it ready in time,leaving paintings or rooms half-finished.Sometimes,the king was simply buried in a

27、different tomb than the one he had been building.11Experts think that only two of the corridors in Ramses IXs tomb had been finished before he died.The rest were done after his deathand the workmanship looks as if it was done in a hurry.Valley of the Kings Level WThe appearance and layout of the tom

28、bs in the valley changed over time.Tombs built during the early part of the New Kingdom tended to be smaller than later tombs.Unlike later,straighter tombs,early tombs were usually built with one or two ninety-degree turns.Experts suspect this change may have occurred because the Valley of the Kings

29、 was becoming crowded.A tomb built in a straight line was less likely to run into neighboring tombs.Tomb locations changed over time as well.Older tombs were usually at the bottoms of cliffs.Rainstorms would send water and earth down to cover the tombs entrance.Later rulers usually positioned tomb e

30、ntrances on lower-lying slopes.12Much of what we know about the Valley of the Kings comes from writings left behind in Dier al-Medina,a village near the valley where workers lived.Experts think tomb construction started almost as soon as a new king began his rule.Selecting the tombs location was an

31、important first step.It was performed by high court officials and senior workmen.If they didnt make the right decision,they would have to stop work and choose a new location.More than once,the first choice was abandoned after workers had already begun cutting the tomb.The tombs had to be cut directl

32、y into the limestone bedrock.Work crews first dug rough passages using copper or bronze chisels,wooden mallets,and hand axes with stone blades.Then they painted a line on the tombs ceiling to use as a reference point for measurements as workers continued to build the walls,ceiling,and floor.13Valley

33、 of the Kings Level WOnce work had progressed far enough,specialists began to add decorations.Plasterers covered surfaces with white plaster.Scribes sketched hieroglyphs and figures,and a supervisor followed,making corrections.After corrections were made,artists would finalize the artwork,painting b

34、locks of color and filling in the details.Sometimes,workers carved away portions of a scene to make certain things stand out.Carving away the background left a kind of art,called a raised relief.Artists carved details into the raised figures before painting the finished scene.Markings show first ske

35、tches and corrections in Horemhebs unfinished tomb.scribes outlines(red ink)supervisors corrections(black ink)relief14Visitors to the Valley of the Kings are encouraged to plan ahead and choose which tombs they will tour.Modern TimesThe United Nations named the Valley of the Kings one of the first W

36、orld Heritage sites in 1979.Over a million people visit the tombs each year.Eighteen tombs are open to the public on a rotating schedule.With the exception of Tutankhamens tomb,visitors can see any three of the open tombs with their entry ticket.Seeing Tutankhamens tomb requires buying an additional

37、 ticket.The treasures originally found in Tutankhamens tomb are now kept in the Cairo museum.Unfortunately,the constant crowds have caused rapid temperature and humidity changes inside the tombs.Mold now grows on some of the tomb walls.People who accidentally touch the walls sometimes damage the anc

38、ient paint and carvings.The rotating schedule of open tombs gives the tombs occasional breaks from visitors and provides time for important repairs.15Tutankhamens golden funeral mask has toured the museums of the world and is now kept with all of his tombs treasures in the Cairo museum.Valley of the

39、 Kings Level WTomorrows TreasureToday,the Valley of the Kings holds sixty-three known tombs,but more than one New Kingdom tomb remains undiscovered.The tombs of Ramses VIII and Thutmose II,as well as several queens and princes of the Eighteenth Dynasty,have yet to be discovered.These rulers were mos

40、t likely buried somewhere in the Valley of the Kings.The Valley of the Kings is one of the richest archaeological sites in the worldand experts think there are more treasures to be uncovered.16Glossaryafterlife(n.)life after death;life after the physical body dies(p.6)archaeologist(n.)a scientist wh

41、o studies the remains of ancient cultures(p.4)chambers(n.)rooms or other enclosed spaces,either natural or artificial(p.4)chariots(n.)horse-drawn carriages with two wheels that were used in ancient times,usually for racing and fighting battles(p.8)dynasties(n.)series of rulers in a country who are f

42、rom the same family(p.5)hieroglyphs(n.)symbols or pictures used as writing,especially in ancient Egypt(p.7)humidity(n.)the amount of moisture in the air (p.14)limestone(n.)a sedimentary rock formed from the remains of marine organisms(p.5)mummification(n.)the process of preserving a dead body,which was practiced in ancient Egypt(p.6)pharaohs(n.)kings in ancient Egypt(p.4)sarcophagus(n.)a stone coffin or tomb from ancient times,often inscribed and elaborately ornamented(p.6)scribes(n.)people who copy handwritten texts or record information in writing;writers(p.13)