原版英语RAZ 教案(Z) The Mystery of King Tut.pdf

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1、Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.The Mystery of King TutA Reading AZ Level Z Leveled BookWord Count:2,056WritingWrite a report about King Tut that includes answers to the following questions.What did you already know about King Tut?What new information did you learn from this

2、 book?As a scientist,how would you find the answers to questions you still have?Social StudiesUse information from the book and outside research to create King Tuts family tree.Connectionswww.readinga-Written by David DreierThe Mystery of King T utZZ1Z2LEVELED BOOK ZThe Mystery ofKing T utKing Tuts

3、sarcophaguswww.readinga-Who was King Tut,and why was he important?Focus QuestionWritten by David DreierThe Mystery of King TutLevel Z Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by David DreierAll rights reserved.www.readinga-Front cover:The front of King Tutankhamuns funeral mask,one of the treasures found in

4、his tombPage 3:British archaeologist Howard Carter,who discovered the tomb of King Tut,examines the golden sarcophagus during the excavation.Photo Credits:Front cover:Ferdinando Scianna/Magnum Photos;title page:Museum Of Antiquities Basel,Andreas F.Voegelin/AP Images;page 3:Rue des Archives/The Gran

5、ger Collection,New York;page 4:Amr Nabil/AP Images;page 6:M.Spencer Green/AP Images;page 8(left):Christopher Klein/National Geographic Stock;pages 7(background),8(background),12(background),14(background),15:iStock;page 9:Bettmann/Corbis;pages 10(both),19:Mary Evans Picture Library;pages 12(top),16:

6、Gianni Dagli Orti/Corbis;page 13:Taylor S.Kennedy/National Geographic Stock;page 14(main):zgr Gven/123RF;pages 17:Reuters/Supreme Council for Antiquities;pages 18:Ben Curtis/AP Images;icon used throughout:iStock/T-Immaginiarchaeologistartifactsdepicteddeteriorationdynastiesembalmedgenetichieroglyphi

7、csmonotheistmummifiedpharaohprotrudingWords to KnowCorrelationLEVEL ZUVN/A50Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRA3Table of ContentsFinding Tut .4King Tuts Homeland .5King Tuts Family .7The Boy Pharaoh .10End of a Dynasty .12King Tuts Tomb .14The Suspects .16The Body .17Mystery Solved?.19Glossary .20Mys

8、tery of King Tut Level Z4Finding TutIn 1922,a British archaeologist(AR-kee-OLL-oh-jist)made a fantastic discovery in the country of Egypt.He found the tomb of Tutankhamun(toot-an-KAH-muhn),better known as King Tut.Tut ruled ancient Egypt more than 3,300 years ago,becoming pharaoh(FAIR-oh)at the age

9、of nine.He ruled for almost ten years and died suddenly at about age nineteen.In the years since the opening of Tuts coffin,many have wondered how the young king died.Just like detectives,archaeologists solve mysteries by looking at the evidence and asking questions.Where did Tut live?Who were his f

10、amily and friends?Did he have enemies?Answers to these questions may help solve the ultimate question:Why did King Tut die at such a young age?What Tut might have looked like,with his funeral mask in background5King Tuts HomelandAncient Egypt was ruled for about three thousand years by a series of d

11、ynasties,or ruling families.Historians group them into historical periods called the Old Kingdom,the Middle Kingdom,and the New Kingdom.King Tutankhamun was a member of the 18th Dynasty,the first dynasty of the New Kingdom,which began around 1550 bc,about two hundred years before Tut was even born.I

12、n ancient Egypt,religious belief was an important part of life.Egyptians at that time worshipped many different gods and goddesses.To understand King Tuts life and perhaps his death,one must learn the history behind this religious belief.GizaMemphisAkhetaten(Amarna)ThebesValley of the KingsR E D S E

13、 ASINAIM E D I T E R R A N E A N S E AEGYPTHermopolisNile RiverMap of Ancient EgyptHeliopolis(Cairo)AlexandriaMystery of King Tut Level Z6At the beginning of the New Kingdom,two of Egypts most important gods were Ra(RAH)and Amun(AH-muhn).Ra was the Sun god.In images,he was often depicted as a falcon

14、.Amun was a creator god.He was usually depicted as a man with a tall crown.During the late New Kingdom period,however,some Egyptians gradually began worshipping the Sun in a different way.They called this god Aten(AH-tuhn)and depicted him as a golden Sun disk.As Atens power grew,other gods,such as R

15、a and Amun,were worshipped less.Religion was an established part of life in Egypt,but there was some flexibility.To most people,Aten was just another god among many.He did not pose a threat to their religious beliefs until a young man named Amenhotep(ah-muhn-HO-tep)IVTuts fatherbecame pharaoh.Amenho

16、tep IV7King Tuts FamilyAmenhotep IV began his rule in 1352 bc.He has been shown in Egyptian artwork as an odd-looking man with a long face,large lips,and a protruding belly.Amenhotep IV had been raised in the new Aten religion and was a true believer.He saw Aten as a universal god for all the people

17、 in the world.The pharaoh believed Aten created the world at the beginning of time,ruled over it alone,and continued to give life to the world through his bright rays of light.Thus,Amenhotep IV has been called the worlds first monotheist,someone who believes in a single,all-powerful god.Gods on the

18、JobOut of hundreds of deities,people usually chose to devote themselves to a small group of major and minor gods and goddesses.One reason Egyptians worshipped particular deities was to get help with their careers.Thoth,god of writing and knowledge,was worshipped by many scribes in ancient Egypt.Sesh

19、at,goddess of writing and measurement,would have been a better choice than Thoth for ancient astronomers,architects,and mathematicians.Ptah,god of craftspeople,was worshipped by artisans of all kinds,such as those who painted tomb walls or those who made statues.Mystery of King Tut Level Z8After abo

20、ut five years,the new pharaoh took a drastic step.He began a sudden and complete change in the official religion of Egypt.He declared that Egyptians could only worship Aten.He changed his name to Akhenaten(ahk-eh-NAH-tuhn),which means“He Who Serves Aten.”Akhenaten closed and tried to destroy temples

21、 of many of the other gods in Egypt.Akhenatens severe actions upset people who were used to worshipping many gods and angered the priests of the old gods.In various parts of Egypt,people tried to stop the destruction of their temples,but the pharaohs military was able to control them.In addition to

22、closing temples,Akhenaten also built a new capital city.He moved the capital away from Thebes and called the new city Akhetaten(ahk-eh-TAH-tuhn),which means“Horizon of Aten.”Today this area is called Amarna.Queen NefertitiExcept for Cleopatra,no other queen of Egypt is as well known as Nefertiti(neh

23、-fer-TEE-tee).She was the favorite wife of Pharaoh Akhenaten.Nefertiti was likely stepmother to young Prince Tutankhaten(later Tutankhamun)after his mother died.Nefertiti died in her early thirties.9It was in this new capital of Egypt that King Tut was born in about 1345 bc.He was named Tutankhaten,

24、meaning“the Living Image of Aten.”Researchers recently used genetic tests to identify mummies that were Tuts parents and grandparents.Using DNA samples taken from bones,the tests identified a mummy that might be Akhenaten as Tuts father and provided a family tree for the boy king.Tuts mother is know

25、n to be one of Akhenatens sisters,but which one is uncertain.Akhenaten ruled for seventeen years.What happened next is as puzzling as the other mysteries surrounding Tuts life and death.There were two rulers during the next three or four years whose identities are unclear.After them,the throne of Eg

26、ypt was again empty,so nine-year-old Tutankhaten became pharaoh.Akhenaten and Nefertiti,possibly Tuts stepmother,with three of their children in a carving from a temple at AmarnaMystery of King Tut Level Z10The Boy PharaohTut lived the life of the wealthy.He wore jewelry,linen clothing,perfumed oils

27、,and makeup.Archaeologists found all these items in his tomb.As pharaoh,he would have been expected to hunt with members of his royal court,usually with a bow and from a chariot.Chariots,nearly fifty bows,and board games were put into his tomb for his use in the afterlife.Tutankhaten married his hal

28、f-sister Ankhesenpaaten(AHNK-eh-suhn-PAH-ah-tuhn).Her name means“She Lives Through Aten.”Tut fathered at least two daughters,but neither lived.King Tut had several servants in the court.One personal attendant,Tutu,had served Tuts family for years,since his grandfather had been king.Other servants,so

29、me even younger than King Tut,would help him with even the smallest tasks.For example,he had a cupbearer,whose job was to make sure everyones drinking cups stayed full,especially the young kings.King TutankhatenQueen Ankhesenpaaten11Because the pharaoh was so young,the military and political work of

30、 the royal court was mostly carried out by otherstwo men in particular.One of them was the chief advisor,named Ay.The other was the general in charge of the army,named Horemheb(HOR-ehm-heb).Although they had both served Akhenaten,they strongly disliked his religious reforms.The two men wanted King T

31、ut to bring back the old ways of worshipping.Horemheb and Ay used their influence to persuade Tut to end the worship of Aten.They wanted Tut to return Amun to his position as chief god.The young king did so and changed his name from Tutankhaten to Tutankhamun,“the Living Image of Amun.”The queen als

32、o took a new name,Ankhesenamun(AHNK-eh-suhn-AH-muhn).Historians are certain that Ay and Horemheb were the main forces behind the changes that took place during King Tuts reign.Because he was so young,the king did as he was told.As part of a return to the old ways,the royal court moved back to the ci

33、ty of Thebes.The city of Amarna,devoted to the god Aten,was left to decay in the Egyptian sun.Mystery of King Tut Level Z12End of a DynastyIn 1327 bc,when he was about nineteen years old,King Tutankhamun died.How he died was not officially recorded.The young pharaoh was mummified and buried in a tom

34、b in the Valley of the Kings,a large royal cemetery near Thebes.Tut had no living children,but the throne of Egypt needed a new king.Ay,because of his long experience in the court,became the new pharaoh and married Tuts widow.After ruling for just four years,Ay died in 1323 bc.Horemheb then became p

35、haraoh.Do You Know?Just like a person today might have a first,middle,and last name,pharaohs had more than one name.They had one name at birth,and when they became pharaohs they were given other names.Often these names appeared inside an oval known as a cartouche(car-TOOSH).Ancient Egyptians believe

36、d names were very powerful.They thought that by writing a persons name on something and then breaking it,they could hurt or even kill that person.13To show his devotion to Amun,Horemheb ordered the destruction of everything connected with the Aten religion and Akhenaten.In Amarna,his men demolished

37、the temples of Aten.They also smashed statues of Akhenaten and his familyincluding those of King Tut.Later,workers removed the blocks of stone with the wall art from the buildings in the city and used them for construction projects in Hermopolis,a city on the other side of the Nile River near Amarna

38、.The shattered remains of Akhenatens once-splendid capital were covered by drifting sand and forgotten.Horemheb ruled for twenty-seven years,dying in 1295 bc.With his death,the 18th Dynasty ended.Archaeologists digging in Egypts Valley of the Kings always hope to find a rulers untouched tomb.Mystery

39、 of King Tut Level Z14King Tuts TombIn the 1800s,many archaeologists went to Egypt to study Egyptian picture writing,called hieroglyphics(hy-ur-uh-GLIF-iks),which is found on many walls and monuments.From the writing,archaeologists learned much about Egypt and its pharaohs.They learned that the tomb

40、s of pharaohs would be filled with all the things a person might need in the afterlife.Expecting to find riches,they excavated many tombs but were always disappointed.Thieves had robbed every tomb of its valuable treasures long ago.The Rosetta StoneScholars and scientists had long puzzled over the a

41、ncient Egyptian picture language,hieroglyphics.No one could decipher the meaning of its symbols and drawings.When Napoleon brought his army to conquer Egypt in 1798,he was there for military glory.But one of his French soldiers found something more enduring:a flat black rock about the size of a coff

42、ee table,with writing in three languages carved into its surface.Two of the languages on the stone were unreadable forms of ancient Egyptian,but the third was Greek.Over the next twenty-five years,using the Greek text as a key,scholars translated the other two languagesone of which was hieroglyphics

43、.Finding the Rosetta Stone remains one of the most critical archaeological discoveries of all time.15By the early 1900s,archaeologists believed they had discovered all the tombs in the Valley of the Kings.A determined British archaeologist named Howard Carter searched for Tut for more than five year

44、s without success.In 1922,he persuaded the man paying for the search,Lord Carnarvon,to pay for one more season.His persistence paid off.Later that year,Carter found Tuts tomb in almost undisturbed condition.It contained a wealth of artifacts,including thrones,jewelry,weapons,and statues.The mummy of

45、 Tutankhamun,covered with a large gold mask,lay within three nested coffins.The innermost coffin was made of about 242 pounds(110 kg)of gold.Carters discovery created a sensation,and Tut became the most famous pharaoh in history.The Mummys CurseIn November 1922,Lord Carnarvon attended the opening of

46、 Tuts tomb.A few months later,he died from an infected mosquito bite.Soon after that,two other people who had entered the tomb died prematurely.Newspaper stories of these deaths gave rise to the legend of“The Mummys Curse.”The legend said that anyone who dared to disturb Tuts resting place was doome

47、d.However,Howard Carter,the man who should have been the most cursed of all,lived until the age of sixty-six.Mystery of King Tut Level Z16The SuspectsEarly death was nothing unusual in ancient times.The average life span in ancient Egypt was about thirty years,and many people didnt live that long.St

48、ill,there were many reasons for some historians to think that the physically weak teenage King Tut may have been the victim of murder.Ay and Horemheb controlled many of King Tuts decisions,and both became pharaohs after his death.There was no natural heir to Tuts throne.If they wanted to seize power

49、,the time to do it was before Tut had children who lived or before he reached adulthood and pushed the two men aside.Some researchers identified two of Tuts servants as possible murderers:the cupbearer and Tuts personal attendant,Tutu.They were among the few people permitted to enter the kings bedro

50、om.Either man could have murdered the pharaoh,perhaps by striking his head with a heavy object while he slept or by pushing him down stairs.A wall painting of Ay found in Tuts tomb17The BodyFor years,many people thought that Tut was killed by a blow to the head.They based that theory on X-ray studie